OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 35 NO. 3 SUMMER 1985

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Gordon Hart, 760 N Main St , Bluffton, Indiana 46714 EXPIRES O.A.S. OFFICERS David J Snyder, PO Box 388. Luckey, Ohio 43443 1986 President Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Dr Phillip R Shnver. Miami University. Oxford. Ohio 45056 Ohio 43221 -Tele: Home 459-0808. Bus 888-3572 Robert Hartei 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware Ohio Associate I ''i'" Martha P otto, Ohio Historical Society, 1986 Vice President Scott Haskins, 2160 Fitzroy Dr.. Apt. A-6, Columbus, Ohio Columbus, Ohio 43224-Tele: Home 476-4843 Jeff Carskadden 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North 1986 Exec. Sect Martha Otto. 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, Zanesville Ohm 43/01 Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 846-7640, Bus 466-1500 Ext. 256 AII articles reviews and comments on the Ohio Archaeologist 1986 Treasurer Donald W. Foster, 54-E West Park St., Westerville, jhould be sent to the Iditoi Memberships reciuests toi back Ohio 43081 ^Tele: Home 891-7417 issues changes ot address and othei mattei should be sent to 1986 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd„ Canal the business office Winchester, Ohio 43110-Tele: Home 837-4862 1986 Immediate Past President Mike Kish, 39 Parkview Ave.. PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY OF AD­ Westerville. Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 882-4176, DRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS SOCIETY MAIL Bus 890-3000 Ext 107 CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 1986 Editor Robert N Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio43064-Tele: Home 873-5471. Bus. 873-4664 Editorial Office TRUSTEES 199 Converse Drive. Plain City. Ohio 43081 1986 Dana L. Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd., 206. Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340-Tele: Home 513-354-3951 BUS. MANAGER 1986 Michael W. Schoenfeld. 524 Sycamore Dr., Pickerington, ji , by Robert N Converse $ 4.00 Charles H Stout. Si 01 Redbenk Drive. Fairborn Ohio Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10.00 Mark W Long Box 467, Wellstoii Ohio Back issues-black and white-each $ 4.00 Back issues-four full color plates-each $ 4 00 Steven Kelley Seaman, Ohio Back issues of trje Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 William Tiell 13435 Lake Ave . Lakewuod Ohio are generally out of print but copies are available from time to Robert Jaokman Box 30. WellaviHe Ohio 43968 time Write to business office for prices and availability James L Murphy University Libraries. 1858 Neil Avenue Mali, Columbus Ohio 43210

STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE SOCIETY PHOTOGRAPHER Robert Converse Chairman Martha oiio Chairman Jeff Carskadden Chairman Mike Schoenfeld Richard Patterson Steve Fullei FLOOR MANAGERS Jack Hooks ji ihn Winsch Jell Brown James Murphy COMMITTEE w.iyno M. irtme Bob Hill Joy Jones Don Casto Chairman Dana Bskei MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Edith Campbell AUDITING COMMITTEE j.me Weidnei Chairman SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Dave United COMMITTEE Don Fostei Chairman Sharon Puttera Robert White Craig Cn ila Mike Wilson Roy Stuart Mike Schoenfeld Ken Saunders Jeff Carskadden Martha otto COMMITTEE TO STUDY EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Billy Hillen Gleg Shipley Scott Haskins BUDGETING Don Casio Co-Chairman Wayne Moitine Kim Ellis Don Foster Chairman Frank Olto Co-Chaiunan Jim Perry Billy Hillen Scotl Haskins RAFFLE COMMITTEE James Qreenlee Chris Olenick. Chairman Eugenia Kish Jim Hahn Jim Gooding Sieve Olenick jason Greenlee Dawn Wilson Jim Pel ry Warren Mears Jane Weidnei FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS 1 Buddy Haney (Joe Redick] Doug Hooks COMMITTEE Scott Haskins COMMITTEE TO REVIEW Dana Baker, Co-Chairman EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS Steve Puttera Steve Fuller Co-Chairman COMMITTEE Robert Converse, Co-Chairman LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Doug Hooks Robert Hill Chairman William King Chairman I )t in Bapsl Craig Cii'' ' Don Gehlbach. Co-Chairman Robert Converse Jeff Fruth Tom Grubb Dan Rosette Ernie Good James Gooding Jim Hahn Virginia Morelock Dorothy Good Martha Olto Paul Ford Mark Seeley Lar Hothem Table Of Contents President's Column Historic Contact Hammer Poll Tomahawks 4 Every year we hear of more and more What Is It? 7 spectacular field finds. Many treasurers have been recovered this year in Central Indian Intermound Orientations In Ohio 8 Ohio alone. Among recent finds have been a fine humped gorget, a repaired A Possible Piano Camp Site In Sandusky County, Ohio 11 butterfly and several exquisite members An Important Hopewell Workshop In Fairfield County, Ohio 12 of the dovetail family. Your President participated in field work (described Points and Barbs 15 elsewhere in this magazine) in which a number of fine artifacts were recovered. Glacial Kame Artifacts From Fort Wayne 16 These included several highly colored The Plummet As Amulet 17 Hopewell flint ridge blades and two rare copper celts. All of this means the best Old Lyme Village Historic Contact Clay Pipes 20 collecting may be just ahead. A Cache Of Early Adena Points 22 At the time this article was written both the Vietzen meeting and Dover show of The Darby Plains 23 the summer series have been held. Both The Straite Site Excavation 24 meetings were highly successful with excellent attendance and once again Another Red Ocher Discovery In Ross County 26 those who were there enjoyed seeing regional collections including a con­ Perseverance Rewarded 29 siderable amount of site material. In An Unfinished Ottawa County Archaic Tubular Bannerstone 30 particular at the Elyria Vietzen picnic show, Stan Edwards won best of show A Large Paleo Point 32 with his late prehistoric site display from Two Knox County Artifacts 32 Sandusky Bay. One interesting aspect of this unique exhibit was that much of Tremper Farm To Be Sold 33 the site is submerged along the shore­ line of the Bay and was actually exca­ Ancient Art Of The American Woodland Indians 34 vated by boat. At our Dover meeting we were treated to an outstanding display of paleo mate­ rial belonging to Ken Spahr and again had the opportunity to see the quality collection of John Kohr. John's notched ovates were a highlight. Both were award winners. We appreciate the efforts of these indi­ viduals and many other fine people who help to make the summer meetings successful. A brief note—The Sugar Creek group of the A.SO. have been working at the Yant mound and village site as a chapter project. Other chapters in the state might take notice and develop similar activities which build interest in amateur archae­ ology, provide invaluable education to members and add important information to the archaeological record in Ohio. D. R. Gehlbach, President

Front Cover Back Cover Artifacts from the collection of Don Bapst, Briggsdale, Knobbed crescents, collection of Don Bapst, Briggs­ Ohio. dale, Ohio. Engraved pipestone boatstone—Scioto County, Ohio. Small banded slate horseshoe-shaped crescent—Mum- Fossiliferous limestone gorget—Glover's , Christian ford farm, Morrow County, Ohio. County, Kentucky. Banded slate crescent with large knobs—Newville, Rich­ Serpentine bannerstone —Stark County, Ohio. land County, Ohio. Pipestone bannerstone —Coolville, Athens County, Ohio. Long knobbed crescent—Franklin County, Ohio. Green and brown chlorite bannerstone—Venice Twp., Seneca County, Ohio. Historic Contact Hammer Poll Tomahawks By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University Braddock near the forks of the Ohio In his authoritative study entitled particularly in the style of warfare prev­ alent in the East during the seventeenth River in 1755 at the beginning of the American Indian Tomahawks, Harold L. French and Indian war and who success- Peterson has observed that The metal and eighteenth centuries. In the nine­ teenth century West, the tomahawk was fully fought the armies of Generals trade tomahawk has long been an object Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair in of fascination for both amateur collector less important as a weapon. Customs of warfare were different, and often in­ 1790 and 1791 in the Indian wars in and ethnologist. Few other implements eastern Indiana and western Ohio. Black have ever combined so many different volved the horse. Even so, tomahawks were used [in the West]... and there are Hoof died near Wapakoneta in what was functions: , weapon, scepter, symbol then called "Black Hoof's Town" (now and smoking pipe. In this one instru­ skulls in the Army Medical Museum bearing tomahawk wounds which were St. Johns) in 1831 at the advanced age ment is collected the lore of handicraft, of 102. His long-stemmed catlinite pipe warfare, prestige, ceremony and per­ collected as late as 1869.... Because of its importance and constant use as a as as his hammer poll tomahawk sonal comfort." Supported in his re­ still remain. search and publication by the Museum weapon, the tomahawk became a sym­ of the American Indian in New York, bol for war, and for war potential. Many In striking contrast to the more com­ which has what may well be the world's of the eastern tribes employed it as a mon pipe tomahawks, often artistically, largest extant tomahawk collection of metaphor in speeches and ceremonies even delicately, crafted with metal inlays more than seven hundred specimens, ... A belligerent statement was said to on , bowl, and handle and evi­ Peterson has noted that "almost every be a "tomahawk speech," while to take dencing an important dimension of cere­ one of these tomahawks is different from up the hatchet' was to declare war; and monial use, the hammer poll tomahawks, every other." He goes on to state that as it still does today, to bury the hatchet' while occasionally engraved and inlaid "the dating of tomahawks is as yet by no meant to conclude peace ..." as noted above, appear first and fore­ means precise, for only a very few bear Of the types of tomahawks traded to most to have been "all business and no dates or makers' names. The balance the Indians, according to Peterson, by play." One senses that a blow from either must be dated approximately through far the most common type was the sim­ the hammer poll or the blade could have provable historical associations." ple hatchet or belt . Without spike or been lethal, that the entire tomahawk pipe, it was "the earliest type to reach was designed for heavy duty use rather Though iron hatchets or had the Indian, and it remained popular from than carried for show or ceremony. been used in the fur trade of the French the sixteenth through the nineteenth Studying a number of pipe tomahawks, with the Indians of the St. Lawrence century. It is the one form found in every this author has long found it difficult to valley as early as 1535, the Indian word part of the United States." By the eigh­ accept a hollow pipe bowl attached to a "tomahawk" (meaning "axe") was not teenth century, however, other forms blade at the end of a long hollow pipe introduced into the English language were introduced, including the French stem as embodying the same deadly apparently until Captain John Smith of spontoon, the British halberd, the spiked effectiveness in hand-to-hand combat the Jamestown colony in Virginia pre­ poll, the hammer poll, and finally the as a solid hammer poll or spike attached pared a brief vocabulary of Indian terms pipe tomahawk, which, except for the to a blade at the end of a solid haft or sometime during the years 1607-1609. simple hatchet or belt axe, became "by handle. At that time the word was applied to far the most popular of all," a tomahawk both the native war club of stone as in which the "symbols of war and peace The hammer poll tomahawks in the well as the iron trade axe or hatchet of were combined in a single instrument." author's personal collection that suggest French, English, or Dutch origin. How­ probable use as both weapons and tools ever, according to Peterson, as the years While literally thousands of pipe toma­ are illustrated in Figures 1 through 6. passed the word "tomahawk" came to hawks of the eighteenth and nineteenth The first (see Figures 1, 2, and 3) has an be applied strictly to metal hatchets. centuries have been found, only a com­ octagonal poll welded to the head, the 5 Because the areas of greatest trade paratively few hammer poll tomahawks poll measuring 1 and Ae inches by 1 activity between Europeans and Indians have been discovered. Peterson sug­ inch while the entire piece is 5 inches were the Northeast and the Great Lakes, gests that the hammer poll tomahawks high by 3 inches wide. The eye is oval- Peterson has noted that the greatest were closely akin to spiked tomahawks, shaped, like the letter "O". The steel numbers of tomahawks have been found that hatchets with hammer heads, in­ blade is still sharp and only lightly in the New England and Middle Atlantic cluding lathing and shingling hatchets, chipped at the heel, while the iron ham­ states, as well as Michigan, Ohio, and "had been standard tools in Europe, and mer poll is somewhat battered at the . Ironically, by the early seven­ some of the examples found in Indian edges. Touch-marked on one side of the teenth century the iron trade tomahawk sites seem to have been intended orig­ head near the eye, the date "1815" "was firmly established in the minds of inally as tools. Others quite definitely appears lightly engraved on the same the white settlers as the Indians' primary were designed to be used for military or side. Interestingly, even as the hammer weapon, and was much more feared than ceremonial purposes. In some of these poll on the tomahawk of Black Hoof, the bow and . Even after the In­ the hammer head is too small in diam­ noted above, appears to be octagonal in dians had obtained a sizeable number eter to have been used for efficient shape, so too do at least three of the of firearms, the tomahawk retained its pounding and must have served as a pipe tomahawks pictured by Kuck (see popularity and importance. Once a gun dull spike. In others the mouldings are pages 23, 42, 43, and 80), one of which had been fired, it was useless until it decorative, and there are inlays and en­ is described as having been forged from could be reloaded; an edged weapon graved decorations on the blades which an octagonal gun barrel (page 43). was needed as a supplement, and this indicate such uses." In his Tomahawks The second tomahawk pictured here was the tomahawk. Moreover, for sur­ Illustrated, Robert Kuck has pictured six (see Figures 4,5, and 6) has a rectangu­ prise attacks and raids, a firearm was hammer poll tomahawks, one of which lar hammer poll which appears to be an frequently out of the question. And even is reputed to have belonged to Black integral (not welded) part of the total Hoof, war chief of the Shawnees who though a was available, the Indian piece. With overall dimensions of 5V2 found the tomahawk more efficient, was victorious over General Edward inches high by 2% inches wide, the

4 tomahawk appears to be hand-forged of wrought iron. The fore-end of the eye, which is key-hole in shape, measures Vis inches by 9/ie inches, while the back- end is VA inches by 5A inches. Its poll, too, is battered at the edges. Weapons or tools? Tools or weapons? My conclusion is that these (and prob­ ably most) hammer poll tomahawks were both.

References Baker, Stanley W. 1979 "Evidence for Early Blacksmithing in the Ohio Valley and the Occur­ rences of B'-Stamped Trade Axes near Piqua, Ohio" in Ohio Archae­ ologist, Vol. 29. No. 4, pp. 28-33. Britt, Claude, Jr. 1959 "Chief Blackhoof of the Ohio Shawnees" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 68-69. Hothem, Lar 1982 "An Interesting Pipe-Tomahawk" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 17. Kuck, Robert 1977 Tomahawks Illustrated. Published by Robert Kuck. New Knoxville, Ohio. Long, Russel 1980 "Three Trade Tomahawks" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 22-23. Peterson, Harold L. 1971 American Indian Tomahawks. Mu­ seum of the American Indian. Heye Foundation. Pohrt, Richard A. Fig. 1 (Shriver) Octagonal hammer poll tomahawk showing touchmark and lightly engraved 1957 "Two Tomahawks and an Iron Pipe" date "1815, "from the author's collection. in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol 7, No, 2, pp. 70-71. Shriver, Phillip R. 1982 "An Historic Contact Iron Trade Axe from the Huron Valley" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 32, No. 4, p. 7. Wachtel, H. C. 1956 "The Tomahawk" in Ohio Archae­ ologist, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 131-133. West, George A. 1934 Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Cus­ toms of the American Indians. Public Museum of the City of Mil­ waukee. 2 volumes.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the octagonal hammer poll tomahawk. Fig. 3 (Shriver) View from the fore-end of the octagonal hammer poll Fig. 4 (Shriver) Rectangular hammer poll tomahawk from the author's tomahawk, showing "O"shaped eye. collection.

Fig. 6 (Shriver) View from the "ear" or hackend of the rectangular Fig. 5 (Shriver) Reverse side. hammer poll tomahawk, showing key-hole-shaped eye.

6 What Is It? By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

These photographs and drawings Their origin is a complete mystery, the by early farmers were recipients of were sent to me by Mr. Ray Haspeslagh, only known analogy coming from sharp­ initials and dates or other strange mark- 363 Carmel Ave., Galion, Ohio, along ened slate pieces found in Eskimo con­ ings and engraving. The finder of this with a note asking what it was. While it is texts (the ulu) and other slate piece had the initials "E M." which he difficult to make good judgements from usually found in Canada or contiguous carved into the obverse side. The re- photographs, it is my conclusion that it American areas. verse a Masonic emblem along with the is a genuine . Similar slate The engraving is obviously not pre­ date of "1714" which in all probability now and then surface—some fairly crude historic. Quite often slate artifacts found is fictitious. and others contrastingly well fashioned.

Fig. 1 (Haspeslagh) Obverse and reverse of ground slate found in the Mad River valley near Beliefontaine, Logan County, Ohio.

\

Fig. 2 (Haspeslagh) Drawings showing engraving on obverse and reverse. 5Vt inches long.

7 Indian Intermound Orientations in Ohio By Alexander L. White 8610 Queen Elizabeth Blvd., Annandale, VA 22003

The Adena and Hopewell people built Earthworks on the north fork of Paint for forming cardinal orientations. North many and geometrical earth­ Creek, Ross County, Ohio. For 24 sites, can be found by using the north celestial works in Ohio. They were built between the number of cardinal orientations is pole, or the shortest shadow of a post at 900 B.C. and 500 A.D., according to about equal the number of solstitial noon. East can be found by using a 3, 4, Robert Silverberg who wrote "Mound orientations. The total of cardinal and 5 triangle, or bisecting the sun's solstitial Builders of Ancient America: The Ar­ solstitial orientations is nearly twice the horizon positions. chaeology of a Myth.'" The Indians total of lunar orientations, although the The available survey data was not as needed a calendar and may have left target areas are the same. complete and accurate as needed. The records of solar and lunar observations. Some interesting geometrical earth­ maps for two of the listed earthworks It is also possible that they included work orientations were found and are are known to be inaccurate, and errors orientations in their structures for ritual listed below. Fiveof the significant sites may show up at others. The orientation or geomantic purposes. have these orientations. is wrong at the Edwin Harness earth­ I have made an examination of the The cardinal orientation of the Seal work, and mound and circle positions maps of Ephraim Squier and Dr. E. H. Township square and the Butler are inaccurate at The Plains. The ques­ Davis that were made around 1847 and earthworks diamond (Fig. 1). tionable accuracy of the maps makes it are shown in "Ancient Monuments of Nine out of ten of the circle en­ difficult to determine if there was inten­ the Mississippi Valley." I looked mainly trances at The Plains are cardinally tional orientation and opposes the for cardinal, solar, and lunar intermound oriented, but the accuracy of these making of firm conclusions. It is difficult to locate the exact center of a mound, or orientations. Geometrical earthwork orientations is doubtful. to build one exactly at a planned posi­ orientations were also considered. The The orientation of the straight side tion. Inaccurate maps tend to destroy required azimuths were calculated, of the Hopewell Earthworks "semi­ intentional orientations and may have cardboard triangles were made, and circle "to sunrise at summer solstice. lines drawn on copies of the maps. reduced the number found. Most of the There is also a parallel row of un­ mounds have been altered by excava­ However, only cardinal (N-S and E-W) usually large mounds just inside the and solstitial lines are shown in the fig­ tion, or destroyed, since the maps were "semicircle" (Fig. 3). made. Some mounds and earthworks ures. See figure 1. This is a map of Indian The orientation of the Newark earthworks with added lines drawn have been rebuilt and a few are pre­ Earthworks "oval" (Fairground Cir­ served in parks. Random mound posi­ between the mounds. There is one cle) to sunrise at summer solstice north-south orientation, one east-west tions would be expected if there are no (Fig. 4). There was a major recon­ orientation, and one orientation for the intentional orientations, or if all the maps struction of this "oval" during 1933- directions of winter solstice sunrise and are inaccurate. With data and test limi­ 36 and the present orientation is summer solstice sunset. The east-west tations, seven sites appear to have a orientations mark the sun's position on different from that on the map. statistically significant number of in­ the horizon at the equinoxes. Many Out of a group of four circles of the termound orientations. The mound cardinal and solstitial orientations were same size at this earthworks, the positions on the maps are clearly not found on the maps. It was then neces­ entrances of three are oriented; one random. sary to determine if these orientations cardinally and two solstitially. were statistically significant. Probability Dr. John Eddy is a solar physicist who has References calculations were made using the bi­ written about stone medicine . nomial formula. Allowing a two degree He mentioned the Newark "octagon" in Carlson, John B. error, nine sites passed the test at the 1977 in "In Search of Ancient Astrono­ 1981 Hopewell, Prehistoric America's selected five percent level. Their prob­ mies" edited by Dr. E. C. Krupp (Fig. 4). Golden Age. In Popular Archaeol­ abilities of chance occurrence were very Dr. Eddy suggested that the "octagon" ogy 10(3):3-9. axis coincides nearly with the direction Duffet-Smith, Peter low being between .0005 and .02. See 1979 "Practical Astronomy With Your Cal- Table I. The test has weaknesses and of northernmost moonrise. However, the culator," Cambridge University several sites having only two mounds axis is really between this direction and Press, New York, p24. each cannot pass. The test is insensitive that of sunrise at the summer solstice on Eddy, John A. at sites with many mounds, since a large the Squier and Davis map. The "octa­ 1977 of North Amer­ number of intentional orientations is gon" was rebuilt by the Ohio National ica: Cliffs, Mounds, and Medicine needed for significance. If the Indians Guard during 1893-96 and this may Wheels. In "In Search of Ancient made only the four orientations required make modern surveys unreliable. Ray Astronomies'" edited by Dr. E. C. to mark the cardinal and solstitial direc­ Hively and Robert Horn are professors Krupp, Doubleday and Company, Inc.. Garden City, New York, p149. tions, this would not be detected at sites at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana. with more than seven mounds. Twelve They have considered the possibility of Halsey, John R. 1981 Indian Mounds of Michigan and the sites, including four significant ones, geometrical earthwork lunar orienta­ Midwest. In Popular Archaeology. have more than seven mounds. Mound tions at the "octagon." This work was Occasional Publication 2. City, Ross County, Ohio, has the largest published in 1982, in "Archaeoastron- Hively. Ray and Robert Horn number of mounds of any of the sites omy," supplement 4 of the "Journal for 1982 The Newark Earthworks. In Archae­ included in these maps. It does not have the History of Astronomy." However, no oastronomy supplement 4 to the a significant number of orientations and probability caluclations were made. One Journal for the History of Astron­ is shown in figure 2. Orientations to should be cautious of accepting the work omy, pp.SI-S20. 1984 Hopewellian Geometry and Astron­ major and minor lunar extreme positions of any investigator unless it has been were also found, but not more than omy at High Bank. In Archaeoas­ shown that chance occurrence was tronomy supplement 7, pp. S85- would be expected by chance. Seven of unlikely. S100. these orientations are at the Hopewell There were easy methods available

8 Hoel, Paul G. Table 1. Statistically significant sites using the Squire and Davis maps. 1971 "Elementary Statistics. "John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, p95. Bainbridge earthworks, Ross County, Ohio Robertson, Thomas H. Butler earthworks, Butler County, Ohio, diamond 1983 The Reliability of Historical Maps Butler earthworks, Butler County, Ohio, oval and rectangle of Earthworks in the Ohio Valley. In Edwin Harness earthworks, Ross County.Ohio Archaeoastronomy (University of Newark earthworks, Licking County, Ohio, north-east mound group Maryland) 6(1-4), pp. 75-79. Norwalk earthworks, Huron County, Ohio Silverberg, Robert 1968 " of Ancient Amer­ The Plains earthworks, Athens County, Ohio ica: The Archaeology of a Myth.' Portsmouth earthworks, Scioto County, Ohio, group A The New York Graphic Society, Seal Township earthworks, Pike County, Ohio Greenwich, Connecticut. Squire, Ephraim and E H Davis 1847 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ sippi Valley," AMS Press Inc., New York Thomas, Cyrus 1889 The Circular, Square and Octagonal Earthworks of Ohio. In Smithsonian Institution Bureau of Ethnology Bul­ letin 10, Washington, DC, pp. 7-33. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. In Bu­ reau of Ethnology Twelfth Annual Report, pp. 17-741

Fig. 1 (White) The Seal Township earthworks. Pike County, Ohio. Fig. 2 (White) Mound City and adjacent area, Ross County. Ohio.

9 •1*11

Fig. 3 (White) The Hopewell Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio.

I.ICIIMO CODMTY.

•tAlt. lino A U ikf Urfc-

F19. 4 (White) The Newark earthworks. Licking County, Ohio.

10 A Possible Piano Camp Site in Sandusky County, Ohio By Margaret Watt 603 W. Maple St., Clyde, Ohio 43410

In May of 1983 I found the basal end On May 18, 1985, I again returned to of a piano point in a newly plowed field — this field which had been newly plowed exposed on a ridge of loose soil which and washed with rain. In the same area I had not been rained on. This was the found another point, standing straight third such point, all fairly close together, up in the sand, made of the same flint as that have come from this site. One was a the basal portions and which I assumed weak shouldered stemmed point and the to be a fragment of a fifth point. After other two had squared bases with no returning home it was found that the shoulders. The tips were missing from newly found fragment fit the longer of all three. In addition, another portion of one of the bases. The distal end is sharp a point without a base also came from and undamaged and the two pieces this field and which I attribute —because formed a 4)4 inch lanceolate (Fig. 1). of its size and shape—to the piano pe­ There is no doubt that the two pieces riod. The three bases are of a glossy match since the basal portion has a flake brownish-gray flint while the other is scar which continues across the break made of dull tan chert. (Editor's note: to the distal end. Unfortunately, a small Possibly Delware chert) All are thin and piece of material had broken off the base well chipped. Rather large flakes have and a tiny section is missing —otherwise been removed in a moderately parallel it is perfect. fashion.

Fig. 1 (Watt) Assembled portions of a piano lanceolate point from Sandusky County.

Fig. 2 (Watt) Half of a crescent bannerstone of slate.

This field is a fossil beach of an ancient lake and consists of a sandy ridge that ends in a coarser, darker soil. The occur­ rence of four piano points indicates that the site may have been more than a shortly occupied location. These points match those from the Sawmill site in adjacent Sandusky County so there is a possibility the two groups were contem­ porary. It is particularly satisfying to find both portions of a point thus giving a more complete understanding of the site from which it came. Other material from this site has been mostly Archaic in origin. Several stone tools have been found by other hunters but most of the artifacts are flint, includ­ ing a black dovetail and two bifurcates of Flint Ridge material. At the end of last year my husband found half of a crescent made of gray banded slate. (Fig. 2). Thus Fig. 3 (Watt) Lanceolate points from Sandusky County. far the other half has eluded discovery.

11 An Important Hopewell Workshop In Fairfield County, Ohio By D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy, Columbus, Ohio

Memorial Day weekend, 1985, proved fact was not a mound at all but instead a dig obtained valuable field experience to be an interesting experience for late Hopewell camp or tool preparation and insight into what is required to members of the Sycamore Run Chapter site. The elevation, although natural, undertake a project of this type. Thus, of the A.SO. who were invited to exca­ probably served as logical center for tool the Memorial weekend excavation be­ vate an apparent mound on the Strait manufacturing. Raw material was largely came a significant exposure to practical Site, a Middle Woodland encampment imported from the Flint Ridge area some archaeology for a number of people. near Buckeye Lake in Fairfield County, 15 miles northeast of the Strait site. The writer feels this site is an impor­ Ohio. The site discoverer, Howard West, Despite the disappointment of the tant addition to the story of Hopewell and his cohorts had spent many hours "no-mound" revelation, a considerable influence in Central Ohio. It records a planning and conjecturing about the amount of interesting and diagnostic substantial work station, an outlier in the contents of the site which is located adja­ material was found during the project. network of Flint Ridge tool preparation cent to the artifact rich Strait workshop Most of the site crew, which swelled to communities. (see Ohio Archaeologist Volume 33, #4). double digits during the weekend, un­ Examples of Middle Woodland arti- At one such meeting it was decided to covered classic Middle Woodland-Hope- factual materials found by various mem­ lay out the excavation in six foot squares well points and examples of utilitarian bers of the Strait Site excavation team and employ a back hoe to clear away the . Of more significance, each of are shown on the following pages. overburden. This proved to be a fortui­ the individuals who participated in the tous decision. On the Wednesday prior to Memorial Day the back hoe neatly cleared a layer of approximately twelve inches of field grass from what appeared to be a rec­ tangular structure having a maximum elevation of some six feet, six inches above the surrounding terrain. Excite­ ment reigned supreme as the hoe first uncovered a two and one half inch cop­ per of unquestioned Hopewell origin, then a beautiful pink-cream Flint Ridge Hopewell blade. Both are unlikely surface finds. Seven enthusiastic amateur archae­ ologists began in earnest two days later the burdensome task of working down and screening the soil of the site. From the inception of the dig, it was evident the crew were working in very compact earth seemingly devoid of features or evidence of artificial loading activities. Several characteristic Middle Woodland points and another superb reddish- orange 3J4 inch Hopewell blade ap­ peared just below the surface in what should have been the mound fill area. Each features surface percussion flake scars, a characteristic of most points during this period. A large quantity of thick cord-marked potsherds was also unearthed in the top four inches of a number of the squares. Added to early finds were a number of colorful Flint Ridge bladelets or flake knives and an enormous quantity of flint . Unfortunately, after the excavation reached approximately the six inch level, the artifact assemblage diminished markedly. Beyond this point only soil with occasional impregnated flakes of charcoal appeared. Finally, at a depth of about four feet, in the central (highest elevation) squares, sterile yellow clay subsoil was encountered. Unanimously, the crew asked the question, how could this be? What the excavators were be­ Copper Hopewell celt found by D. R. Gehlbach at the Strait site. ginning to understand was that this in

12 Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Flint points, blades and drill from the Strait site. Fig. 2 (Gehlbach) Middle Woodland points.

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Fig. 3 (Gehlbach) Typical Middle Woodland points, portion of a blade and bladelets.

Fig. 4 (Gehlbach) Flint bladelets, preforms and points.

13 Fig. 5 (Gehlbach) Typical cordmarked potsherds from the Strait site.

Fig. 6 (Gehlbach) Sherd with flattened rim.

14 Points & Barbs By Barbara Motts 7050 Refugee Rd., Canal Winchester, Ohio

This column concerns the current icated collector will donate his collection development of interpretive centers in of local material, not for the tax writeoff, lieu of displays of artifacts and their but for his dedication to the belief that attendant descriptions. Somewhere his collection should remain in the area along the line somebody decided it was unto perpetuity and that the more artful not nice to have a regular museum with objects be displayed periodically. These lots of real artifacts on display. They de­ are the people that museums should cided that the public was too stupid to cater to. know much about Indian cultures and Let's cut the trend towards interpretive artifacts, so they are going to treat them centers and get back to basics, a real like novices by providing murals and museum where lots of real artifacts can dioramas of what an artist thought an­ be seen so the viewer can make his own cient life was like, and maybe one or two comparisons and interpretations. Most real artifacts as examples of the art. In of us don't want or need a distant inter­ many cases the artifacts shown are re­ preter to lay everything out for us as he productions. What good is a mural show­ imagined it was, but would appreciate ing local Indians at work and at play, the opportunity to use our own knowl­ while near the 15 foot diorama or mural edge and imagination. there might be a solitary artifact, which Creators of interpretive centers may or may not be authentic? (canned museums) should strive to give Included among the general public are the people what they want to see and a large number of people who collect or what might be helpful to visitors in under­ study artifacts as a hobby. Some are so standing what they see by combining knowledgeable that they actually know their murals and dioramas with sections more about the local prehistoric cultures containing a large assortment of each than some of the professors at the uni­ kind of artifact found in the area or at a versity several hundred miles away. specific site. Above all, display the art­ These people want to see as many ex­ work. amples of authentic artifacts as possible Most people are selective. Some may so they can learn of the diversity of enjoy viewing the murals and dioramas styles, form and material. One or two mostly for their artistic and technical relics just won't do it. They may also qualities, not so much as a history lesson, want to enjoy them as the art objects while others may have a major interest they are. in the wide range in variety, size and We know that most museums and material of the artifacts and have an universities have acquired large collec­ appreciation of the artistic effort that tions of material from local and other went into their manufacture. There is sources through donations. Is all this nothing so static or smacking of con­ material to be stored forever or is the trolled regimentation as an "interpretive public ever going to be able to see it, center." perhaps on a rotating basis? Complaints Gregory Perino are increasing that museums have too much material in storage. It is likely that donations, for tax purposes, will dwindle Courtesy of Central States Archaeologi­ in the near future, and only the ded­ cal Journal, Vol. 32, #2, April 1985.

15 Glacial Kame Artifacts From Fort Wayne By John Baldwin West Olive, Michigan

The purchase of a small Michigan rare but well known in Glacial Kame. items with Glacial Kame is speculative, collection that was assembled over 25 Also in the group are four bear teeth and however, it is not unreasonable to be­ years ago brought to light a freezer bag two antler tip sections—also Glacial lieve that they were included in a grave filled with the artifacts shown in Fig. 1. Kame traits. Shell beads like the two with the balance of the Glacial Kame The owners, once active in the antique shown are also typical. A metal item is material. The collection was always kept business, had purchased this and other about the size of a quarter and is prob­ together and these sixteen pieces bear slate, flint and stone pieces from an ably deteriorated copper. A fossil ivory the same old tag and code numbers- eighty year old woman who had spent tooth is included. These items were strong evidence that they were probably her entire life in the Fort Wayne, Indi­ probably amulets or "good luck charms" associated. It would be interesting to ana, area. Her memory included the and likely held major significance to know whether any of our readers have recollection of the men coming to her their original owners. Two molars in a noted loaf stones with Glacial Kame father's house, as she related it, to see portion of a lower jaw section suggest burials. his relics. This was around 1905 and her that the interment was that of a young father had hunted and dug in the river male in the late teens or early twenties. References Two loaf stones were part of the as­ banks where the St. Joseph, St. Mary's 1948 Cunningham, Wilber M—Glacial and Maumee rivers converge in Fort semblage. Until now, no other Glacial Kame Artifacts From Michigan. Wayne. Old Fort Wayne is rich in both Kame records available to me mention 1948 Griffin, James B—Appendix in, A historic and prehistoric heritage judging the loaf stone and since they are not Study of the Glacial Kame Culture from the artifacts found there. The junc­ known for later Adena it is presumed in Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. ture of the three rivers made this a center that they are Archaic in origin and are 1971 Converse, Robert—Ohio Slate of Indian activity. postulated as atlatl weights. One of these Types. 1974 Baldwin, John—An Uninhibited Ap­ Three of the artifacts in the picture is made of hematite and has been highly polished. The other is fashioned of black proach To Indianology. establish this find as typical Glacial 1980 Converse, Robert—The Glacial Kame. The conch shell sandal sole gor­ and white porphyry and is also highly polished. Both have flat bottoms and Kame Indians. get, 7J4 inches long, is classic Glacial 1983 Baldwin, John-— Kame. The cannel coal gorget with edge rounded sides and tops, but neither is Birdstones. G.I.R.S. Publication design and the bone are both grooved. I realize that associating these

9»r gcodW^tm, U.S. METRIC BOARD JOHN BALDV

Fig. 1 (Baldwin) Assemblage of Glacial Kame artifacts associated with a burial at the convergence of three Indians rivers at Fort Wayne.

16 The Plummet As Amulet By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

ceremonies." On another occasion it was have been discussed. I find this difficult reported that a very old Indian chief of to explain, for Ohio artifact collections the Napa tribe, also in California, af­ have their share. Indeed, as Moorehead firmed that plummets were used as has pointed out (1917:157), plummets "charm stones," to be suspended over "are fairly common throughout the Ohio water where Indians intended to fish, or Valley," ranging as they do from Nova at points in the mountains which might Scotia and New Brunswick on the north be favorable for hunting, or that they to Florida on the south, and from Con­ might make wearers of them necticut across the continent to Cali­ "invisible, invulnerable, and prove fornia. beneficial in many ways." My own hypothesis accords with that Writing on the "So-Called Plummets" of Drs. Peabody and Moorehead. I, too, in the same year (1901) in the Univer­ believe the highly polished, deeply sity of Pennsylvania Bulletin Series, Dr. grooved, finely worked plummets served Charles Peabody (as reported by Warren their wearers as amulets and were prob­ K. Moorhead, 1917:157-162) devised a ably worn suspended from the neck on classification table of all that had been a cord or thong. As such each may well published to that time on the subject have ranked as one of the most prized and reported that plummets might have personal possessions of the wearer. That been used as drag-line sinkers, fishing- such might have been the case with the line sinkers (above hook), fishing-line plummet shown here seems entirely sinkers (below hook), net sinkers, fishing plausible, for it is an object of real beauty. lures, slingstones, black-jacks, bolas, (See Figure 1.) Meticulously made from twine or sinew twisters, spinning- green and white granitic hardstone, weights, netting-weights, - porphry-like in first impression, it mea­ weights, hand-pestles, hanging-pestles, sures 3 inches in length, 1Vie inches in paint-stones, rubbing-stones, hammers, width, and %eth inches in thickness at ear ornaments, simple pendants, drum- mid-section. I prize it, as I am sure the rattles, true plummets (or plumbobs), primitive artisan who created it prized it, game stones, phallic-worship stones, as one of the most eye-catching artifacts amulets, charm-stones, and lucky in my collection. stones. Concluded Dr. Peabody, though the plummet probably at first may have been used as a fishing-line sinker, when Acknowledgements good fortune attended a fisherman using To Dr. Karl E. Limper of the Miami Fig. 1 (Shriver) A beautiful green and white a particular plummet that fisherman Department of Geology, who identified granitic hardstone plummet from the author's might then come to look upon it as a the stone-type from which this plummet collection. "good luck charm," whereupon he might was fashioned, and to John H. Bowser then transfer the plummet from his fish- of the University's Audiovisual Service As an artifact of wide geographic dis­ line to a cord worn about his neck that who photographed it, goes my apprecia­ tribution across several cultural levels he might then have good luck in all his tion for their assistance. of North American history and prehis­ activities: hunting, fishing fighting, what­ tory, the plummet has long defied ra­ ever. Over time, with further shaping tional explanation as to its probable and polishing, the charm or amulet purpose and use. In forty years of read­ would come to be looked upon as the References ing and conversation, I have seen or particularly prized possession of its wearer. With Dr. Peabody's conclusion, Converse, Robert N. heard it described variously as a net 1971 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeologi­ sinker, fishing line sinker, bola stone, Moorehead, too, found himself in agree­ cal Society of Ohio. Columbus. Pp. pestle, ornament, bannerstone, and ment, observing that while "the ordinary 102-103. (when all else failed) a "problematical." forms of plummets may be accepted as Fowke, Gerard Interestingly, writing in July, 1901, fishline-sinkers, the highly specialized 1901 Archaeological History of Ohio. The Gerard Fowke recalled that on one oc­ plummets seem to have been used as Ohio State Archaeological and His­ casion when he was on the coast of Cal­ charms to bring luck." (1917:169). torical Society. Columbus. Pp. 556- ifornia and had shown several plummets 559. Reviewing some thirty years of the Moorehead, Warren K. to Santa Barbara Indians, he was told Ohio Archaeologist, I have found very lit­ 1917 Stone Ornaments Used by the In­ that they were "medicine or sorcery tle on the subject of plummets, whether dians in the United States and Can­ stones used by medicine men in making considered as charm stones or fishline- ada. The Andover Press. Andover, rain, in curing the sick, and in various sinkers. Few have been pictured; fewer Massachusetts, Pp. 157-169.

17 18 Two fine axes from the collection of Don Bapst, Briggsdale, Ohio. Highly developed granite three-quarter grooved axe— Thome Twp., Perry County, Ohio. Rare poll-type axe of granite — Richland County, Ohio.

left color page . . . Selected artifacts —Don Bapst collection, Briggsdale, Ohio. Banded slate geniculate bannerstone — Knox County, Ohio. Small banded slate double-notched bannerstone— Van Wert County, Ohio. Knobbed banded slate Glacial Kame gorget— Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Single-notched bannerstone — Ada, Hardin County, Ohio. Diorite pick—Ostrander, Delaware County, Ohio.

19 Old Lyme Village Historic Contact Clay Pipes By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Three miles east of Bellevue, on an or Lower Sandusky (Junqueindundeh). Acknowledgements old shoreline of Lake Erie not far from About 1750 the French built a fort they To Melvin Herner and Mrs. Alvina the west fork of the Huron River in Huron called "Sandoski" on the north shore of Schaeffer, Curator, both of Historic Old County, is Historic Old Lyme Village and Sandusky Bay, a post that was aban­ Lyme Village, goes my gratitude for their its Seymour House Museum. In that little doned in 1752 or 1753 not long after the helpfulness in permitting me to examine museum is a small collection of Indian destruction of Pickawillany. In 1761, near and photograph the trade-era clay pipes artifacts gathered from the surrounding the close of the French and Indian War, described and illustrated in this article. area, including an assemblage of historic after the British had captured Quebec contact clay trade pipe fragments some City and Montreal, the British built a fort References of which are shown here. (See Fig. 1.) In they called "Sandusky" on the south side contrast to the yellowish-brown or gray of Sandusky Bay at the present location Baker, Stanley W. of Venice, a post they had to abandon 1981 "The Fremont Figurine," in Ohio clay trade-era pipes in the author's per­ Archaeologist, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. sonal collection, some with grotesque with the outbreak of Pontiac's Uprising 4-6. human effigy faces (see Figs. 2 and 3), in 1763. Buchman, Randall the Old Lyme clay pipes appear to have Wyandot (Huron) presence would 1976 "Who and Where Were Ohio's Indian been mold-made from a nearly pure continue in the Sandusky area through Peoples?," in The Historic Indian white kaolin in simple undecorated form. the American Revolution, the Indian in Ohio, pp. 3-5. Ohio Historical So­ Not far from Bellevue, to the west on Wars of the 1790s, and the War of 1812, ciety, Columbus. the Sandusky River, is Fremont, and to with Wyandots living on reserved lands Frohman, Charles E. in and about Upper Sandusky in what is 1976 "Searching for the Forts and Indian the north on Sandusky Bay, is Sandusky. Villages of Sandusky Bay," in Hayes When numbers of Wyandots (as they still called Wyandot County until the Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, were called by the British) or Hurons (as 1840s. Conjecture would suggest that Spring, 1976, pp. 61-68. Fremont, they were called by the French) mi­ the historic contact clay pipes at the Old Ohio. grated south from Michigan in the 1690s Lyme Village may well have come out of Horsman, Reginald and early 1700s, they occupied the the period from the late 1790s to the 1976 "United States Indian Policy and Maumee, St. Joseph, and Portage river early 1840s when trade between early Expansion into Ohio," in The His­ valleys in northwestern Ohio. In the early white settlers and the Wyandots was still toric Indian in Ohio, pp. 6-13. Ohio 1740s, under Chief Nicolas, another a factor of consequence in the economy Historical Society, Columbus. of northern Ohio. The New England Klopfenstein, Carl G. band of Wyandots moved out of the Fort 1976 "The Removal of the Indians from Detroit area to settle in the valley of the origin of much of the kaolin used in the Ohio," in The Historic Indian in Sandusky River and about the Sandusky production of trade-era clay pipes and Ohio, pp. 28-38. Ohio Historical Bay. Wyandot villages emerged near the Connecticut origin specifically of Society, Columbus. present-day Crystal Rock (Anioton), most of the early settlers of the Western Shriver, Phillip R. Castalia (Contuntuth), on the south bank Reserve and its Firelands (of which 1984 "Squaw Island Trade Silver," in of the Sandusky River near Squaw Is­ Huron County was a part) would appear Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 34, No. 2, land (Nunguntanty or Nunqunhanty), to be more than coincidental. Spring, 1984, pp. 26-27. and on the site of present-day Fremont,

20 Fig. 1 (Shriver) Historic contact or trade-era clay pipes from the Seymour House Museum of Old Lyme Village.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Side view of brown clay trade-era human effigy face pipe from author's personal collection. It measures 13A inches long, by IV2 inches Fig. 3 (Shriver) Front view of the same pipe shown in Fig. 2. high, by 1 inch wide. Mold markings are clearly evident.

21 A Cache of Early Adena Points By Steve Hill 20544 Rt. 23, Chillicothe, Ohio

While surface hunting on February 26, the next day with a friend and proper inches long and from 1 inch to 2H inches 1985, along the Ohio River in Mason tools to excavate. During the next hour wide. They all appear to be made from County, West Virginia, I found a whole my friend and I found ninety eight more the same kind of flint (Editor's note: point and half of another one which had points making a total of one hundred Possibly Carter Cave flint). The color been freshly broken. Both appeared to and twenty seven whole points and three ranges from cream and tan to reddish be of the same type. I searched for broken ones. tan. In outline they appear to be tapering the second part of the broken point by The pit is situated eighty feet from the stemmed early Adena—some almost like scratching in the soil and found two more Ohio River on a bank about twenty feet turkeytails—while some are stemmed points about 4J4 inches long and also of high. The pit measured approximately and shouldered like later Adena points the same type. I concluded that they two feet by three feet and contained a (Converse 1973). Flaking was done by were probably Adena points and that brown sandy soil which had somewhat both percussion and pressure and a few there must be a cache of them. I moved eroded toward the river. The soil in the of them are made on blades. loose soil until my hands became cut pit contained alternately six inches of There is little doubt that they are the from the flint and then used a small limb brown sandy soil, two inches of yellowish product of only one flint knapper. No from a nearby tree. In one hour I uncov­ sand, and eight to ten inches of dark other artifacts of types of points were ered twenty nine points. brown sand. found. At that time I filled the pit and returned The points range from 2 inches to 4K2

Fig. 1 (Hill) Cache of 130 points from Mason County, West Virginia.

22 years traveling North America and The Darby Plains Europe as a plant and grass consultant By for a nationally known seed company. Robert N. Converse Even though he knows thousands of 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 grasses and plants by sight, he was simply bewildered by the curious array Among the more intriguing aspects of ephemeral crossroad hamlet of Chuck- of plant and grasses with their strange archaeological research in the past few ery. One mile west of Chuckery is the flowers and unusual seeds. years are the studies on environment pioneer graveyard known as Bigelow Standing alone in these desolate and and ecology. Recent innovations such cemetery. The Bigelow family home- forlorn pioneer resting places, with their as pollen analysis and sample flotation steaded the land in 1814 and shortly ancient and mute tombstones, where our have brought an added dimension to thereafter buried four of their children ancestors buried their children and the picture of prehistoric life since these in this tiny half acre plot of ground. The where children buried their parents, techniques show us what kinds of plants cemetery continued in sporadic use until brings the thought to mind that only by and animals were present and exploited 1892 when the last interment was made. accident were these vestiges of the by a given group of Indians. Unfortun­ Nearer Plain City is the Smith cem­ prairies preserved. Trying to visualize ately, few of the environments or eco­ etery, three miles west of Big Darby what those plains must have looked like systems known by the Indians have creek. Its first burial was made in 1816— gives one the feeling of the imperman- survived. The impact of farming, grazing, the daughter of Charles and Alvia An­ ence of what nature took thousands of logging, land clearing, drainage, hunt­ drews who had come to the Darby plains years to create. Two plots of earth, each ing, herbicides, pollution, and most im­ to join the settlement begun by Rever­ no larger than a baseball infield, are all portantly, the introduction of European end Jeremiah Converse. Within seven that is left—and it is both fascinating and weeds, have so altered the face of the years both Charles and Alvia Andrews disconcerting. It is satisfying to know land that it would be unrecognizable to would be buried with their daughter. that at least a part of the past has been the prehistoric inhabitants. For these In these two early cemeteries Dr. King saved, but it makes one uncomfortable reasons it would be almost impossible found surviving patches of what had to think that a plant like the Royal Catch­ to find even a tiny vestige of a prehis­ once been the vast Darby prairies. Un- fly grows nowhere else in this whole toric milieu still in existence. But the grazed, unplowed and unmowed, these world except here in these pitiful little efforts of Dr. Charles King of Ohio State small plots of virtually undisturbed sod out of the way pockets of undisturbed University have demonstrated that, in­ were almost as they were over 175 years prairie. credible as it may seem, there are indeed ago. He found seventeen species of Footnote: Both the Smith and Bigelow examples, however tiny, of one of these prairie flora still surviving at Bigelow prehistoric habitats still flourishing. cemeteries are now under the cemetery and thirty species growing at protection of the Ohio Depart­ The area of west central Ohio, from Smith cemetery. Plants such as the six ment of Natural Resources Franklin County to Champaign County to eight foot tall Big Bluestem, smaller and have been set aside as drained by Big Darby and Little Darby Indian grass and Little Bluestem, and nature preserves. They may creeks was settled in the first decade of Prairie Cordgrass are examples of the be visited at any time of the the 1800's. My family, like others, came grasses which covered countless miles year with best viewing times to this country shortly after the Revolu­ of west central Ohio and which were from late July through August. tion and found a land covered with vast familiar to the Indians. Among the more expanses and savannahs of grasses and exotic plants are Smooth Aster, Cana­ prairie plants interspersed with clumps dian Anemone, Flowering Spurge, Prai­ or "stands" of hickory and oak and espe­ rie False Indigo, Wild Bergamot, Skunk cially bur oak. Pioneer settlers called it Meadow-rue, Prairie Rose, Sawtooth the "barrens" but it is known today as Sunflower, Whorled Rosinweed and the Darby plains. It was this peculiar ex­ many others. Quite possibly the most tension of western prairies which was curious as well as rare and beautiful are known and exploited by prehistoric the flowering plants Purple Coneflower Indians. and Royal Catchfly. The Royal Catchfly, But it was not to last long. Plowing and at one time thought to be extinct, was grazing quickly killed most of the plant found at the Bigelow cemetery blooming life and native animals sought safer and profusely with its flowers of startling less congested refuges. Introduction scarlet, and it is now on the endangered of tough and prolific European weeds list. At the end of July, when most of the crowded out the few prairie flora which plants are flowering, is the best time to remained. Thus, within a few short years, see what is left of the prairies. The Purple one of the most unique environments Coneflower, with its thistle-like cone of east of the Mississippi was quickly eradi­ fluorescent yellow surrounded with cated with few accounts of what the hanging lavendar petals, and the Royal prairies looked like or what kinds of Catchfly with its tiny five-petaled scarlet plants and grasses it contained. flower, are only part of the vast profusion For the last century it was thought of color to be seen. Yellows and blues that the prairies of the Darby plains had are in abundance and the grasses them­ been totally exterminated and that many selves add tints of bronze, blue and gold, of the plants were extinct. However, and yet these are only hints of what miles through the botanical detective work of upon miles of such blossoms must have Dr. King it has been found that, incredul­ met the eye of the Indians. ously, there are still to be found tiny During the last blooming season I remnants of these prairies—in of all visited the cemeteries with my brother, places, pioneer cemeteries. James Converse, a retired plant and Just five miles west of Plain City is the weed expert, who spent over twenty five

23 The Strait Site Excavation

By Barbara Motts 7050 Refugee Rd. Canal Winchester, Ohio

In the accompanying photographs are shown some of the scenes and people who worked at the Strait Site excava­ tion this summer. The story of the Strait Site is on pages 12,13, 14 in this issue.

24 25 Another Red Ocher Discovery in Ross County By Barry Grandstaff and Gary Davis Bainbridge, Ohio

On March 25, 1984, two turkeytail was placed near one corner of the cache. Ocher presence in Ross County. There points were found while surface hunting The points were oriented to the south is the well known Spetnagel cache of a field in Ross County, Ohio. This site with bases to the north. Just north of this over 200 ceremonially "killed" turkey­ lies along Paint Creek and has been cache was another gneiss tablet which tails found in the excavation of a house hunted by the authors personally for the had been intensely burned on one sur­ basement in nearby Chillicothe in the past twenty years. Prior to 1984, no face, apparently before deposit, and was 1920s (Converse: 1980). There is also turkeytail points or even pieces of them lying edgewise, perpendicular to the the find made by Clark Johnson near had been found. surface of the ground. No other artifacts Bourneville within a short distance of These points were whole and un­ were with it. South of the central de­ our site consisting of turkeytails, gneiss broken and appeared to have just been posit were pieces of deteriorated bone, bar amulets and rectangular gorgets in plowed up. Since turkeytails often occur a flint chip, some charcoal and fragments close proximity to Adena material (Con­ in caches, we realized that perhaps there of a third gneiss tablet, all of which were verse: 1980). Our discovery is further might be more of them. Even though it covered with red ocher. Near the right evidence of a strong Red Ocher pres­ was late in the day, we decided to sal­ side of this deposit was an unusual slate ence in the area at a time when Adena vage what we could since the field was gorget perforated with two holes. Be­ should have been in its early stages. to be disked and worked in the near tween the center cache and the on-edge The artifacts are typical Red Ocher. future. The plowed soil immediately burned tablet was a broken turkeytail The turkeytails are made of Indiana surrounding the find spot revealed with fragments of possibly two or three hornstone a material used universally in nothing, however, approximately three more individual pieces. the type. The gneiss bar amulet is a rare feet east of the original position a A charcoal sample was saved and sent artifact but similar in design and mate­ was found just below the plow line. The to the Teledyne Isotopes laboratory for rial to those from the Johnson find. plow had apparently skimmed through a evaluation. Their conclusion was that the Johnson also found a gneiss tablet and sort of pit and brought the two turkeytails sample had a radio carbon-14 date of similar large rectangular gorgets of slate. to the surface. 2,340 - 80 years before present. This An interesting feature of our gneiss The pit consisted of a large depression date is the first of its kind for Red Ocher tablets is that they are not perforated around eight feet in diameter, its edges in Ohio and coincides nicely with postu­ and the unburned example is excep­ lined with fist sized red and yellow sand­ lated dates for the culture. Our thanks tionally smooth and highly polished. In stone rocks of fairly uniform dimensions. go to The Archaeological Society of fact compared to other rare artifacts of In the center of this depression, approxi­ Ohio who kindly paid the cost of the gneiss, it is obvious that gneiss in its mately 12 inches below the plowed radio-carbon dating through their pro­ original polished condition is not at all surface, was a gneiss tablet with seven gram of aiding archaeological excava­ like the rough surfaced material we are turkeytail points lying on top of it. A tion and research. familiar with. gneiss bar amulet, broken, and burned This is not the first evidence of a Red

Reference Converse, Robert N. 1980 The Glacial Kame Indians. Pub­ lished by The Archaeological So­ ciety of Ohio, Columbus.

26 Fig. 1 (Grandstaff-Davis) Cache of nine turkeytail points from Ross County, Ohio.

Fig. 2 (Grandstaff-Davis) Two unperforated gneiss tablets and a two-hole slate gorget.

27 Fig. 3 (Grandstaff-Davis) Fragment of a gneiss bar amulet, fragments of broken turkeytails points and other items found in or near the excavated feature.

gneiss tablet on edge

fragments of points

cache of gneiss tablet and seven turkeytails and bar amulet

fragments of bone, gneiss tablet, slate gorget and red ocher

Fig. 4 (Grandstaff-Davis) Drawing of feature showing placement of artifacts within the pit.

28 Perseverance Rewarded By Jack I. Rosenfeld 4704 Glengate Dr., Columbus, Ohio

For several years I have hunted arti­ facts on one site, but year after year, only a few pieces of flint were found. Since the field is only a few miles from my home it was easily hunted and its close proximity to Big Walnut Creek and ideal terrain made it appear promising. Finally in 1984 and 1985 a number of artifacts surfaced. In those two seasons I found an eight inch , a number of projectile points, a piece of polished hematite, a Flint Ridge drill and a Hope­ well bladelet. These artifacts point to at least an occasional Hopewell occupa­ tion as well as other periods.

Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Big Walnut Creek site.

Fig. 3 (Rosenfeld) Three projectile points.

m in*

Fig. 2 (Rosenfeld) Drill and Hopewell bladelet. Fig. 4 (Rosenfeld) Cupstone and associated artifacts.

29 An Unfinished Ottawa County Archaic Tubular Bannerstone By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

At what stage in the construction of It was obvious in examining this arti­ curred and whether it occurred from an elongated tubular bannerstone did fact that the primitive Archaic craftsman one or both ends in the construction of a longitudinal drilling occur? who had been working on it had ham­ tubular bannerstone in the Archaic per­ Was drilling started from one end and mered and shaped it to desired over-all iod of Ohio's . finished from the other, with a meeting dimensions, though its rough, pocked For those who would question how of the opposing cylindrical holes some­ exterior clearly evidenced no final that tubular bannerstone might have where in the middle? abrading to make the stone an artful looked had the drilling not been faulty Examining a beautifully finished, sym­ finished product. Rather, the craftsman and had the piece been completed, metrically shaped atlatl weight or ban­ had stopped at this point in his labor to Byron Knoblock has provided abundant nerstone usually will not provide ready begin the drilling of the long cylindrical examples of his classic Banner-Stones answers to these questions, which many hole through the stone's axis. And it of the North American Indian, three of of us who have an interest in the subject was well that he had-not spent the addi­ which are pictured here (see Figure 3). have often asked ourselves. Yet take an tional time honing the stone to finished unfinished "reject" in hand, such as the smoothness, for in his drilling he "came Acknowledgements one I came across in a box of artifacts a cropper." He started out well enough, Mrs. Elizabeth Denney, Curator of the not on display at the Ottawa County in the center of one end of his projected Ottawa County Historical Museum, has Historical Museum in Port Clinton, and tube (see Figure 1). But about five-sixths been most helpful in permitting me to the answers become readily apparent. of the way through, his drill came out examine and photograph the unfinished Pictured in Figures 1 and 2 is an the side of his would-be bannerstone bannerstone described in this article. unfinished Archaic tubular bannerstone (see Figure 2). In other words, all of his Mr. John H. Bowser of the Audio-Visual measuring 3% inches in length, VA drilling had been from one end only. At Service of Miami University kindly made inches in width, and 1 % inches in thick­ no time had he started to drill from the available the photographic equipment ness at mid-section, dimensions quite opposing end, seeking to effect a union used in taking the pictures of it. Fortheir characteristic of this artifact-type ac­ of opposing cylindrical holes some­ assistance I am most grateful. cording to Robert N. Converse, who where in the middle. Once his drill had cites normal length as 4 inches, normal broken through a side, the piece had width as 1J4 to 2 inches, and usual thick­ become asymmetrical, its utility as a Reference ness as 1 inch. Also in harmony with "banner-stone" or as a balanced weight Converse, Robert N. Converse's observations, the bottom of for his at an end. Worth­ 1978 Ohio Slate Types, pp. 16-17. Ar­ this particular piece had been at least less, the stone was discarded, not to be chaeological Society of Ohio, Co­ partially flattened, though no fluted found until long centuries later when lumbus. Earl Wendling, a master cabinet maker Knoblock, Byron W. grooving parallel to the long axis had as 1939 Banner-Stones of the North Ameri­ yet been made. Interestingly, the only at the old Matthews Boat Works in Port can Indian, pp. 157, 169, 537-559. significant exception to the profile of Clinton, Ohio, picked it up one day in Published by the author. LaGrange, typological characteristics provided by the 1920s near the mouth of the Portage Converse as far as this particular artifact River near his home. As part of the was concerned was that it was made Wendling Collection, it was turned over from the soft gray limestone prevalent on November 17, 1931 to the Ottawa in the Ottawa County area rather than County Museum, where it can be found the usual banded slate found in tubular today, a ready answer to the questions bannerstones in other parts of Ohio. at what stage longitudinal drilling oc­

Fig 3 (Shriver) Three banded slate tubular bannerstones pictured on Plate 255 in Byron Knoblock's Banner-Stones of the North American Indian. The ones at left and right were from the Donald O. Boudeman Collection and were found in Seneca County, Ohio, and Williams County Ohio, respectively. The one in the center was from the Dr. A. W. Pendergast Collection and was found in Tioga County, New York. mini !' 11111i 11 lll|!ii!|llll|lll,|i!:i|lli:illll|liM|inii!Ulf!li1|lHl|!lll|lin|niHHTJllUi|MU!!l! q 10 11 i? n u is 16 i7 18 F13. i (Shriver) End-on view of unfinished tubular bannerstone in the Ottawa County Museum. (Metric scale is shown.)

10 ' . I u 16 \* Fig. 2 (Shriver) Side view of the same bannerstone, showing faulty drilling which broke through the side and caused the stone to be discarded. (Metric scale is shown.)

31 A Large Paleo Point By Jeff Dearth 3456 Fishinger Rd., Columbus, Ohio

This point (Fig. 1) was found in the late afternoon of June 1,1985. The field in which it was found is within a few miles of my home and has been hunted by other collectors. It had been culti­ vated and planted for over a week but had little rain on it. In previous trips to the site I had found numerous chips of black flint and Flint Ridge flint but most of the artifacts are of local tan Delaware chert. Thus it was surprising to find a large piece of chipped black flint which turned out to be a Paleo point. This artifact is 5% inches long and 2 inches wide at the widest part. Although there is a concave base and basal thin­ ning, there are no actual flutes. The tip is rounded and carefully chipped which may represent salvaging of a broken point. In this case the original point may have been somewhat larger than its al­ ready large 5V4 inches. As with a great many Paleo points, the material is high quality . Fig. 1 (Dearth) Five and one quarter inch Paleo point from Franklin County, Ohio.

Two Knox County Artifacts By Chris K. Balazs 583 Beacon Rd., Newark, Ohio

Pictured are two fine artifacts from Knox County, Ohio. The Pick Banner­ stone was found in 1969 and is a per­ sonal find of the author. It is the first artifact found by the author. The Hardstone Pendant was found several years ago, approximately 1 mi. west of Fredericktown, Ohio. Both of these artifacts are in the authors col­ lection.

be 2 IN. 3 IN.

Fig. 1 (Balazs) Pick bannerstone and hardstone pendant from Knox County, Ohio.

32 Tremper Mound Farm To Be Sold By David W. Kuhn 428 Masonic Bldg., Portsmouth, Ohio 45662 In the accompanying photographs are shown the signs now posted on the farm on which the famous Tremper Mound is located. This large 555 acre farm is being offered for sale and in­ TREMPEn cludes the mound site. MOUND m F§R S/

Phone 203""•£•*J~"WJ 205-726-6063 555 Acres. Rts. 104 6 73, across from Elks C. C, Site of Tremper Mound. 178 A Bottoms, 45 A Upland Crops, 60 A Bldg. sites, (w/water lines and taps) 137 A Pasture & cleared wood­ land; 125+ A Timber & Misc., 1.6 mile High­ way frontage. (lMRt. 73, .6MRt. 104)Kinni- cutt (203)-243-0863 or (203)-?'26-6063.

"••^^s^s\\msS\\\\\\\\\Wk\VsWs\Wa\WkwkSWB

Archaeology Theses and Dissertations: Some Recent Results of the University of Toledo Archaeological Research Program David M. Stothers Director, Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology University of Toledo

The following compilation is a list of Changing Settlement-Subsistence recent theses and dissertations in ar­ Adaptation in the Western Lake Erie chaeology pertaining to the region of Basin Region. Unpublished Ph.D. the western Lake Erie Basin. These dissertation in Anthropology (295 scholarly documents are based upon pages). Case Western Reserve the analyses of prehistoric and proto- University. Puskarich, Cheryl L. historic site collections and related in­ 1982 The LaSalle Ossuary: An Osteol- formation. This data was recovered by ogical Analysis. Unpublished MA. the ongoing excavation research pro­ Thesis in Anthropology (150 pages). gram conducted by the University of Western Michigan University. Toledo, Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeol­ Redmond, Brian G. ogy, under the direction and supervision 1984 The Doctors Site (33-LU-11): of David M. Stothers. Younge Phase Cultural Dynamics These scientific documents represent in the Western Lake Erie Drainage Basin. Unpublished MA. and Ed. the interpretive and analytical results thesis in Anthropolqgy (220 pages). of years of field excavation work, and University of Toledo. serve as a permanent legacy to the Rutter, William E. future of scientific archaeological re­ 1984 The Upper Mississippian Compon­ search, and the reconstruction of knowl­ ent at the Fort Meigs Site, North­ edge concerning the human occupancy west Ohio, With Special Emphasis of the western Lake Erie region. on the Analysis of the Ceramic As­ semblage. Unpublished MA. thesis Graves, James R. in Anthropology (400 pages). West­ 1984 The Indian Hills Site (33-WO-4): Ar­ ern Michigan University. chaeological Reflections of a Proto- Tucker, Patrick M. historic Assistaeronon Town. Un­ 1980 A stylistic Analysis of a Protohis- published MA. and Ed. thesis in toric Ceramic Assemblage from Indian Hills (33-WO-4), Rossford, Anthropology (568 pages). Univer­ Ohio. Unpublished MA. and Ed. sity of Toledo. thesis in Anthropology (273 pages). Pratt, G. Michael University of Toledo. 1981 The Western Basin Tradition:

33 Ancient Art Of The American Woodland Indians An Exhibition at the Detroit Institute of the Arts

A significant exhibition of artifacts representing the prehistoric Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures of the eastern United States will be open to the public from September 5 through November 11,1985, at the Detroit I nsti- tute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. The artifacts gathered for this show have been provided by a number of major museums including the Ohio Historical Society, the , the Peabody Museum, and the Gilcrease Foundation. Objects from selected private collections are also represented. Grants for support of the exhibition have been provided by the National Endowment for the Humani­ ties, the Stroh Foundation, and the Founders Society of The Detroit Institute of the Arts. The exhibition begins with the artistic products of the Late Archaic: uniquely Falcon-Shaped Cutout, Middle , Mound City Group National Monument, fashioned copper tools and weapons, Chillicothe, Ohio (no. 32) pendants, plummets, and bannerstones. The Woodland tradition, with emphasis on the Hopewell culture of Ohio and cultures of the Mississippian tradition. the Detroit Institute of Arts Museum Illinois, is represented by elaborate All in all, the show spans Native Amer­ Shop ($20.00 in paperback). This 240- copper plates, mica cut-outs, and effigy ican cultural development from approxi­ page book contains 178 illustrations, pipes. Human figures carved from stone, mately 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1500. including 52 color plates, and essays by elaborately decorated shell gorgets, and A catalogue, Ancient Art of the Amer­ David S. Brose, James A. Brown, and monolithic axes illustrate the complex ican Woodland Indians, is available from David W. Penny.

Hand-Shaped Cutout, Middle Woodland period, Beaver-Effigy Platform Pipe, Middle Woodland period, Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American Ohio Historical Society, Columbus (no. 28) History and Art, Tulsa (no. 42)

34 Scenes From The Annual Meeting —May 1985 Past Presidents of The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Back row: President-Don Gehlbach, Steve Fuller, John Samovsky, Wayne Mortine, Robert Converse, Frank Otto, Jan Sorgenfrei. Front row: Raymond Vietzen, Ernest Good, Mike Kish, Dana Baker.

Guest Speaker at the annual meeting —Dr. Charles Faulkner from the President —Don Gehlbach. University of Tennessee.

Executive Secretary—Martha P. Otto. Past President — Raymond Vietzen.

35 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.