American Shad of the Pacific Coast

VOL 37 NO 3 FisheriesAmerican Fisheries Society • www.fisheries.org MAR. 2012

Invasion of the American Shad Women Fisheries Scientists Making the Most of Grad School AFS Launches Fisheries Reports

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Corporate Office Biological Services 360.468.3375 [email protected] 360.596.9400 [email protected] NEW! Fisheries VOL 37 NO 3 MARCH 2012 Contents T-Wand for COLUMNS President’s Hook 99 Our Changing Professional Society What is AFS doing to adapt to change? Coded Wire Bill Fisher—AFS President Director’s Line TM 129 AFS Annual Meetings Why and Where We Hold Them; Why They are Expensive; Tags and Who Does What Native Americans dipnet for salmon at Celilo Falls, the historical 115 upstream limit of shad spawning run migration on the Columbia River. Gus Rassam—AFS Executive Director Source: Oregon Historical Society, No. 88625. HEADLINERS STUDENT ANGLE Our new T-Wand is a rugged, hand held 100 AFS launches Fisheries Reports; Catch limits 126 How to Find a Good Graduate Advisor and Make the detector for Coded Wire Tags (CWT). imposed; Shrimpers fined for Turtle Excluder Device Most of Graduate School The T-Wand is quick and easy to use. It violations; Crab population rebounds; Asian carp create a Suggestions for potential and current students to maximize is rubbed against the suspected tag site, conundrum graduate learning experiences. and indicates the presence of a CWT FEATURES Constance M. O’Connor with a beep and lights. NEW AFS MEMBERS 128 History The T-Wand is waterproof, 103 The Rapid Establishment, Dispersal, and Increased IN MEMORIAM Abundance of Invasive American Shad in the Pacific floats, and is stable in a wide Northwest 131 Jack Dequine range of temperatures. Its Providing historical context for a contemporary invasion. Daniel J. Hasselman, Richard A. Hinrichsen, Barbara A. SPOTLIGHT detection range is 5.5 cm Shields, and Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer for a standard length CWT. 132 Women Fisheries Scientists Invasive Species This high detection range Diane Elliott, Lori Martin, Christine Moffitt, Sarah O’Neal, 115 American Shad of the Pacific Coast: A Harmful Jesse Trushenski, and Melissa Wuellner discuss the role of makes it easy to find tags, Invasive Species or Benign Introduction? women in the world of fisheries. reduces the number of tags Invasive ecologically overlooked and evolutionarily underappreciated. AFS ANNUAL MEETING 2012 missed during surveys, and Daniel J. Hasselman, Richard A. Hinrichsen, Barbara A. 136 AFS Minneapolis 2012 – How to Get Around eliminates the need for mouth Shields, and Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer wanding large salmon. SECTION UPDATES JOURNAL HIGHLIGHTS

139 North American Journal of Fisheries Management, T-Wands are US$3750. We are offering 123 Surprising results from the Fisheries Management Volume 31, Number 6 up to a $1000 discount on the purchase Made in Section study on Asian carp as food; Fish Culture Section Washington USA of a T-Wand if you trade in a blue launches its new website; Physiology Section announces CALENDAR Handheld Wand. Please contact NMT its Triennial Symposium; Estuaries Section looks at NOAA’s Habitat Blueprint 142 Fisheries Events for more details. ANNOUNCEMENTS 143 March 2012 Jobs Northwest Marine Technology, Inc. COVER: Invasive American shad (background) have become prolific since their introduction to the West Coast, and routinely outnumber native anadromous fishes, like www.nmt.us Shaw Island, Washington, USA this chinook salmon, as evidenced when they pass by the viewing windows of various fish passage facilities along the Columbia River. Photo Credit: Jeff T. Green/Getty Images News/Getty Images Corporate Office Biological Services 360.468.3375 [email protected] 360.596.9400 [email protected] EDITORIAL / SUBSCRIPTION / CIRCULATION OFFICES 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110•Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 (301) 897-8616 • fax (301 )897-8096 • [email protected] The American Fisheries Society (AFS), founded in 1870, is the oldest and largest professional society representing fisheries scientists. The AFS promotes scientific research and enlightened Fisheries management of aquatic resources for optimum use and enjoyment by the public. It also American Fisheries Society • www.fisheries.org encourages comprehensive education of fisheries scientists and continuing on-the-job training.

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98 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org COLUMN Our Changing Professional Society President’s Hook Bill Fisher, President

The American Fisheries Society (AFS) is feeling the In their book, Racing pressure of change. We always have. However, the types of for Relevance: 5 Radical changes we are experiencing today are different than those Changes for Associations of the past and are presenting challenges along several fronts. (Coerver and Byers 2011), These changes are not only affecting AFS but the entire natu- Harrison Coerver and ral resource profession and nearly all professional societies. Mary Byers challenge as- Scientific societies date back to the mid-1600s in Italy when sociations and societies to societies were conducting novel, foundational, and exciting change or risk becoming science, according to James Collins, President of the Ameri- irrelevant and possibly can Institute of Biological Sciences (Collins 2011). Obviously dissolving. Most profes- AFS President Fisher may much has changed since then, and research is now conducted by sional scientific societies be contacted at: scientists at universities, governmental agencies, and industry, are bound to tradition, slow [email protected] while societies provide a supporting role by publishing scien- to change, and risk averse, tific journals, sponsoring meetings that provide networking which is not surprising given the conservative nature of their opportunities, mentoring emerging professionals, and provid- members. Coerver and Byers propose five radical changes for ing policy guidance. Becoming a member of their scientific associations and societies to undertake that will help them thrive society used to be a given for most professionals, but this is in the future, not just survive: (1) overhaul their governance changing. Members now want greater value and services for model and committee operations, (2) empower the executive their dues. The AIBS held a meeting in December 2011 of sci- director and enhance staff expertise, (3) thoroughly define the entific society presidents and executive directors to address the membership market, (4) rationalize programs and services, and question: How can scientific societies adapt and thrive given (5) build a robust technology framework. The effort to make the sociological, technological, and cultural changes that are these changes cannot be half-hearted or the society will con- shifting the role that these societies play today? Clearly, AFS tinue to fall further behind. A key goal for societies should be is grappling with this question and, in particular, how to stay to help their members become successful by conveniently and relevant to fisheries professionals and our membership while accessibly providing valuable services. we adapt to these changes.

It might be helpful to review some of the changes that professional societies and asso- The question: How can scientific societies adapt ciations are currently experiencing. People are and thrive given the sociological, technological, busier than ever and have less time to com- mit to volunteer organizations and activities and cultural changes that are shifting the role that outside of work and family. Tighter budgets these societies play today? and greater consumer expectations mean that people want more value for and return on their investment, even with professional societies. Four different and So what is AFS doing to adapt to these changes? We have diverse generations are working together in the workplace, and not adopted the radical approach recommended by Coerver societies are less appealing and relevant to younger generations. and Byers, but we are addressing all five types of change. A Professionals are becoming more specialized and societies are special committee on society governance is looking at the size struggling to serve this diverse membership. Professional soci- and structure of our large, 35-member governing board. Our eties in similar fields compete with one another for members, executive director is responsive to members and leaders and their time, and dues. Societies have been slow to adopt technol- continually looking for ways to engage and empower staff to ogy and Web services that took off in the 1990s and 2000s. Print improve our services to members (see the “Director’s Line” media used to be our primary form of communication, but tech- in this issue). A special committee on affiliate membership nology has changed that and our journals are readily available is evaluating the extent of affiliate members in AFS chapters online to most members and virtually free through their institu- and the constitutional, procedural, operational, and economic tions. All of these factors are leading to membership decline, consequences and opportunities of creating a new membership loss of revenues, and growing irrelevance to the younger gen- category. We are looking for ways to improve our programs and eration of professionals. I am not trying to portent our demise, services, particularly those delivered at our annual meeting, and but for AFS to remain relevant we need to change—radically, are trying to bring our annual meeting to more members using in some ways. virtual attendance technology. Finally, the Electronic Services

Continued on page 141

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 99 HEADLINERS

About AFS A new database for fisheries AFS is launching its Fisheries Reports, a searchable database of abstracts, authors, and links related to “gray literature”—publications of government agencies (state/province, federal, international) and other organizations that are usually not included in the journal or book literature. If you are the author of such a report or student theses or know about it, please consider submitting your information through the AFS mod- erator at fisheriesreports.org

Legislation Annual catch limits imposed In an unprecedented policy shift, the United States will become the first country in 2012 to put annual catch limits (ACLs) on all 528 federally managed species from mahi mahi to Gulf of Maine cod. Five years ago, Presi- dent Bush signed the reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, which dates to the mid-1970s and governs all fishing in U.S. waters. A bipartisan coalition of lawmakers joined environmental groups, some commercial fishing interests, and scientists to insert language into the Act requiring ACLs for all fisheries to be instated by the beginning of the 2012 fishing year. “It’s something that’s arguably first in the world,” said Eric Schwaab, assistant administrator for fisheries at NOAA. European Coryphaena hippurus Photo credit: © Mark Tolson Union member states are debating whether to adopt a law mandating the same sort of catch limits. Critics of the law argue that a lack of accurate scientific data precludes forcing these mandatory, tight restrictions on the fishing industry. However, Steven D. Gaines, Dean of the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California-Santa Barbara, said that researchers are continuing to develop more effective tools to estimate fish populations. “It’s really transforming the opportunity for us to assess where the fisheries are at the moment and take corrective action early on to cor- rect overfishing.”

Read More: Shertzer, K.W., M. H. Prager, and E. H. Williams. 2010. Probabilistic approaches to setting acceptable biological catch and annual catch targets for multiple years: reconciling methodology with national standards guidelines. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 2:451–458. DOI: 10.1577/C10-014.1.

AFS Policy Statement—#27 Conservation of Imperiled Species and Reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 – The major causes of aquatic species endangerment includes. . . overfishing. (fisheries.org/afs/docs/policy_27f.pdf)

100 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org By-Catch Reduction Devices Shrimpers fined for Turtle Excluder Device violations After finding more than 468 strandings of sea turtles in Louisiana, Missis- sippi, and Alabama since January 1, 2011, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued Notices of Violation and Assessment (NOVAs) to the owners and operators of 18 shrimp trawlers for allegedly altering or not having turtle excluder devices on their vessels. The issuance of these NOVAs came out a day after a group of Gulf Coast and national marine scientists sent Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal a letter urging him to repeal a Louisiana law that prohib- its state enforcement of federal sea turtle protection regulations on the basis that there is little proof that shrimping is a significant cause of turtle deaths. Turtle A loggerhead sea turtle escapes from a top-loading Excluder Devices (TEDs) are required under the Endangered Species Act to keep TED. Photo credit: National Oceanic and Atmospher- endangered and threatened sea turtles from being caught and killed in shrimping ic Administration/Department of Commerce nets. NOVA violations include fishing with no TEDs, fishing with TEDs sewn or tied shut, fishing with escape openings that are too small, and fishing with grid angles that are too high. After the issuance of the NOVAs , the Southern Shrimp Alliance began working with NOAA to educate shrimpers on using TEDs, mainly because they fear that failure to comply with the TED trawler regulations could lead to additional regulations such as requiring TEDs in skimmer nets. “TEDs compliance is a high priority for us here in the Gulf… It lets the shrimpers keep working while saving the lives of endangered turtles,” said Otha Easley, acting special agent in charge of NOAA’s Office of Law Enforcement’s Southeast Division. The five species of sea turtles protected under the Endangered Species Act that inhabit the Gulf and the Atlantic are: loggerhead, green, Kemp’s ridley, hawksbill, and leatherback. AFS Policy Statement — #26 By-catch Reduction Devices as a Conservation Measure: There has been much controversy over the loss of endangered turtles due to accidental entrapment, and turtle excluder devices (TEDs) are presently coming into use in shrimp fisheries off the southeastern U.S. coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. These devices, designed to allow sea turtles and debris to escape from shrimp nets, have proven to be very effective in reducing mortality of sea turtles. (fisheries.org/afs/docs/ policy_26f.pdf)

Habitat Chesapeake blue crab population rebounds The Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment Committee — composed of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fisheries scientists, academics, and government officials — found in their 2011 Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab Advisory Report that over the last three years the population of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) has shown signs of recovery from overfishing and pollution. Maryland’s harvest was up to 60 million pounds this year; however, more work needs to be done to rebuild the stock to sustainable levels. According to the 2011 winter dredge survey, the Chesapeake Bay is home to 461 million blue crabs, which are the bay’s most commercially and recreational profit- able aquatic resource. The blue crab is not only an integral part of the Bay’s ecosystem, but it is the bay’s most lucrative commercial fishery, hence its recent rebound is good news for scientists, recreational fishermen, and commercial fisheries alike. Peyton Robertson, director of Photo credit: NOAA - Photographer: Mary Hollinger, NOAA/NES- the NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office stated, “The recent history of blue DIS/NODC (ret.) crabs in the bay is a success story about resource managers using the best science available to rebuild blue crab stocks.” Still, the report recommends that the management agencies continue vigilantly implementing the management guidelines established three years ago by the Maryland, Virginia, and the Potomac River Fisheries Commission that promotes the development of a sustainable crab fishery. These guidelines “give limits for the minimum stock size and a maximum exploitation rate, a desired or target pattern of exploitation and a rebuilding plan, should the limits be exceeded. . . Importantly, these guidelines for management use the best scientific information available and should be compatible with the empirical evidence of an existing pattern of sustainable exploitation.” The management regulations set a target number of 215 female blue crabs in the bay, with overfishing occurring if 34 percent of the female crabs are harvested in a year and roughly 200 million male crabs to ensure a continual upward recovery rate. “This is a sea-change in how we will manage the fishery,” said Jack Travel- stead, Virginia’s Fisheries Chief. Building the crab population to these target population levels would ensure that they could survive previous setbacks such as severe winter weather without endangering a sustainable recovery and robust harvest levels. Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 101 Invasive Species Asian carp creates a conundrum The Asian carp, an invasive species that has devastated every natural ecosystem since its importation in the 1970s to the southern U.S., and subsequent migration into the Mis- souri and Illinois Rivers, now poses an impending threat to the Great Lakes ecosystem. The carp is so ubiquitous that it makes up eight out of ten fish in some parts of the Illinois River. The 2011 Monitoring and Rapid Response Plan for Asian Carp in the Upper Illinois River and Chicago Area Wa- terway System (MRRP), has developed measures to stop the species from damaging the Great Lakes ecosystem, including: “traditional sampling gears (e.g., electrofishing, trammel nets, experimental gill nets, mini fyke or trap nets, larval push nets, trawls, and seines), chemical piscicide (e.g., rotenone), high-tech sonic detection and imaging devices (e.g., ultra- sonic telemetry and hydroacoustic, DIDSON, and side-scan sonar), and newly developed or developing techniques (e.g., eDNA, hydro-guns, and attraction pheromones).” In addition, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) adopted a plan specifically to monitor Asian carp downstream of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Dispersal Barrier – an electric field to prevent fish movement between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins. However, many people outside the U.S. – as well as a growing U.S. population – eat Asian carp. Asian Carp Catch Photo credit: Zoe Hickson Hence, U.S. fishermen are starting to market carp for human consumption and other commercial uses as an alternative to curtail the spread of the carp. Even the MRRP’s 2011 Surveillance of Bait, Sport, and Food Fish Program recognizes the need for alternative measures to cultivate carp commercially by “increasing education and enforcement activities at bait shops, bait and sport fish production/distribution facilities, fish processors, and fish markets/food establishments known to have a preference for live fish for release or food preparation.” Kirby Madison, former president of the Illinois Commercial Fishermen’s Association, estimates that the carp harvest could grow to an annual catch of 100 million pounds a year. Jim Garvey, director of the Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center Southern Illinois University runs programs to increase carp harvests for human consumption. “It would be silly for our country to have us spend taxpayer dollars to eradicate these things and throw them in a landfill,” Mr. Garvey said. “We might as well make some money out of them.”

Read more: Chapman. D. C., and M. H. Hoff, editors. 2011. Invasive Asian carps in North America. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

AFS Policy Statement — #15 Introductions of Aquatic Species (Abbreviated): There is little doubt that when an introduced fish exhibits explosive population increases, substantial changes in native communities must occur. Documentation of predation by introduced species on native species serves as the most definitive example of impacts on communities…. High densities of introduced fish have been shown to exert negative effects on native fishes. (fisheries.org/afs/docs/policy_15s.pdf)

Headliners is a compilation of current news and references of interest to the fisheries community. If you have some news you would like to share, please email our managing editor at [email protected].

102 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org FEATURE History The Rapid Establishment, Dispersal, and Increased Abundance of Invasive American Shad in the Pacific Northwest Daniel J. Hasselman El rápido establecimiento, dispersión e School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020. E-mail: [email protected] incremento de abundancia del sábalo americano en el Pacífico noroeste Richard A. Hinrichsen RESUMEN: el sábalo americano fue introducido repeti- Hinrichsen Environmental Services, 9034 45th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington damente en dos ríos costeros del Pacífico hacia finales de 1800. Las poblaciones se establecieron, dispersaron y ex- Barbara A. Shields pandieron rápidamente su rango geográfico a lo largo de 5,000 km de línea de costa, desde México hasta Rusia. El Bonneville Power Administration, 905 NE 11th Ave., Portland, Oregon sábalo americano también incrementó considerablemente Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer su abundancia y a la fecha produce la mayor corrida de desove de un pez anádromo en el Río Columbia (> 4 mil- Beachcomber’s Alert, 6306 21st Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington lones de individuos por año). A pesar de que ésta constituye una invasión biológica sorprendente, el sábalo americano “Few subjects connected with the utilization of our no ha sido objeto importante de investigación científica, natural resources present greater interest than the por lo que la especie permanece relativamente oscura en el possibilities for the successful transfer of useful ani- Pacífico Noroeste. En estos dos primeros artículos comple- mals from one section of the country to another and mentarios, se realiza un esfuerzo por elevar el perfil del their acclimatization in new regions.”—H. M. Smith sábalo americano entre los profesionales de las pesquerías (1895) y para generar un interés científico acerca de su invasión. Se brinda un panorama de la historia de su introducción y “The results attending the experimental introduc- se discuten los mecanismos que pudieron haber contribui- tion of [American shad] into the waters of the Pacific do al establecimiento de la especie, su rápida dispersión a States must be regarded among the foremost achieve- lo largo de la costa del Pacífico y su aumento de abundan- ments in fish culture.”—H. M. Smith (1895) cia en el Río Columbia. En el segundo artículo se discuten las posibles consecuencias de la invasión en los ecosiste- ABSTRACT: American shad (Alosa sapidissima) were re- mas costeros del Pacífico, pero también su valor inherente peatedly introduced into two Pacific coastal rivers in the late para estudios de ecología y evolución. Estos artículos se 1800s. They rapidly established, dispersed, and expanded their diseñaron para leerse consecutivamente. range over 5,000 km of coastline from Mexico to Russia. Ameri- can shad also increased dramatically in abundance and now comprise the largest spawning run of anadromous fish in the INTRODUCTION Columbia River (>4 million fish annually). Despite constituting a remarkable biological invasion, invasive shad have not been the subject of much scientific investigation and remain Invasive species constitute a serious threat to ecosystem relatively obscure in the Pacific Northwest. In this first of two function, can alter community trophic structure and species complementary articles, we attempt to raise the profile of inva- compositions (Chapin et al. 1997), and can reduce biodiveristy sive American shad among fisheries professionals and generate at a variety of spatial scales (Williamson 1999). Though the scientific interest in this biological invasion. We provide an spread of invasive species is a growing worldwide concern and overview of the history of their introduction and discuss the has affected ecosystems globally, aquatic habitats appear espe- mechanisms that may have contributed to the species’ establish- cially negatively impacted (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1999). ment, rapid dispersal along the Pacific coast, and its increased Although much of the research on the consequences of aquatic abundance in the Columbia River. In the second accompany- invasive species in North America has focused on the Great ing article we discuss the possible ecological consequences of Lakes (a reflection of the magnitude of the problem in that re- the invasion in Pacific coastal ecosystems but also its inherent gion; Mills et al. 1993; Ricciardi 2006), comparatively little value to studies of ecology and evolution. These articles are research has been conducted for invasive anadromous species designed to be read in succession. in coastal ecosystems.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 103 This lack of study reflects the relative rarity with which Despite their presence in the region for over 140 years (Figure purposeful introductions of anadromous species successfully 1; Smith 1895), the species persists in relative obscurity, having establish self-sustained anadromous runs, although there are not been the subject of much scientific study, and remains eco- exceptions (McDowall 1994; Pascual et al. 2001; Ayllon et al. logically overlooked and evolutionarily underappreciated. Shad 2004). Where introductions of anadromous species are ultimate- now constitute the single largest spawning run of any anadro- ly successful, life histories and phenotypes can evolve rapidly mous fish in the Columbia River (>4 million spawning adults and in a predictable fashion (Hendry and Quinn 1997; Kinnison passed Bonneville Dam from 2003 to 2006) and until recently et al. 2001; T. P. Quinn et al. 2001). Thus, from an evolutionary outnumbered all native salmons of both wild and hatchery ori- stance, the successful introduction of an anadromous species gin combined (Figure 2; Petersen et al. 2003). The size of the provides a rare opportunity to examine adaptations in novel spawning run in the Columbia River has generated interest in environments and to assess the predictability of evolutionary the species and stimulated recent shad-based research in the Pa- processes in the wild. cific Northwest.

American shad (Alosa sapidissima) were introduced to Details of the shad’s introduction to the Pacific Northwest Pacific coastal rivers in the 1800s. The species rapidly estab- region, its rapid dispersal along the coast, and its increased lished and quickly dispersed to colonize additional drainages. abundance in the Columbia River are largely contained in

Figure 1. The American shad (Alosa sapidissima) specimen collected by ichthyologist David Starr Jordan from the Columbia River in 1880 (specimen no. USNM 027322). Photo credit: Sandra J. Raredon. Source: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Division of Fishes.

Figure 2. Adult anadromous fish counts at the Bonneville Dam fish ladder (rkm 235). Data from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Source: Shad 1938– 1945 Status Report: Columbia River fish runs and fisheries 1938–2002 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/environment/fishdata.asp.

104 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org historical reports of the U.S. Fish Commission (e.g., Smith 1895) and internal government documents that are not widely read. The goal of this synthesis is to bring those details to the forefront for a broader readership (i.e., fisheries professionals of both academic and management backgrounds) and to provide meaningful historical context for future examinations of shad in the Pacific Northwest. To this end, we (1) discuss the impetus for the transfer of shad to Pacific coastal drainages and the history of its introduction, (2) report the chronology of invasion following the species’ initial introduction and discuss mechanisms for its rapid dispersal, and (3) consider the underlying factors responsible for the species’ increased abundance in the Columbia River.

This is the first of two complementary articles on invasive shad. The second article (Hasselman et al. 2012, this volume) provides a perspective on the ecological consequences of the species introduction but also highlights the inherent value that it provides to studies of ecology and evolution. Although these articles are complementary, readers will gain a more comprehensive appreciation for this invasion if they are read in succession.

THE TRANSPORT OF AMERICAN SHAD TO a THE PACIFIC The American shad is an anadromous clupeid native to the Atlantic coast of North America and spawns in rivers from Florida to Quebec (Walburg and Nichols 1967). Historically, shad supported an economically important fishery in the United States and at the turn of the 20th century was among the top three commercially harvested species along the Atlantic coast (Limburg et al. 2003). In fact, shad were such a valued and desirable food fish in their native range that the possibility of their presence in San Francisco markets to support a growing population encouraged the California Fish Commission to make arrangements with the New York Fish Commission for their introduction to Pacific waters—a seemingly impossible task at that time (Green 1874).

On the morning of June 19, 1871, the father of fish culture in North America, Seth Green (Figure 3a), left his Hudson Riv- er hatchery (Mull’s Fishery; Figure 4a) 10 miles below Albany, New York, with 12,000 shad fry in four 8-gallon milk cans. Us- ing the recently completed Transcontinental Railroad (Figure 4b), Green journeyed across the United States, changing the water in the cans whenever the opportunity arose to ensure the survival of his young charges. Along the route, Green deposited 200 shad in each of three water bodies: Lake Erie at Cleveland, Ohio; Lake Michigan at Chicago, Illinois; and the Ogden River b in Utah (Green 1874). Despite the implausibility of the attempt and with doubts for the success of the enterprise, Green arrived Figure 3. Historical figures involved in the culture and transport at his destination on June 26 and, in the presence of Califor- of shad to the Pacific coast of North America: (a) Seth Green, the father of fish culture in North America, successfully trans- nia Fish Commissioners Redding and Smith, deposited 10,000 ported 10,000 shad fry to the Sacramento River in 1871. Source: shad fry into the Sacramento River at 10:00 p.m. near Tehama, Smithsonian Institute Negative No. 34391-L. (b) Livingston Stone California, 275 miles upriver from Sacramento. Showing no of the U.S. Fish Commission nearly died during his first attempt to obvious signs of distress, the shad fry were very active and im- take shad across the continent after a bridge collapsed and the train car carrying him plunged into the Elkhorn River in Nebraska. mediately commenced feeding (Smith 1895). Source: Smithsonian Institute Negative No. 34392-K. Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 105 If, after one or two years, even one shad is taken in the [Sac- ramento] River the result will be satisfactory, as it will dem- onstrate the fact that all the conditions are favorable to their successful propagation in the waters of our rivers. We could then, at a trifling expense, fill our waters with this valuable fish … If after two years, none should be taken, it would not then be well to abandon the experiment. (Smith 1895)

Green himself was encouraged by the results of the journey. He echoed the sentiments of the Cali- fornia Fish Commission, stating in his report (Smith 1895) that “if these [young shad] do not [survive], a more must be sent, for any amount of young [shad] can be taken to California by making the proper preparations beforehand.”

Having demonstrated the fea- sibility of transporting live shad across the continent, a second transfer was arranged under the auspices of the U.S. Fish Commission. In June 1873, Livingston Stone (Figure 3b) began his journey to California with 20,000 Hudson River shad fry in a specially equipped aquarium car subsidized by the California Fish Commission. However, the contents of the aquarium car never reached its intended destination. Rather, the attempt proved disastrous, as the train plunged into the Elkhorn River in Nebraska following the collapse of a bridge and nearly cost Stone his life. Stone’s firsthand account of the event is worth quoting at some length: Figure 4. History of shad transport across the continental United States: (a) Seth Green’s shad hatchery on the Hudson River—the source of the original shad introduction to the Pacific coast. Source: Harper’s Weekly April 27, 1872. (b) Schematic diagram outlining the transport of shad to the Pacific After leaving Omaha, we Coast via the Transcontinental Railroad and the shad’s rapid dispersal following introduction. Strong El stowed away as well as we Niño events coupled with favorable oceanic currents likely aided the successful colonization of shad in could the immense amount of its introduced range. Source: Ebbesmeyer and Hinrichsen (1997). ice we had on the car; and, having regulated the tempera- The arrival of Green in California with the vast majority ture of all tanks, and aerated the water all around, we of his cargo still alive was a remarkable achievement in fish made our tea and were sitting down to dinner, when culture at the time. It proved to the California Fish Commission suddenly there came a terrible crash, and tanks, ice, that the eventual establishment of self-sustaining shad popula- and everything in the car seemed to strike us in every tions in the Pacific region could be attained with persistence: direction. We were, everyone of us, at once wedged in by the heavy weights upon us so that we could not

106 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org move or stir. A moment after, the car began to rap- increased. Multiple transfers were scheduled for 1886 and con- idly fill with water, the heavy weights around us began sisted of shad fry as well as eggs that could be hatched en route. to loosen, and, in some unaccountable way, we were On May 9, 1886, J. F. Ellis and E. M. Robinson left Havre de washed out into the river. Swimming around our car, Grace, Maryland, with a consignment of 1 million shad fry and we climbed up on one end of it, which was still out of 585,000 eggs of Susquehanna River origin, destined for the the water, and looked around to see where we were. We Columbia River basin. Despite substantive mortality while in found our car detached from the train and nearly all transit, 550,000 fry were successfully deposited in the Willa- under water, both couplings having parted. The tender mette River at Albany, Oregon, and 300,000 fry were deposited [car for carrying fuel and water] was out of sight, and in the Columbia River at Wallula Junction, Washington. The the upper end of our car was resting on it. The engine aggregate transfers of shad fry to the Columbia River basin was three-fourths underwater, and one man in the en- from 1885 to 1886 totaled 910,000, with no additional trans- gine-cab was crushed to death. Two men were floating fers after that time (Smith 1895). However, it is worth noting down the swift current in a drowning condition, and that a shad hatchery was operational on the Willamette River the balance of the train still stood on the track, with at Willamette Falls and St. Helens, Oregon, from 1906 to 1920 the forward car within a very few inches of the wa- (Robbins and Watts 1981). ter’s edge. The Westinghouse air-brake had saved the train. If we had been without it, the destruction would Although beyond the scope of this article, it should be have been fearful. One look was sufficient to show that noted that transfers of shad from the Atlantic coast were also the contents of the aquarium-car were a total loss. No made to the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico tributaries care or labor had been spared in bringing the fish to (1886: 4,758,000 fry), Colorado River and Gulf of Califor- this point, and now, almost on the verge of success, nia tributaries (1884–1886: 2,651,000 fry), as well as Utah everything was lost. (Stone 1874) and Idaho (Great Salt Lake basin, Bear River, and Bear Lake, from 1873 to1892: a total of 7,177,450 fry; Smith 1895). In The California Fish Commission was not deterred by this fact, shad introductions were attempted in 40 states, including catastrophe. Upon hearing of the disaster, it telegraphed Stone Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and to return immediately to the Hudson River and procure an- Iowa (Smiley 1881). Although these attempts were ultimately other lot of shad for a second attempt. Despite his brush with unsuccessful, if nothing else these stocking efforts reveal the death, Stone complied with the order and successfully acquired commitment of the U.S. Fish Commission and its state-level 40,000 shad fry from the New York state hatchery at Castleton. counterparts to the introduction of shad to all waters throughout This time he arrived safely in California, and on July 2, 1873, the United States that would be suitable for the species’ natu- he deposited 35,000 shad fry in the Sacramento River near Te- ral propagation. Furthermore, although an attempt to introduce hama (Stone 1874). shad to Germany in 1874 was ultimately unsuccessful (Jacob- son 1876; Mather 1876), 700,000 shad eggs were successfully Following these introductions, shad quickly became local- transported to Ireland in 1900 (Ravenel 1900). ly abundant, with commercial landings in California providing ample shad for local markets. Initial stocking efforts were CHRONOLOGY OF INVASION AND deemed a success by the U.S. Fish Commission, and stocking MECHANISMS OF DISPERSAL continued for the Sacramento River in subsequent years. An additional 574,000 fry were transferred from the Hudson River to Despite exhibiting high levels of philopatry (Hendricks et the Sacramento River from 1876 to 1880, bringing the total of al. 2002) and spawning site fidelity (97%; Melvin et al. 1986) introduced fry to 619,000 (Smith 1895; Leach 1925). No trans- in their native range, shad readily dispersed after their initial fers of shad to California occurred after 1880. introduction to the Pacific and were shortly thereafter reported from additional rivers along the coast (Welander 1940; Figure Introductions of shad fry to the Columbia River basin be- 4b). Shad were first observed in the Columbia River in 1876 gan quite unintentionally in 1885, nearly a decade after adult (Smith 1895), 5 years after their introduction to the Sacramento shad were first observed within the drainage (i.e., 1876; Smith River and 9 years before their transfer to the Columbia River 1895). Indeed, the first introduction of shad to the northern Pa- basin. Shad were shortly thereafter reported from Wilmington cific coast consisted of 900,000 shad fry of Hudson River origin (Los Angeles), California (1877); the Russian River, Califor- destined for waters tributary to Puget Sound, Washington. How- nia (1877); the Rogue River, Oregon (1882); and Puget Sound, ever, a railroad bridge washed away, delaying the transport for Washington (1882; Smith 1895). The California Fish Commis- so long that most of the fry died, and the original intention of sion was delighted by its success, stating: going to Puget Sound was abandoned. Of the 60,000 surviving fry, 10,000 were deposited in the Snake River near its conflu- Should [shad] continue to enter different rivers on ence with the Columbia River at Ainsworth, Washington, and their return from the ocean, they will soon stock all the remaining 50,000 were deposited in the Willamette River at [rivers along] the coast that are appropriate to them Portland, Oregon (Smith 1895). Following this introduction, ef- … and in a few years [they] will be filled with this forts to transport shad to the Columbia River were dramatically valuable fish. (Smith 1895)

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 107 Following their 1885 introduction to the Columbia River, The cause is probably to be sought in the genial influ- shad were reported from the Coquille River, Oregon (1889); ences of the Japan Current, which brings the warmth Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada (1891); Stikine Riv- of equatorial Asia to temper the extremes of the Arctic er, Alaska (1891; Smith 1895; Leach 1925); Klamath River, climate on the southern shore of the Alaskan Peninsu- California (1891); Rivers Inlet, British Columbia (1892; Smith la, and thence sweeping to the south, carries tropical 1895); Cook Inlet, Alaska (1904; Everman and Goldsborough heat to the latitude of San Francisco. Repelled on the 1906); near San Diego, California (1916; Starks 1918); and one hand by the low temperature of the great rivers Karluk on Kodiak Island, Alaska (1926, 1937; Welander 1940; and fringe of the coastal water, and solicited on the Figure 4b). Shad have since been observed in additional waters other hand by the equable and higher temperature of California’s San Joaquin, Eel, and Smith rivers; San Luis of the Japan current the shad have become true no- Reservoir and Millerton Lake (Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1982; mads, and have broken of the hydrographic area [San Ahern 1992); Oregon’s Suislaw, Smith, Umpqua, and Coos Francisco Bay] to which we had supposed they would rivers (Mullen 1972); South Ten-Mile Lake (G. Vanderohe, be restricted. Following the track of the Asiatic cur- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, personal communica- rent, and finding more congenial temperatures as they tion); Washington’s Lake Washington and Chehalis and Willapa progress, it is not unreasonable to expect that some Rivers (Wydoski and Whitney 1979); Skagit River; Snohom- colonies will eventually reach the coast of Asia and ish River estuary; and Alaska’s Copper River. By 1925, their establish themselves in its great rivers range extended across 22 degrees of latitude and nearly 5,000 km of coastline, from southern California to Chilkat, Alaska Within their native range, shad have specific physiological (Leach 1925). More recently, shad have been reported from preferences and tolerances. The marine migration of adults is Baja California, Mexico (Hart 1973), throughout coastal Alas- largely controlled by temperature, because shad maintain them- ka (Mecklenburg et al. 2002), to the Anadyr River in northeast selves within 13°C to 18°C isotherms (Leggett and Whitney Siberia (Chereshnev and Zharnikov 1989; Petersen et al. 2003). 1972; but see Neves and Depres 1979). McDonald’s theory combined the temperature preferences of shad at sea with the At the time that Green first transported shad across the con- meager knowledge of ocean currents possessed by oceanogra- tinent, eminent scientists of the era did not suspect the species’ phers in the late 1800s. Although crude, this theory represents a dispersal potential. In fact, the widely held view of their oce- very early application of fisheries oceanography, which is now anic migration was that “… [shad] simply spend their oceanic a well-established discipline. Because the Pacific Coast shad life in the seas quite adjacent to the rivers where born, and re- invasion has remained relatively obscure, no theory since Mc- turn to them in the proper season” (Baird 1874). However, the Donald’s has been advanced to explain the rapid dispersal of broad dispersal of shad along the Pacific Coast following their shad along the West Coast following introduction. However, introduction forced reconsideration of this hypothesis, and it reconstruction of 19th century oceanographic conditions in the was suggested by M. McDonald (1891) that: Pacific Ocean may provide some insight.

TABLE 1. Mean monthly sea surface temperatures (°C) for Farralon Islands, California (37°41.8′ N, 122°59.9′ W) and Neah Bay, Washington (48°22.1′ N, 124°37.0′ W) under normal and El Niño conditions resulting in a 3°C mean water temperature increase. Temperatures in bold indicate those that fall within the physiological preferences for shad oceanic migration. The Farallon Island station is located 42 km west of Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco Bay region. Data provided by Shore Stations Program (funding via California Department of Boating and Waterways). Neah Bay data source: manual: ftp://ftp.iod.ucsd. edu/shore/; automated: http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov.

Farallon Islandsa Neah Bayb Month Mean El Niño Mean El Niño January 12.01 15.01 7.59 10.59 February 12.07 15.07 7.71 10.71 March 11.81 14.81 8.42 11.42 April 11.29 14.29 9.55 12.55 May 11.23 14.23 10.78 13.78 June 11.53 14.53 11.60 14.60 July 12.32 15.32 11.84 14.84 August 13.20 16.20 11.77 14.77 September 13.78 16.78 11.50 14.50 October 13.66 16.66 10.72 13.72 November 13.08 16.08 9.60 12.60 December 12.28 15.28 8.17 11.17

aData: 1955–2010 (manual). bData: 1994–1995 (manual), 1996–2010 (automatic, station ID: 9443090).

108 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org It is reasonable to postulate that the temperature prefer- may have provided a dispersal corridor from May through Oc- ences for oceanic migrations of shad in the Sacramento River tober off the northern tip of Washington State (Table 1). It is shortly after introduction to the Pacific Coast were, at least ini- also worth noting that reconstructions of the Pacific Decadal tially, similar to those in their native range. Under this scenario, Oscillation (PDO) during the course of early shad transfers the surface waters at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, through in 1871–1877 (Biondi et al. 2001; G. M. McDonald and Case which out-migrating shad must pass to reach the Pacific Ocean, 2005) suggest the presence of warm nearshore sea surface tem- are often colder throughout much of the year than what sub- peratures occurring concurrently with strong El Niño events adult shad would prefer (Table 1). To some extent, this may that may have aided the rapid dispersal of shad. have prevented shad from leaving San Francisco Bay. In fact, there is some evidence that shad remained in the San Francisco The Davidson Current, a transient (October–April) coastal Bay area year-round. Smith (1895) stated: current approximately 100 km wide that flows from San Fran- cisco to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Burt and Wyatt … shad inhabit the rivers tributary to San Francisco 1964; Hickey and Royer 2001; Hickey et al. 2005), may have Bay and the coastal waters of that vicinity throughout provided the means by which out-migrating juvenile shad from the year. It can not be stated with certainty that the the Sacramento River could have been pushed northwards at a same individuals remain in Sacramento River, or San rate of 24.9 km·day−1 (Burt and Wyatt 1964). However, surface Joaquin River, or Suisun Bay during a whole year, but water along this coast has been observed to transport flotsam the fact is established that in every month and on every northward at 1.6–3.2 km·h−1 (38.4–76.8 km·day−1), making day it is possible to find shad in quantities in those faster dispersal quite possible. When combined with the Cali- waters fornia Undercurrent, a relatively narrow (approximately 10–40 km) northward-flowing current system at depths from approxi- However, it is apparent that shad must have ventured sea- mately 100 to 400 m, there is a strong tendency for northward ward in order to colonize additional rivers in California and flow throughout the water column over the inner shelf in all but regions farther north. Although shad could have made oceanic the spring season (Hickey and Royer 2001). For this reason, the migrations outside their thermal preferences, there may be an Davidson Current has been implicated in the relatively rapid alternative explanation. El Niño events may have increased northward colonization of the sea rocket (Cakile edentula), an coastal ocean temperatures to within the species preferred range invasive coastal plant, with a dispersal rate along the Pacific and, along with coastal oceanic currents (i.e., the Davidson Northwest that is remarkably similar to that of shad (Barbour Current and the California Undercurrent), may have facilitat- and Rodman 1970). Thus, we hypothesize that strong El Niño ed rapid dispersal northward. El Niño events serve to increase events, possibly within the greater context of favorable PDO water temperatures along the Pacific Coast of North America. conditions and coupled with the Davidson Current and Cali- During the beginning phase of an El Niño event, zonal winds fornia Undercurrent, may have created ideal conditions for the along the equator strengthen and drive warm waters eastward, shad invasion of the Pacific Northwest. piling them up against the west coast of South America, where some of these waters are deflected northward (Hickey and Roy- FACTORS UNDERLYING INVASION er 2001). These events vary in strength and duration, sometimes SUCCESS AND INCREASED ABUNDANCE lasting several years. Although the warm equatorial waters typically penetrate no farther north than San Francisco, strong El Although physical oceanic conditions may have facilitated Niño events can push warm water into the Gulf of Alaska, per- the northward expansion of shad, there are several other fac- haps via the California Undercurrent (Thomson and Krassovski tors that may have contributed to the species’ establishment 2010), and are known to have occurred approximately once per and continued persistence. The ultimate success of the shad decade over the past approximately 500 years (W. H. Quinn et invasion may be founded in elevated propagule pressure (Fic- al. 1987). etola et al. 2008). Recurrent stocking of shad served as repeated invasion events, likely increasing the probability of success- Sea surface temperatures during the course of early shad ful invasion (Drury et al. 2007). Repeated stocking of large transfers were abnormally warm because of an unusually large numbers of individuals from presumably genetically divergent number of strong El Niño events during the period from 1864 source populations (i.e., the Hudson and Susquehanna rivers) to 1891 (W. H. Quinn et al. 1987). During these events (as in to the Columbia River may have brought together considerable 1982–1983), water as warm as 16°C may have pushed as far amounts of molecular variation and novel genetic combina- north as Cape Flattery, Washington (Norton et al. 1985). Dur- tions. This may have alleviated reductions in genetic diversity ing the strong El Niño of 1957–1958, water 3°C warmer than expected during successive founder events, thereby maintaining normal was detected in a layer 100 m deep off Washington shad adaptive potential and inadvertently aiding the invasion of (Cannon et al. 1985). Solely for illustrative purposes, we have novel habitats (Dlugosch and Parker 2008). considered how an El Niño event resulting in a 3°C increase to mean monthly sea surface temperature may have influenced the In addition to elevated propagule pressure, the absence northward dispersal of shad (Table 1). Such an increase may of native alosines along the Pacific Coast may have provided have made coastal waters off San Francisco and surrounding for lower interspecific competition with other anadromous regions suitable for shad oceanic migration year-round and planktivores, providing a relatively empty niche space (i.e.,

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 109 naturalization hypothesis; Darwin 1859), and the possibility suggests that a portion of the run bypasses the dam’s fish lad- of ecological release. Also, following the introduction of shad der via the shipping locks, and the total return of shad to the to the Sacramento River, the California legislature enacted a Columbia River is likely much greater (Petersen et al. 2003). law prohibiting the taking of shad before 1877, providing safe- Furthermore, preliminary tagging data suggest that a large pro- guards against harvest mortality and possibly aiding successful portion of the spawning run—perhaps more than half—never establishment of the species (Smith 1895). Juvenile shad may pass Bonneville Dam (T. Castro-Santos, U.S. Geological Sur- have been released to some extent from the predation pressure vey, personal communication), implying that the spawning run applied by freshwater fish assemblages (e.g., percichthyids, cen- in the lower reaches of the Columbia River in recent years may trarchids, cyprinids) in their native range (Johnson and Ringler have exceeded 8 million spawners. 1998) and from the morbidity and mortality induced from parasites and diseases that would have affected populations in their These figures are enough to make East Coast fisheries man- native range (i.e., enemy release hypothesis; Keane and Craw- agers envious, as shad abundance across their native range has ley 2002). Cumulatively, these factors probably contributed, in decreased dramatically over the past century to historically low varying degrees, to the successful establishment of shad on the levels (Figure 5;Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission West Coast. [ASMFC] 2007; Limburg and Waldman 2009), prompting the closure of commercial and recreational fisheries in some regions (ASMFC 1999, 2008). In Although the establishment and rapid dispersal of this regard, the trends in abundance of shad in invasive shad is impressive, their increase in abun- their native and introduced ranges present con- dance has been remarkable. trasting patterns. What accounts for the dramatic increase Although the establishment and rapid dispersal of invasive in shad abundance on the Columbia River? The magnitude shad is impressive, their increase in abundance has been re- of the Columbia River spawning run may be attributed to the markable. Though shad had become so numerous in California amount of suitable spawning habitat made available through by 1912 that they were locally considered a “nuisance” (Leach the creation of impoundments. In their native range, shad travel 1925), the magnitude of the spawning run on the Columbia great distances upriver during the spawning migration to the River has increased to staggering levels. Data before 1938 (i.e., first impenetrable barrier (e.g., a dam or waterfall). On the Co- before enumeration at Bonneville Dam commenced) largely lumbia River, the historical limit of upstream shad migration consist of presence/absence information and that available was Celilo Falls (river kilometer [rkm] 323; Figure 6), a se- from tribal dip-net fisheries. Therefore, this article considers ries of cascades and rapids that plummeted 25 m over 0.8 km. the period from 1938 onwards in an effort to examine trends Shad were first reported in the vicinity below Celilo Falls in in Columbia River shad abundance. The number of adult shad 1893 but were never observed upstream of this natural barrier returning to the Columbia River increased greatly from an av- (Smith 1895). However, with the completion of the Dalles Dam erage of 16,700/year from 1938 to 1957 to over 2 million/year (rkm 309) on March 10, 1957, the resultant reservoir inundated from 1988 to 1992 (Petersen et al. 2003). Although more than Celilo Falls and provided shad with access to previously un- 4 million adult shad have been recorded passing Bonneville available spawning habitat, precipitating the “Celilo invasion.” Dam in recent years (2003–2006; Figure 2), anecdotal evidence

Figure 5. Temporal trends in historical United States’ landings of American shad in its native range. Data from ASMFC (2007).

110 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org In their native range, shad reproductive success has been and rearing habitat may have expanded the niche breadth for associated with upstream spawning migration distance and the shad and, combined with the species’ relatively short generation greater availability of suitable prey and water temperatures op- time (3–4 years) and high fecundity (300,000 eggs; Wydoski timal for growth (Limburg 1996). Access to spawning habitat and Whitney 1979), may have provided the conditions neces- above Celilo Falls appears to have favored shad reproductive sary for increased reproductive success, setting the stage for success, as the Celilo invasion of 1957 prompted a sudden and rapid and sustained increase in shad abundance on the Colum- dramatic increase in the number of adult shad observed pass- bia River. ing Bonneville Dam in 1960 relative to the numbers seen in the previous 22 years (Figure 2). Shortly afterwards, shad be- The rapid increased abundance of Columbia River shad gan penetrating further up the Columbia River, passing beyond also coincides fairly well with a 1977 climatic shift in the McNary Dam (rkm 470) and entering the Snake River. Shad North Pacific Ocean from a negative to a positive-phase PDO have since been observed at Rock Island Dam (rkm 725) on the (Mantua et al. 1997). The PDO climatic phenomenon has been Columbia River (Wendler 1967) and are known to pass above associated with alternating periods of high and low salmon pro- Lower Granite Dam (695 km from the Columbia River mouth) ductivity (Mantua et al. 1997) and may also have implications on the Snake River. for shad productivity. Positive phases of the PDO are typified by warm sea surface temperatures in the northeast Pacific, and In their native range, shad are accustomed to the slower a positive PDO regime existed in the region from 1977 to 1997 moving and warmer waters of coastal plain rivers more typical (G. M. McDonald and Case 2005), broadly consistent with the along the East Coast. The gradual conversion of the Colum- period of greatest numerical increase of Columbia River shad bia River basin into a series of reservoirs has reduced current (Figure 2). This period of warm coastal waters may have im- velocities, increased water depths, and affected temperature proved the marine survival of juvenile and adult shad and may profiles (T. P. Quinn and Adams 1996; T. P. Quinn et al. 1997), have become manifest as dramatic increases in the size of the altering the swifter moving and cooler waters typical of rivers Columbia River spawning runs observed during the 1980s and in the Pacific Northwest to a state that was favorable for shad 1990s. spawning (Petersen et al. 2003). These changes to spawning

Figure 6. Native Americans dipnet for salmon at Celilo Falls, the historical upstream limit of shad spawning run migration on the Columbia River. Source: Oregon Historical Society, No. 88625. In 1957, this traditional fishing site was inundated by waters impounded by the creation of the Dalles Dam, facilitating a rapid upstream invasion of invasive American shad.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 111 CONCLUDING REMARKS adequate fish passage facilities are provided and other factors contributing to mortality are accounted for. Although compari- It is doubtful that any one factor (e.g., genetic, climatic, or sons between dams on Atlantic and Pacific coastal rivers may ecological) is solely responsible for the successful invasion of not provide entirely comparable situations, this sounds a hope- shad along the Pacific Coast. Multiple factors are likely to have ful note for managers on the East Coast who continue to strive contributed in varying degrees to the species’ establishment, to rebuild dwindling shad stocks and suggests that reevaluation rapid dispersal, and increased abundance and may include el- of current fish passage designs and modifications to meet speci- evated propagule pressure, as well as elements of ecological fications of various Columbia River dams may be warranted. release and the enemy release hypothesis (Keane and Crawley 2002). From an evolutionary perspective, this invasion provides ACKNOWLEDGMENTS a unique opportunity to examine adaptations of an anadromous fish exposed to a suite of novel selection pressures, andin This article was a product of discussions among the authors the absence of the potentially confounding effects of intense regarding the current state of knowledge of shad in the spe- commercial harvest, persistent stocking practices, and other an- cies’ introduced range and the need to raise awareness among thropogenic effects since introduction, and holds inherent value fisheries professionals about this invasive species. The authors for studies of evolutionary processes in non-salmonid fishes. thank T. P. Quinn, F. Utter, S. Narum, D. Gordon, K. E. Lim- burg, S. Gilbert-Fox, and an astute anonymous reviewer whose The increased abundance of shad coincident with dam comments on earlier drafts greatly improved the quality of this construction on the Columbia River is paradoxical in that im- article. We also thank the Shad Foundation for providing access poundments seem to have favored shad reproductive success to background/historical materials. This work was supported by but are largely blamed for the decline of Columbia River salm- the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Re- on runs, many of which are currently endangered or threatened. search at the University of Michigan and a National Oceanic However, the historical role of differential harvest pressure may and Atmospheric Administration (Great Lakes Environmental have also contributed to these abundance trends. Despite the Research Laboratory) Aquatic Invasive Species Program grant aspirations of early fish commissioners, shad did not retain their (No. NA07OAR4320006) to D.J.H. at the School of Aquatic economic value and desirability as a table fish in the company and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington. of Pacific salmon. Relaxed harvest pressure in response to decreased public demand for shad may have contributed to their REFERENCES increased abundance in the Columbia River, whereas demand for salmon increased harvest pressure and likely contributed Ahern, S. G. 1992. Study of American shad at Millerton Lake, 1991. to Columbia River salmon stock declines. However, interest in Kerchoff Project (FERC 96). Technical and Ecological Services, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Report No. 026.11-91.6, San the commercial harvest of Columbia River shad has recently Ramon, California. resurfaced, and an experimental test fishery to supply shad for ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 1999. an expanding Asian market was scheduled to commence in Amendment 1 to the Interstate Fishery Management Plan for spring 2011 (Columbia Basin Bulletin 2011). It is also worth Shad & River Herring. Fishery Management Report No. 35. mentioning that China already cultures American shad to offset ASMFC, Washington, D.C. the economic demand for the native Reeves shad (Tenualosa ———. 2007. American shad stock assessment report for peer re- reevesii; Jia et al. 2007), which is on the verge of extinction view. Vol. I. Stock Assessment Report No. 07-01 (Supplement). (Qiu et al. 1998). ASMFC, Washington, D.C. ———. 2008. Public information document for Amendment 3 to the Interstate Fishery Management Plan for Shad & River Herring. A significant association between increasing shad abun- ASMFC, Washington, D.C. dance and hydroelectric power development in the Columbia Ayllon, F., J. L. Martinez, P. Davaine, E. Beall, and E. Garcia-Vasquez. River basin would be rather ironic considering that dams on 2004. Interspecific hybridization between Atlantic salmon and East Coast rivers have precluded access to approximately 4,000 brown trout introduced in the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands. km of historical shad spawning habitat (Limburg et al. 2003) Aquaculture 230:81–88. and are believed to be partly responsible for the dramatic de- Baird, S. F. 1874. Letter to the editor of Forest and Stream. Forest and cline of shad across their native range (Bilkovic et al. 2002). Stream 2:155. Substantial resources have been allocated to shad restoration Barbour, M. G., and J. E. Rodman. 1970. Saga of the West Coast measures across the species’ native range and include support- sea-rockets: Cakile edentula ssp. californica and C. maritima. Rhodora 72:370–386. ive breeding (Olney et al. 2003), out-of-basin stock transfers Bilkovic, D. M., C. H. Hershner, and J. E. Olney. 2002. Macroscale (Hendricks 2003), modification of fish passage facilities (Cooke assessment of American shad spawning and nursery habitat in the and Leach 2003; St. Pierre 2003), and dam removal (Weaver et Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers, Virginia. North American Jour- al. 2003). Such efforts have been met with varying success, yet nal of Fisheries Management 22:1176–1192. shad in their native range remain at historically low numbers Biondi, F., A. Gershunov, and D. Cayan. 2001. North Pacific decadal and exhibit no signs of recovery (ASMFC 2007). The increased climate variability since 1661. Journal of Climate 14(1):5–10. abundance of shad in the Columbia River provides an empirical Burt, W. V., and B. 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112 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org Cannon, G. A., R. K. Reed, and P. E. Pullen. 1985. Comparison of tential invasion risk of the introduced American shad (Alosa El Niño events off the Pacific Northwest. Pages 75–84 in W. S. sapidissima) to aquatic ecosystem in China. Acta Zoologica Si- Wooster and D. L. Fluharty, editors. El Niño north: Niño effects nica 53:625–629. in the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean. Washington Sea Grant Pro- Johnson, J. H., and N. H. Ringler. 1998. Predator response to release gram, University of Washington, Seattle. of American shad larvae in the Susquehanna River basin. Ecology Chapin, F. S., III, B. H. Walker, R. J. Hobbs, D. U. Hooper, J. H. of Freshwater Fish 7(4):192–199. Lawton, O. E. Sala, and D. Tilman. 1997. Biotic control over the Keane, R. M., and M. J. Crawley. 2002. Exotic plant invasions and functioning of ecosystems. Science 277:500–504. the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution Chereshnev, I. 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Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 113 Hoenig. 2003. Signs of recovery of American shad in the James Weaver, L. A., M. T. Fisher, B. T. Bosher, M. L. Claud, and L. J. Koth. River, Virginia. American Fisheries Society Symposium 35:323– 2003. Boshers Dam vertical slot fishway: a useful tool to evaluate 329. American shad recovery efforts in the Upper James River. Ameri- Pascual, M., P. Bentzen, C. Riva Rossi, G. Mackey, M. T. Kinnison, can Fisheries Society Symposium 35:339–347. and R. Walker. 2001. First documented case of anadromy in a Welander, A. D. 1940. Notes of the dissemination of shad, Alosa population of introduced rainbow trout in Patagonia, Argentina. sapidissima (Wilson), along the Pacific Coast of North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:53–67. Copeia 1940(4):221–223. Petersen, J. H., R. A. Hinrichsen, D. M. Gadomski, D. H. Feil, and D. Wendler, H. O. 1967. The American shad of the Columbia River with W. Rondorf. 2003. American shad in the Columbia River. Ameri- a recommendation for management of a fishery. Washington De- can Fisheries Society Symposium 35:141–155. partment of Fisheries, Olympia, Washington. Qiu, S. L., M. G. Huang, and D. Q. Chen. 1998. Studies on the resourc- Williamson, M. 1999. Invasions. Ecography 22:5–12. es of Macrura reevesii and the reasons for its endangerment. Acta Wydoski, R. S., and R. R. Whitney. 1979. Inland fishes of Washington. Hydrobiological Sinica 26:678–684. (In Chinese.) University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. Quinn, T. P., and D. J. Adams. 1996. Environmental changes affecting the migratory timing of American shad and sockeye salmon. Ecol- ogy 77:1151–1162. Quinn, T. P., S. Hodgson, and C. Peven. 1997. Temperature, flow, and the migration of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Columbia River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:1349–1360. Quinn, T. P., M. T. Kinnison, and M. J. Unwin. 2001. Evolution of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in New Zealand: pattern, rate, and process. Genetica 112/113:493–513. Quinn, W. H., V. T. Neal, and S. E. Antunez de Mayolo. 1987. El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries. Journal of Geophysical Research 92(C13):14449–14461. Ravenel, W. C. 1901. Report on the propagation and distribution of food-fishes. Pages 25–118 in Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for the year ending June 30, 1900. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Ricciardi, A. 2006. Patterns of invasion in the Laurentian Great Lakes in relation to changes in vector activity. Diversity and Distribu- tions 12:425–433. Ricciardi, A., and J. B. Rasmussen. 1999. Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna. Conservation Biology 13:1220–1222. Robbins, T. W., and D. C. Watts. 1981. A history of shad culture with emphasis on federal hatchery systems. Pages 1–7 in Proceedings of 1981 American shad workshop—culture, transportation and marking. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lamar Information Leaf- let No. 82-01, Lamar, Pennsylvania. Smiley, C. W. 1881. A statistical review of the production and distribution to public waters of young fish, by the United States Fish Commission, from its organization in 1871 to the close of 1880. Pages 825–915 in Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1881. Smith, H. M. 1895. A review of the history and results of the attempts to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the Pacific States. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 15:379–475. From the Archives Starks, E. C. 1918. The herrings and herring-like fishes of California. The electric shocker is an efficient California Fish and Game 4(2):58–65. instrument in fishery-management work Stone, L. 1874. Report of operations in California 1873. Pages 311–429 but further experimentation to deter- in Report of the Commissioner for 1873, 1874, and 1875. United mine its injurious effects upon fish States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Government Printing Office is needed before it is employed too St. Pierre, R. A. 2003. A case history: American shad restoration on widely. The violently spasmodic mus- the Susquehanna River. American Fisheries Society Symposium cular reaction of the fish to contact 35:315–321. with electric current causes injuries Thomson, R. E., and M. V. Krassovski. 2010. Poleward reach of the which can lead to eventual death, or California Undercurrent extension. Journal of Geophysical Re- to a permanent impairment of locomo- search 115:C09027. tion or of sense organs Walburg, C. H., and P. R. Nichols. 1967. Biology and management of the American shad and status of the fisheries, Atlantic coast of the Forrest R. Hauck, p. 63, Seventy-Seventh United States, 1960. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Special Scientific Re- Annual Meeting, Transactions of The Amer- port No. 550. ican Fisheries Society, 1947

114 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org FEATURE Invasive Species American Shad of the Pacific Coast: A Harmful Invasive Species or Benign Introduction?

Daniel J. Hasselman El sábalo americano de la costa del School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020. E-mail: [email protected] Pacífico: ¿Una invasión nociva o una introducción benéfica? Richard A. Hinrichsen RESUMEN: las investigaciones sobre los efectos ecológi- Hinrichsen Environmental Services, 9034 45th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington cos de especies acuáticas invasivas en Norteamérica se ha concentrado principalmente en la región de los grandes Barbara A. Shields lagos, y con menos énfasis en la influencia de dichas especies en ecosistemas costeros. El sábalo americano fue Bonneville Power Administration, 905 NE 11th Ave., Portland, Oregon introducido en la costa del Pacífico hacia finales de 1800, Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer donde rápidamente se estableció, dispersó y proliferó. Si bien ésta constituye una invasión biológica notable, Beachcomber’s Alert, 6306 21st Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington el sábalo no ha sido objeto importante de investigación ABSTRACT: Research on the ecological effects of aquatic científica dentro de su rango de introducción. La especie invasive species in North America has largely focused on the persiste en relativo anonimato en el Pacífico, se mantiene Laurentian Great Lakes, with less attention directed to their ecológicamente desapercibida y evolutivamente poco valo- influence in coastal ecosystems. American shad (Alosa sapidis- rada. En este segundo de dos artículos complementarios, sima) were introduced to the Pacific coast in the late 1800s, se estudian los efectos potenciales del sábalo americano rapidly established, dispersed, and became prolific. Despite en los ecosistemas costeros del Pacífico, y las posibles constituting a remarkable biological invasion, shad in their consecuencias de la invasión en los salmónidos nativos a introduced range have not been the subject of much scientific la región. También se discute el valor intrínseco que tiene investigation. The species persists in relative obscurity in the esta invasión para estudios ecológicos y evolutivos, y se Pacific Northwest and remains ecological overlooked and destacan diversas áreas de investigación que requieren de evolutionarily underappreciated. In this second of two comple- atención inmediata con el fin de determinar en qué medida mentary articles, we consider the potential ecological effects of el sábalo americano representa una invasión nociva o una invasive American shad on Pacific coastal ecosystems and the introducción benéfica. possible consequences for the persistence of native salmonids. We also reflect on the intrinsic value that this invasion provides to studies of ecology and evolution and highlight several areas Much of the research on the effects of aquatic invasive of research that require immediate investigation if we are to species in North America has focused on the Laurentian Great determine whether nonindigenous shad constitute a harmful in- Lakes region; this is a consequence of the number of aquatic vasive species or a benign introduction. invasive species detected there (>182 spp.; Mills et al. 1993; Ricciardi 2006). Comparatively little attention has been af- INTRODUCTION forded to the role of invasive anadromous species in coastal ecosystems, largely because purposeful (and often repeated) at- The spread of invasive species has resulted in substantial tempts at introduction of these species generally fail to produce environmental and economic cost (Pimentel et al. 2000) and self-sustaining anadromous runs, although resident populations constitutes a serious threat to global biodiversity, ecosystem of salmonids are routinely established outside of their native function, and the long-term persistence of indigenous biota. In- range (Withler 1982; Harache 1992; Wood 1995; Altukhov et vasive species can disrupt community trophic structure through al. 2000; Utter 2001). Although there are notable exceptions, interactions with key indigenous taxa, causing a cascade of ef- such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in New fects that can alter species compositions of entire ecosystems Zealand (McDowall 1994) and the secondary development of (Chapin et al. 1997) and cause reductions of biodiversity at lo- anadromy in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in Argentina (Pascual cal and regional scales (Williamson 1999). Although invasive et al. 2001), among others (Hendry et al. 1996; Burger et al. species have affected biomes worldwide, aquatic ecosystems 2000; Ayllon et al. 2004), these are exceptions to the rule. We appear particularly impacted, because exotic species have do not consider the successful establishment of pink salmon (O. contributed to alarming extinction rates for North American gorbuscha) in the Great Lakes (Gharret and Thomason 1987) freshwater fauna, rivaling those of tropical forests (Ricciardi in this regard, because these fish exhibit an adfluvial life cycle and Rasmussen 1999). (“quasi-anadromous”; Huey et al. 2005), migrating between la-

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 115 custrine and riverine environments but maintaining themselves research value of invasive shad for future studies of ecology in freshwater throughout their lives. The apparent difficulties and evolution. in establishing new, truly anadromous populations suggests that introduced anadromous species with complex life histories IMPLICATIONS OF INVASIVE SHAD FOR often fail to adapt to novel environments (Huey et al. 2005), NATIVE SALMONIDS possibly due to incompatibilities between life history adaptations of the donor populations and the geographic, hydrologic, The enthusiasm and dedication with which early U.S. fish or ecological characteristics of the recipient environment (Al- commissioners facilitated the spread of valued species beyond lendorf and Waples 1996). However, where such introductions their natural distributions (reviewed in Hasselman et al. 2012, are successful, life history and morphological traits can evolve this volume) contrasts sharply with the precautionary principles quickly and predictably (Hendry and Quinn 1997; Kinnison et inherent in fisheries management today. When shad were intro- al. 2001, 2003; Quinn et al. 2001). Therefore, from an evolu- duced to the West Coast, ecology was a fledgling science, and tionary perspective, and despite the ecological consequences the concepts of ecosystem management and limiting resources that can accompany species invasions, successful introduc- would not be embraced for decades. Fisheries management at tions of anadromous species are exceptional events and provide that time was dominated by a mechanistic approach that fo- opportunities to examine adaptations to selection in novel envi- cused on target species of commercial/recreational value, and ronments and to monitor the rate and predictability of evolution introducing “desirable” species outside of their native range in the wild. was viewed as a wonderful, even noble, accomplishment. Since then, people have become acutely aware of the consequences It is perhaps surprising, then, that more attention has not of invasive species and their influence on native biota and eco- been devoted by invasive species biologists, evolutionary systems. ecologists, and fisheries professionals to the study of invasive American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Pacific Coast Because aquatic invasive species have contributed to of North America, despite its presence in the region for more alarming extinction rates for North American freshwater fauna than a century (Smith 1895). However, the species has not (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1999), the effects of invasive shad been the subject of much scientific investigation in the Pacific are of particular concern, especially where they involve inter- Northwest. Invasive shad remain ecologically overlooked and actions with threatened or endangered species. Shad have been evolutionarily underappreciated, and it is uncertain whether reported from several rivers in the Pacific Northwest that con- nonindigenous shad constitute a harmful invasive species or tain multiple evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) or distinct a benign introduction. To some extent, the lack of research population segments (DPSs) of Chinook (O. tshawytscha), conducted for invasive shad may be rooted in the relative ob- chum (O. keta), coho (O. kisutch), and sockeye (O. nerka) scurity of the species in the region. A substantial proportion salmon and steelhead (O. mykiss). Some of these rivers con- of the fisheries research conducted in the Pacific Northwest is stitute critical habitat for the long-term persistence of one or arguably “salmocentric,” largely (and understandably) due to more of these ESUs/DPSs, many of which are federally listed the economic value of the resource, the historical and cultural as endangered or threatened. relevance of Pacific salmon and the inherent value that multiple Oncorhynchus spp. with varying life history attributes provides In fact, it is out of concern specifically for salmon that bi- to studies of ecology and evolution. However, shad comprise ologists now seriously contemplate the ecological role of shad the single largest spawning run of any anadromous fish in the in the Columbia River. For some, the “scientific” response has Columbia River (>4 million spawning adults passed Bonneville been “guilty until proven innocent” (Simberloff 2007), with Dam from 2003 to 2006) and outnumbered all native salmonids calls to eliminate shad above Bonneville Dam (Snake River combined from 1977 to 2008 (Petersen et al. 2003). The mag- Salmon Recovery Team [SRSRT] 1994; National Marine Fish- nitude of the shad spawning run on the Columbia River has eries Service [NMFS] 1995). Though some hypotheses have sparked interest in this species and has stimulated recent shad been advanced to suggest that shad may negatively affect Pa- based research in the Pacific Northwest region to understand cific coastal ecosystems (e.g., Haskell et al. 2001; Harvey and the ecological consequences of this invasion. Kareiva 2005; Hershberger et al. 2010), the specific interactions with salmon remain largely untested hypotheses, and the Details of the introduction of shad to the Pacific Northwest, a priori vilification of shad in the absence of supporting data its rapid dispersal along the coast, and its increased abundance constitutes speculation and opinion, not established fact (J. H. in the Columbia River are reviewed in Hasselman et al. (2012, Brown and Sax 2007). The presence of shad in the Columbia this volume). The objective of this article is to examine the po- River may actually be a mixed blessing. tential ecological consequences of this introduction to Pacific coastal ecosystems and to highlight the inherent value of this Although the specific effects of shad on aquatic commu- invasion to future studies of evolutionary processes for anad- nities in Pacific coastal ecosystems are uncertain, invasive romous fishes. To this end, we (1) discuss the potential effects planktivores (especially clupeids) can cause dramatic changes of shad on native salmonids and highlight areas of research that in zooplankton communities and alterations at several trophic require investigation if we are to understand the consequences levels in aquatic systems (Crowder 1980). Although adult for native taxa and (2) provide a perspective on the intrinsic shad typically do not feed while in freshwater (e.g., during the

116 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org spawning run; Cleaver 1951), larval and juvenile shad occur at Shad may also alter parasite–host dynamics or the ecology relatively high densities in the Columbia River and feed pri- of native pathogens by serving as an alternate vector for the marily on zooplankton (Petersen et al. 2003), a primary dietary transport of marine parasites into Pacific coastal ecosystems. In component of sub-yearling Chinook salmon (Rondorf et al. addition to indirectly affecting native salmon, this could have 1990). McCabe et al. (1983) found a significant dietary overlap implications for other animals in the freshwater aquatic food between shad and juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River web. Hershberger et al. (2010) found that the increased abun- estuary. Although cyclopoid copepods are the primary dietary dance of shad in the Pacific Northwest during the 1980s resulted component of juvenile shad (86% by mass in John Day Reser- in amplification ofIchthyophonus sp., a mesomycetozoan para- voir; Petersen et al. 2003), the feeding of abundant larval and site of wild marine fishes. Although Ichthyophonus is native to juvenile shad has been suggested as the cause of declines in the Pacific Northwest and has always been brought into fresh- abundance and reductions in size of Daphnia spp. in the Co- water systems with native infected salmon, the Ichthyophonus lumbia River (Haskell et al. 2001, 2006). Although Hammann epizootic event in Columbia River shad in 2007 resulted in the (1982) observed Daphnia spp. in the diets of yearling shad mass transport of the parasite into the Columbia River basin. captured in the Columbia River estuary, other dietary items of importance include calanoid copepods, numerous taxa of Shad in the Columbia, Willamette, and Umpqua rivers cladocerans, dipteran larvae (Petersen et al. 2003), and mysid have also been shown to be heavily infected with the larval shrimp (Hammann 1982). form of the nematode Anisakis (Shields et al. 2002). Unlike Ichthyophonus, Anisakis was historically restricted, with its na- Beyond competition for zooplankton by larvae and juve- tive herring (Clupea harengus) host, to marine environments niles (Petersen et al. 2003), shad may compete with indigenous (Hauck and May 1977). The spread of Anisakis into freshwa- taxa for space (McCabe et al. 1983) and cause migratory delays ter systems via shad represents an ecological expansion of this for other anadromous fishes. Accumulations of large numbers parasite. Furthermore, Anisakis poses a potential health risk for of adult shad have caused avoidance behaviors or delays among mammalian consumers (including humans) and has been dem- salmon at fish ladder entrances at dams on the Columbia River onstrated to infect shad-eating river otters (Lutra canadensis) in (Monk et al. 1989), thereby impeding migration. Such accumu- the Pacific Northwest (Hoberg et al. 1997; Shields et al. 2002). lations have also blocked sub-yearling Chinook salmon passage Taken together, these events raise concerns that shad may act as at the juvenile bypass system at the McNary Dam, causing a potential vector for parasite “spillback” to native species and mortalities in the collection system (Basham et al. 1982). To for the establishment of wholly freshwater life cycles for these circumvent this issue, flow regimes at the Bonneville Dam fish and other parasites in the Columbia River. passage facility are modified during the peak upstream migration of shad to facilitate their efficient passage (U.S. Army Although we have so far highlighted the potential nega- Corps of Engineers [USACE] 2011). Furthermore, the fish lad- tive consequences of shad to native salmonids, there may be der at John Day Dam originally experienced poor shad passage some unrecognized benefits. In 1995 and 1996, shad larvae and (approximately 18%) and was modified in the early 1970s with juveniles were among the five most abundant taxa sampled by overflow slot weirs that improved shad passage to greater than plankton tows and beach seines in main channel and backwater 70% (Monk et al. 1989). habitats in the John Day Reservoir and below Bonneville Dam (as described in Petersen et al. 2003). As such, abundant shad In addition to interspecific competition for resources, shad larvae and juveniles may serve as readily available food sources may indirectly affect native salmon through secondary and for salmonids at various life history stages. Although the con- tertiary-level ecological interactions. Shad larvae and juveniles sumption of alosines is suspected to induce early mortality may provide abundant seasonal food sources for northern pike- syndrome for salmonids in the Great Lakes via a thiamine defi- minnow (Ptycocheilus oregonensis), an important predator of ciency (S. B. Brown et al. 2005), this effect was largely detected juvenile salmon (Beamesderfer et al. 1996; Petersen and Kitch- in salmons whose diets were comprised primarily of alewife ell 2001), inadvertently increasing these predators’ abundance (A. pseudoharengus; Honeyfield et al. 2005). Although juvenile and the overall threat to native salmons (Petersen et al. 1994). shad in the Columbia River exhibit elevated levels of thiaminase The abundance of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), (L. Wetzel, U.S. Geological Survey, personal communication), walleye (Sander vitreus), and other nonindigenous fishes that no study has been conducted to determine predation rates of may affect native salmon might also be increased through pre- salmonids on larval and juvenile shad in the Columbia River or dation on shad larvae and juveniles (Harvey and Karieva 2005). what proportion of their diets are comprised of shad. Early life Shad may also serve as an important food source for double- history stage and adult shad may also occur at sufficiently high crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in the Columbia densities to partially alleviate the predation pressure applied by and Snake Rivers (Roby et al. 2008), as other alosines do on the avian, piscine, and mammalian (e.g., pinnipeds) predators on Atlantic coast (Dalton et al. 2009), and may be partly respon- salmon smolts and adults (i.e., prey swamping). Furthermore, sible for the birds’ increased abundance in the basin and their in their native range, anadromous clupeids serve as a major increased predation on salmon smolts (B. Sanderson, National source of marine-derived nutrients far upstream in riverine Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration–Northwest Fisheries habitat and provide an important annual subsidy to the energy Science Center, personal communication). and nutrient budgets of these ecosystems (Garman and Macko 1998; MacAvoy et al. 2000). As the number of native salmonids

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 117 has declined, the increase in shad abundance may have offset spawning population along the Atlantic Coast but similar in the any nutrient deficits and buffered against whole ecosystem and commencement of spawning season to stocks from the southern food web effects from the bottom up. portion of their native range (Georgia, Florida; Limburg et al. 2003). This suggests that certain shad life history attributes may Considering the rapid dispersal and colonization ability be plastic and readily adaptable to novel environments. of invasive shad (see Hasselman et al. 2012, this volume), the species’ capacity for dramatic increase in abundance, and their A freshwater landlocked population of shad has become ecological role, the scope for interaction and niche overlap with established above Friant Dam on the San Joaquin River, in Mil- Pacific salmon is great. Understanding ecological interactions lerton Lake, California (Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1982; Ahern and the degree of niche overlap of shad with salmon species 1992). Although other alosines can persist as landlocked popu- in Pacific coastal ecosystems, particularly the Columbia River lations (Palkovacs et al. 2008), this is the only self-sustaining basin, represents an area of high research priority for fisher- landlocked population of shad in existence and refutes the ies management. Resolving the spatial and temporal overlap of notion that shad are an obligate anadromous species, whose ju- shad of all life history stages with native species will help ad- veniles gradually lose the ability to osmoregulate in freshwater dress the effect of shad on indigenous taxa. Understanding the (Zydlewski and McCormick 1997; Zydlewski et al. 2003). This magnitude of the threat posed by shad to Pacific coastal eco- suggests the establishment of a local adaptation for freshwater systems and specific salmon ESUs/DPSs requires knowledge persistence; the underlying physiological changes required for of the distribution and relative abundance of self-sustaining this adaptation have yet to be explored. Although the Millerton shad populations in the Pacific Northwest—information that is Lake shad population has not been the subject of much study, currently lacking—and efforts to project future shad range ex- it has been suggested that this population has become piscivo- pansion under climate change scenarios. rous, feeding primarily on introduced threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). One might hypothesize predictable modifications to INTRINSIC VALUE OF INVASIVE SHAD FOR trophic feeding structures (i.e., reduced number and length of EVOLUTION/ECOLOGY gill rakers) in response to possible decreased reliance on zooplankton. Because successful introductions of anadromous species to coastal regions are rare, the establishment of shad in the Pa- In their native range, shad typically occupy free-flowing cific Northwest holds inherent value to studies of evolution and rivers during the freshwater portion of their lives. The reservoir ecology. Species introduced to novel environments can exhibit dominated habitat of the present-day Columbia River basin is rapid evolutionary changes (Thompson 1998), and the shad not likely something that shad have experienced during their invasion provides an opportunity to examine evolutionary re- evolutionary history (Baxter 1977). The lentic condition of the sponses of an anadromous species to a novel set of selection Columbia River basin may have presented the species with pressures. Because evolutionary adaptations may contribute to altered selection pressures in a novel environment that may be- the future establishment and spread of invasive taxa (Allendorf come manifest as altered phenotypes (Haas et al. 2010; Franssen and Lundquist 2003), understanding the life history variation 2011), life histories (Hammann 1982; Wetzel et al. 2011), and exhibited by shad is an important aid to the effective manage- demography (Rottiers et al. 1992). For example, though shad ment of this invasive species. in their native range shad are believed to emigrate from their natal rivers to sea as juveniles (Walburg and Nichols 1967), a shad life history variant ex- Because successful introductions of anadromous hibiting extended freshwater residency appears species to coastal regions are rare, the establish- to have become established in the Columbia River (Wetzel et al. 2011). Increasing reports ment of shad in the Pacific Northwest holds inherent of so-called ‘mini-shad’ (too small to be adults value to studies of evolution and ecology. but too large to be young of the year/ juveniles) are consistent with the finding that Columbia River shad exhibit an evolutionary adaptation It was noted soon after their introduction “that certain well- for increased juvenile growth rate (Rottiers et al. 1992). This marked habits of the shad on the Atlantic coast have undergone life history variant is largely comprised of 1+ and 2+ individu- noteworthy modification in Pacific waters … as a result of the als (Wetzel et al. 2011) and is consistent with Hammann (1982), new physical and thermic conditions, [prey], [predators], etc.” who documented overwintering of 1+ shad in the Columbia (Smith 1895). Specifically, Smith (1895) reported the tendency River estuary. These individuals either delay outmigration or of Sacramento River shad to remain in the San Francisco Bay return prematurely after seaward migration (L. Wetzel, personal region throughout the year, with some proportion of the popu- communication), spending a shorter period of time at sea than lation foregoing the typical marine migration altogether. Smith their larger conspecifics. This notion is consistent with the pres- (1895) also reported San Francisco Bay shad to be in spawning ence of “yearling” (sensu Limburg 1998) shad from the Hudson condition from December to August. This is considerably lon- River, a source population for the Columbia River introduction. ger than the source stock used for introduction (Hudson River: However, it is uncertain whether this represents a truly nov- May–June; see Hasselman et al. 2012, this volume) or any other el life history variant or one that was transported during the

118 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org species’ introduction that is simply more prominent due to the salmon abundance may reflect reciprocal periods of high and magnitude of the Columbia River spawning population. low marine survival consistent with alternating Pacific Decadal Oscillation conditions on extended temporal scales. Although the spread of shad to Asiatic waters was predicted as early as 1887 (McDonald 1891), reports of shad from Russia Whether nonindigenous shad constitute a harmful invasive (Chereshnev and Zharnikov 1989) and Alaska (Mecklenburg species or a benign introduction remains equivocal. Under- et al. 2002) are sporadic and may constitute early coloniza- standing the nature of the ecological effect of shad in Pacific tion attempts, akin to occasional reports of shad from Labrador coastal ecosystems, as well as the scope for niche overlap with in their native range (Hodder 1966; Hare and Murphy 1974; salmon, requires knowledge of the extent of spatial and tempo- Dempson et al. 1983). These early colonization attempts may ral overlap with native taxa in marine and aquatic habitats and become increasingly frequent and ultimately successful under the degree to which shad influence the availability of resources. scenarios of climate change. Thus, invasive shad provide an Understanding the magnitude of the potential threat posed by opportunity to empirically examine the process of colonization shad to salmon requires knowledge of the species’ current dis- in a (non-salmonid) anadromous species and to test theoreti- tribution and abundance among Pacific coastal rivers and the cal predictions of allele frequency distributions under models ability to project future range expansion under climate change of mutation surfing (Excoffier and Ray 2008), dispersal (i.e., scenarios. stepping stone vs. leptokurtic; Ibrahim et al. 1996), population bottlenecks, founder events, and relaxed selection. Despite the ecological consequences, invasive shad hold intrinsic value for future evolutionary research of anadro- A common theme in the empirical analysis of population mous species, particularly invasion dynamics, adaptation, genetic data is that populations are in a state of drift-migration colonization processes, and range of phenotypic plasticity. The equilibrium and that gene flow among populations is restricted introduction of shad to the Pacific coast has exposed the species (Kinnison et al. 2002). However, many natural populations to a suite of novel selection pressures that may have become do not exist in this steady state, and this assumption is often manifest as altered phenotype, demography, and life history at- violated when equilibrium approximations are used to esti- tributes that have permitted shad to become prolific and will mate population genetic parameters—for example, estimation provide valuable insight into evolutionary processes for inva- of gene flow (Nem) using Wright’s (1943) Fst approximation sive species. (Whitlock and McCauley 1999). The development of population genetic approaches for nonequilibrium situations might be At the time of the species’ transfer to the Pacific Coast, greatly advanced through the examination of biological sys- fisheries commissioners were so preoccupied with whether shad tems in the early stages of population divergence, such as New could be introduced to the West Coast that they never paused Zealand Chinook salmon and other introduced populations to consider whether they should be. Now that shad are firmly (Kinnison et al. 2002). Invasive shad may be inherently valu- established, such a reflective view is required for the manage- able in this regard, providing a model system to examine the ment of this invasive species and consideration of whether shad nonequilibrium patterns that may characterize the early stages should be eradicated. Regardless of the ecological role that shad of population divergence and aiding the advancement and ap- play in Pacific coastal ecosystems, it is doubtful that the species plication of population genetics theory. could ever be completely eliminated from the region, given the magnitude of the spawning run on the Columbia River. How- CONCLUDING REMARKS ever, if an intensive commercial shad harvest were permitted, perhaps to supply an expanding Asian market (Jia et al. 2007), Calls for the elimination of shad above Bonneville Dam abundance levels might be anticipated to decline accordingly. in the Columbia River (SRSRT 1994; NMFS 1995) are largely Regardless, shad constitute but a single link in a chain of an- based on the supposition that invasive shad must have a nega- thropogenic factors—hundreds of invasive species (Sanderson tive ecological effect on Pacific coastal ecosystems and native et al. 2009), habitat loss (Waples et al. 2007), climate change salmons. Although shad are likely to have an ecological influ- (Mantua et al. 2010), salmon hatcheries, and other influences to ence in their introduced range, the nature of the effect (neutral, the ecological dynamics of Pacific coastal rivers—with which beneficial, or detrimental) has not been well characterized but indigenous taxa must contend. Biological invasions constitute requires immediate investigation to determine whether shad “experiments in nature” (Gaston and Blackburn 1999), and present a risk to the persistence of native salmon ESUs/DPSs. only through a broad examination of invasive shad ecology and It is uncertain whether the increased abundance of shad in the evolutionary biology can we begin to decipher the consequenc- Columbia River has resulted in active displacement of native es of this invasive species for the future persistence of native salmonids via competition in a “healthy” ecosystem or passive salmons and to critically evaluate our options for management. displacement in an already heavily modified environment. Al- though there is little direct evidence of either process in the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Columbia River basin, active displacement may be more likely in the main stem, estuary, and perhaps the ocean, because This article is dedicated to the memory of J. H. Petersen, shad do not typically enter the cooler tributaries where salmon whose pioneering research with Columbia River American spawn and rear. Alternatively, contrasting trends in shad and shad paved the way for further investigations. This article was a

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 119 product of discussions among the authors regarding the current Cleaver, F. C. 1951. Fisheries statistics of Oregon. Oregon Fish Com- state of knowledge of shad in the species’ introduced range and mission Contribution No. 16, Oregon Fish Commission, Portland, the need to raise awareness among fisheries professionals about Oregon. this invasive species. The authors thank T. P. Quinn, F. Utter, S. Crowder, L. B. 1980. Alewife, rainbow smelt and native fishes in Lake Narum, D. Gordon, K. E. Limburg, S. Gilbert-Fox, and an astute Michigan: competition or predation? Environmental Biology of Fishes 5:225–233. anonymous reviewer whose comments on earlier drafts greatly Dalton, C. M., D. Ellis, and D. M. Post. 2009. The impact of dou- improved the quality of this article. This work was supported ble-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) predation on by the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in south-central Research at the University of Michigan and a National Oceanic Connecticut, USA. Canadian Journal of Aquatic and Fishery Sci- and Atmospheric Administration (Great Lakes Environmental ences 66:177–186. Research Laboratory) Aquatic Invasive Species Program grant Dempson, J. B., L. J. LeDrew, and G. Furey. 1983. Occurrence of (No. NA07OAR4320006) to D.J.H. at the School of Aquatic American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in northern Labrador waters. and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington. Canadian Naturalist 110:217–221. Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1982. Fisheries studies at Millerton Lake, 1979–1982. Prepared for Pacific Gas and Electric Company, De- REFERENCES partment of Engineering Research, San Ramon, California. Excoffier, L., and N. Ray. 2008. 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Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 121 Rottiers, D. V., L. A. Redell, H. E. Booke, and S. Amaral. 1992. Dif- Waples, R. S., R. W. Zabel, M. D. Scheuerell, and B. L. Sanderson. ferences in stocks of American shad from the Columbia and 2007. Evolutionary responses to major anthropogenic changes to Delaware rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society their ecosystems: Pacific salmon in the Columbia River hydro- 121:132–136. power system. Molecular Ecology 17:84–96. Sanderson, B. L., K. A. Barnas, and A. M. W. Rub. 2009. Nonindig- Wetzel, L. A., K. A. Larsen, M. J. Parsley, and C. E. Zimmerman. enous species of the Pacific Northwest: an overlooked risk to 2011. Verification of a “freshwater-type” life history variant of endangered salmon? BioScience 59:245–256. juvenile American shad in the Columbia River. Pages 106-121 Shields, B. A., P. Bird, W. J. Liss, K. L. Groves, R. Olson, and P. A. in M. J. Parsley, S. T. Sauter, and L. A. Wetzel, editors. Impact Rossignol. 2002. The nematode Anisakis simplex in American of American shad in the Columbia River, Bonneville Power Ad- shad (Alosa sapidissima) in two Oregon rivers. Journal of Parasi- ministration, Final Report, Project No. 2007-275-000, Portland, tology 88(5):1033–1035. Oregon. Simberloff, D. 2007. Given the stakes, our modus operandi in dealing Whitlock, M. C., and D. E. McCauley. 1999. Indirect measures of gene

with invasive species should be “guilty until proven innocent.” flow and migration:F st ≠ 1/(4Nm + 1). Heredity 82:117–125. Conservation Magazine 8(2):18–19. Williamson, M. 1999. Invasions. Ecography 22:5–12. Smith, H. M. 1895. A review of the history and results of the attempts Withler, F. C. 1982. Transplanting Pacific salmon. Canadian Technical to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the Pacific States. Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1079. Canada De- Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 15:379–475. partment of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, SRSRT (Snake River Salmon Recovery Team). 1994. Final recom- Canada. mendations to the National Marine Fisheries Service. Seattle, Wood, C. C. 1995. Life history variation and population structure Washington. in sockeye salmon. American Fisheries Society Symposium Thompson, J. N. 1998. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. 17:195–216. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13:329–332. Wright, S. 1943. Isolation by distance. Genetics 28:114–138. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) Northwest Division. 2011. Zydlewski, J., and S. D. McCormick. 1997. The loss of hyperosmo- Fish Passage Plan—Corps of Engineers Projects. CENWD- regulatory ability in migrating juvenile shad, Alosa sapidissima. PDW-R. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:2377– Utter, F. M. 2000. Patterns of subspecific anthropogenic introgression 2387. in two salmonid genera. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries Zydlewski, J., S. D. McCormick, and J. G. Kunkel. 2003. Late migra- 10:265–279. tion and seawater entry is physiologically disadvantageous for Walburg, C. H., and P. R. Nichols. 1967. Biology and management of American shad juveniles. Journal of Fish Biology 63:1521–1537. the American shad and status of the fisheries, Atlantic coast of the United States, 1960. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Special Scientific Report No. 550.

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122 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org SECTION UPDATES Fisheries Management Section Study on Asian Carp as Food (Surprising Results!) Of the many negative impacts Asian carp pose on aquatic systems, the most prominent influence relates to their remarkable filter feeding abilities and subsequent competition with native fishes. To circumvent or manage their negative impacts, creating commercial and recreational fisheries may provide the needed arena to promote the harvest of this fishery. However, limited information existed on the palatability of Asian carp as it related to other food fishes, so a study was undertaken to determine Asian carp palatability in comparison to farm raised catfish and tilapia. Participants of the study were given an approximately one ounce serving of tilapia, catfish, and Asian carp prepared the same way (i.e., steamed or fried) in a blind taste-test trial (without knowledge of what species they were eating). The survey was designed to incorporate a broad based demographic of individuals with various preconceived notions of consuming fish. Over the course of evaluation, 307 (both male and female) participants (10 years old to greater than 60) Flying carp close up. Photo credit: T. Lawrence, Great Lakes Fishery from multiple ethnicities completed our taste-test. Our results Commission suggested that Asian carp were preferred nearly two to one over tilapia and catfish (two of the most commonly consumed fish in the United States) regardless of the method of preparation. Therefore, developing Asian carp recreational and commercial fisheries may assist fisheries managers in reducing population abundance through harvest and subsequently provide human consumers an additional palatable food fish. (See p. 102 of this issue for more news on theAsian carp.) ~ Quinton Phelps The New Fish Culture Section Website Since its inception in 2004, the FCS website has proven to be a valuable tool. However, due to advances in website software technology, the FCS created an all-new website and has recruited several administrators to share the burden of adding new information. One goal of the new website is to appeal to a broad range of professionals directly or indirectly involved in aquaculture, so there will be information on subjects such as fish nutrition, physiology, toxicology, drug development, genetics and breeding, bioengineering and culture system design, economics, fisheries management and ecology. Launched in December 2011, it is still located at fishculturesection.org -- it includes all of the content of the previous website, as well as a range of new features not previously available: • A list of all Past Presidents • A resources page, which provides access to our web publication A shiny new recirc system. Photo credit: Jesse Trushenski series, “Aquaculture Application Notes” (several new Notes added in 2011); the full text of “Fish Hatchery Management, 1st edition” and “Inland Salmonid Broodstock Management” (seminal publications in fish culture); the “Guide to Using Drugs, Biologics, and Other Chemicals in Aquaculture” and companion treatment calculators; and recently developed smartphone apps for calculating drug treatment rates and dissolved oxygen solubilities. • A job posting page, to which viewers can subscribe to receive updates on new employment opportunities; • An upcoming meeting page, providing information and links about aquaculture conferences happening in the near future; • A past meeting agenda page, summarizing the technical content presented at recent aquaculture and fisheries conferences; • A section recognizing Excellence in Fish Culture (e.g., Hall of Fame inductees, NAJA best paper, Student Travel Award recipients, S.F. Sniesko Distinguished Service recipients); • An online sign-up/payment form to join the FCS as an Affiliate Member; • A “contact us” button to provide feedback on the website, and to learn more about the FCS. Visit the new site at http://sites.google.com/site/fishculturesection/home ~ Jim Bowker

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 123 Physiology Section Announces Triennial Symposium “Physiological Insights Towards Improving Fish Culture III,” a special Triennial Symposium, will be held at Aquaculture 2013, cosponsored by the World Aquaculture Society, National Shellfish Association, and American Fisheries Society (AFS) Fish Culture Section, to be held in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, February 20, 2013 to February 25, 2013. The goals of this two day symposium are to provide a forum for fish physiologists and aquaculturists to exchange scientific ideas, establish research collaborations, and work to improve finfish production using recent developments in basic and applied research. “Growth and Nutrition,” “Health and Disease,” “Stress and Environmental Challenges,” and “Reproduction and Development” featuring plenary, invited, and contributed presentations have been organized. The 2010 Symposium awarded a best student/post-doc award (sponsored by Loligo Systems) that was presented to Dr. Yoji Yamamoto from the School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington. The title of his presentation was “Effect of feed restriction on ovarian development: changes in circulating hor- mone levels and the identification of differentially expressed ovarian genes.” Based on the success of the previous symposia and feedback from attendees, it is clear that physiologists and aquaculturists working Dr. Yamamoto together have the ability to solve many of the key problems currently constraining the sustainable growth of world aquaculture. Please look for more information to come over the next few months. We anticipate abstracts for Aquaculture 2013 (www.was.org) being due in September 2012. ~ Brian Small Estuaries Section Discusses NOAA’s Habitat Blueprint— A Framework to Improve Habitat for Marine Resources and Communities Healthy coastal and marine habitat is critical for abundant marine life and sustainable coastal communities. The NOAA Habitat Blueprint (Blueprint) is a living document, created as part of an ongoing dialogue with NOAA scientists, managers, and partners. The Blueprint provides a framework for NOAA to think and act strategically across programs and with part- ner organizations to address the growing challenge of habitat loss and degredation. This includes anticipating changes to the seascape due to development, climate, and other pressures by finding new ways to address complex pressures on the quality and quantity of habitat. The Blueprint consists of four main approaches to develop and implement habitat-based solutions to support healthy and productive ecosystems: • Implement regional habitat initiatives as immediate opportunities to test habitat-based solutions. Tons of derelict fishing gear has been removed from our fragile coral • Establish geographic priorities to focus long-term habitat reefs. Photo credit: NOAA science and conservation efforts. • Implement a systematic and strategic approach to habitat science for effective decision-making. • Strengthen policy and legislation at the national level to enhance our ability to achieve meaningful change. Regarding the first approach above, NOAA currently is implementing regional habitat initiatives to explore new collaborative approaches to improve habitat, inform future actions, and build the case for future funding. Regarding the second approach con- cerning the establishment of geographic priorities to focus habitat conservation efforts, NOAA will identify priority habitat areas such as areas of convergence from overlaying important habitats for harvested species, endangered and threatened species, and habitats at risk. NOAA also will define habitat conditions that are needed to support rebuilt fisheries and recovered species and inform management actions in the priority areas. In addition, NOAA will implement habitat-based strategies using all available programs, authorities, partnerships, and tools to achieve desired habitat conditions. NOAA will also show progress and share les- sons learned for improving the habitat condition in these areas by evaluating results and relaying the economic and socio-cultural benefits of habitat. As part of the Blueprint, NOAA also plans to implement recommendations from the NOAA Fisheries Habitat Assessment Improvement Plan. Finally, NOAA will attempt to strengthen policy and legislation to enhance habitat conservation. For further information on the Blueprint, please contact Helen MacMillan in the NOAA Fisheries Office of Habitat Conservation ([email protected]). ~ Lee Benaka

124 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org AFS Estuaries Section– A Successful Partnership Since the 2004 AFS annual meeting in Madison, the Estu- aries Section (fisheriessociety.org/estuaries/) has been offering travel awards to students in support of their attendance and presentations at the AFS meetings. Until 2007, the section offered two awards each year in the amount of $500–600, although the section’s small treasury was barely able to fund even these modest amounts. In 2007, Section Past President Steve Jordan, who represents EPA’s Gulf Ecology Division in the Southern Association of Marine Laboratories (SAML), proposed to SAML that they sponsor student travel awards through the Estuaries Sec- tion. This proposal was accepted, and since then, SAML has Texas Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve. been providing $1000 to the section each year, sponsoring two Photo credit: NOAA awards. The Southern Association of Marine Laboratories (SAML) is an organization of laboratory directors throughout the southeast, from Texas to Maryland, plus Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Panama, and Antarctica. It is one of three regional associations within the Na- tional Association of Marine Laboratories (naml.org), along with the Western Association of Marine Laboratories and the Northeast and Great Lakes Association of Marine Laboratories. The purposes of SAML are:

• To promote the importance of research and education to the economy and society; • To further wise use and conservation of marine and coastal resources; • To increase effectiveness of member institutions; • To stimulate cooperation among members; • To provide a forum for resolution of common problems at marine labs.

This partnership has been a great success, not only helping students to attend and present at AFS meetings, but also serving the missions and goals of SAML, the Estuaries Section, and AFS. The section now sponsors only one award each year, relieving the burden on its reserves, but is able to offer two additional awards through the SAML partnership. Preference for the SAML awards is given to students from schools in the SAML region (not necessarily SAML members) who are presenting a talk or poster at the AFS meeting. In addition to $500, each student receives a plaque acknowledging the sponsor. Students for all of the section awards are selected through a competition judged by the section’s Executive Committee. Interested students who are members of the Estuaries Section ($2 – a real bargain!) should expect to receive an announcement for the 2012 awards competition by late spring or early summer. Non-member students also are eligible and should look for announcements through their institutions.

From the Archives The prevalence of disease among fish in natural waters has received little attention in this country and there is a general belief that epidemics caused by infectious diseases are very exceptional under such conditions. Although heavy mortalities are reported occasionally, they are usually blamed on pollution and oxygen deficiency. Those factors are, no doubt, a frequent cause of fish mortality but the possibility of the presence of an infection disease should be no means be ignored. H.S. Davis, p. 102, Seventy-Seventh An- nual Meeting, Transaction of The American Fisheries Society, 1947

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 125 STUDENT ANGLE How to Find a Good Graduate Advisor and Make the Most of Graduate School Constance M. O’Connor Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Lab, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6. E-mail: coconno4@connect. carleton.ca

When graduate students gather, a few common conversa- tion themes repeat themselves. On a good day there might be discussions of fresh data or a recent paper. On a bad day, there might be complaints about field assistants or projects that are not going according to plan. Consistently, however, the conver- sation winds its way back to advisors, because graduate advisors play a critical role in the success of graduate students and in the overall graduate school experience. Along with lab mates, the graduate advisor is the person with whom students will interact the most during their academic careers. Some students conducting fieldwork may even find themselves living and working in close quarters with their advisor for extended periods of time. Given the length of graduate programs, choosing an advisor represents a long-term relationship, and the success of a student is dependent on this relationship.

For my Ph.D. program, I am fortunate enough to have input from two scientifically experienced advisors, and this has improved the quality of my research. Each supervisor has offered different opportunities and presented a different skill set, en- abling me to gain more from my Ph.D. experience than I could The author having fun with sockeye salmon research at Weaver Creek, have with either advisor alone. However, like many prospective B.C. Photo credit: Sarah McConnachie students looking to start a graduate program, I will admit that I chose my advisors based on the thesis project, rather than on sults are written into a cohesive final document that is a useful specific advisor qualities. It was only as my Ph.D. progressed contribution to your scientific field. An ideal advisor should also and I was exposed to more research and different supervisory have the financial resources to support your research. The level styles that I began to appreciate the good relationship I have of financial support will vary depending on the institution and with both advisors. So how can prospective students select a your personal funding, but together you and your advisor must project and determine how compatible they will be with a po- be able to finance your research project, as well as your student tential advisor? And for current students, what can be done to academic experiences, such as travel to conferences and other maximize the graduate student experience, with or without a laboratories. Finally, an ideal advisor should provide a positive good advisor? and encouraging environment in which students can learn and develop as scientists and enjoy themselves while doing so. It is WHAT MAKES A GOOD ADVISOR? important to acknowledge that a good advisor for one person may not be ideal for another; the key to finding a good advisor Most of us have a good idea of what research questions we is to understand your own goals and then find an advisor whose are interested in, and we understand what we are looking for strengths and personality are compatible with those goals. in a graduate program and thesis project. However, it can be challenging to articulate the qualities that we seek in a graduate HOW CAN I FIND A GOOD ADVISOR? advisor. Making a list of your goals and objectives for graduate In an ideal world, an advisor should provide their students school and honestly assessing your preferences for supervisory with the academic, financial, and personal support that they style are the first steps to selecting a good advisor. If strong need to excel in graduate school. The advisor should have the statistical skills are necessary for your future career aspirations, academic qualifications and skills necessary to help you ensure then it will pay to find an advisor who has a strong quantitative that research projects are properly planned and executed, that background. Likewise, if you want to improve your ability as the data are properly analyzed and interpreted, and that the re- a critical thinker and writer, then it will be beneficial to find an

126 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org TABLE 1. Questions you might consider asking a potential advisor. This list provides the basics, and you who is involved in the day-to-day activities should customize this list by adding questions that are relevant to your own specific interests. of student research. Project 1. What is the available project? After you have made a list of your 2. What skills can I expect to gain from working on this project? goals and objectives and have identified the supervisory style and personality traits Supervisory style 3. What is your teaching philosophy? that are most compatible with you, the sec- 4. How would you describe your supervisory style? ond step in finding a good advisor is to ask questions. Asking questions helps ensure Expectations that your prospective advisor meets your 5. What do you expect from your students (daily, monthly, yearly)? 6. What support and resources can a student expect from you (daily, monthly, yearly)? criteria and is willing to help you meet your goals. It is important to talk to po- Collaborations and student experience tential advisors and to current and former 7. Do you maintain active collaborations and involve students in collaborations? students. Though an advisor can discuss 8. Do you encourage conference participation and other academic travel? projects, laboratory expectations, and fund- Funding ing sources (Table 1), talking to current and 9. Is project funding guaranteed for the project term? former students can help you gain an honest 10. What are the obligations to the funding agency for this project? perspective on the advisor and working en- 11. Do you have money available for conferences and other academic travel? vironment. When interviewing, you should Track record ask students about their advisor’s supervi- 12. How many students have you advised? What are they doing now? sory style, his or her expectations, and what the student’s experience has been (Table 2). You might also consider speaking to other TABLE 2. Questions you might consider asking the current and former students of a potential advisor. faculty, in order to understand how your This list provides the basics and you should customize this list by adding questions that are relevant to your own specific interests. potential advisor is viewed in their scien- Supervisory style tific community. 1. Does your advisor have enough time for the number of students in the lab? 2. Does your advisor motivate by encouragement or criticism? WHAT SHOULD I DO IF 3. How does your advisor react to mistakes and accidents (e.g., breaking equipment)? I ALREADY HAVE AN 4. Will your advisor allow you to take risks and try your own research ideas? 5. Will your advisor step in and help you out if your research is not going well? ADVISOR? 6. Will your advisor push you to develop new skills? 7. Does your advisor hold regular lab meetings? What is the format of lab meetings? The best part about being in graduate 8. Does your advisor have good ideas and share them openly? school is the access to resources. As gradu- Expectations ate students, we are part of an institution 9. What are your advisor’s expectations? full of potential mentors and collaborators. 10. Does your advisor give you feedback on written work within a reasonable time Each individual in the institution may have frame? some of the qualities that you are look- 11. Does your advisor provide constructive comments on ideas and written work? 12. Is your advisor directly involved with your research? Will your advisor directly teach ing for in an advisor, and by surrounding you technical skills or research techniques? yourself with a network of people who can contribute to your project you can build an Student experience excellent graduate experience even if your 13. Does your advisor maintain active collaborations and involve you in collaborations? advisor is less than ideal. 14. Does your advisor give students the chance to develop their own collaborations? 15. Does your advisor encourage field trips to other laboratories? Most graduate students have a thesis 16. Does your advisor send you to conferences and go with you to conferences? committee, which is an excellent place to start if you are looking for additional intel- lectual input or skills that can be used in advisor who is willing to help you develop these skills. If you your project. Another great place to start is with senior gradu- want to learn a specific technique, then you will likely choose ate students in your own or another lab. These students may an advisor based on the tools they can access and teach you. already have some knowledge and interest in your research Also consider the importance of matching your own personal- project and can offer extra perspective and experience. By cast- ity type to your advisor. Many prospective students forget to ing a wider net within your institution, you can find professors account for this attribute. If you are an independent person, you from within or outside your department with research skills that might prefer an advisor who allows students to make their own can contribute to your project. If it is not already in place at decisions and dictate the direction of their research projects. your institution, you might consider starting a journal club or However, if you like to receive regular feedback and discuss getting more involved with societies such as the American Fish- research projects frequently, it may be better to find an advisor eries Society. By interacting with students and scientists in your

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 127 field, you will meet other people with similar research interests ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and create countless opportunities for new ideas and fresh input into your project. I wish to first and foremost thank Dr. Chris Wood (Mc- Master University), who inspired this “Student Angle” with an As graduate students in fisheries science, we are also in a excellent talk during the Student’s Lunch at the 2011 Canadian great position to collaborate because we can look beyond the Society of Zoologists Annual Meeting. I also wish to thank Dr. borders of our academic institution. Government agencies, for Steve Cooke (Carleton University), Dr. Katie Gilmour (Univer- example, might contain researchers or managers who are often sity of Ottawa), Cody Dey (McMaster University), Jeff Fore willing to help with the specific skills that you need to learn (University of Missouri), and Dan Dembkowski (South Dakota for your project. If your advisor already has existing collabora- State University) for their helpful comments on earlier versions tions, this will make it easier for you to find outside researchers of this piece. with similar interests and research goals. However, you can make your own connections even if your advisor does not have established collaborators. There are student grants available NEW AFS MEMBERS to support collaborative research with other laboratories. By obtaining a student research grant, you can fund your own re- Kamal Alsharif Jonathan Fearns Sean Naman search trip and start to build your own skill set and collaborative Ian Anderson Michael Geenen Scott Nichting network. Bringing in an outside researcher is an excellent way Justin Angevaare Ellen George Richard Norris II to improve your own project and an invaluable opportunity to Reid Armstrong Dana Giffen Emily Overcast network and make connections for employment opportunities. George Barton Melissa Giresi Allen Palmer Joshua Beaulaurier Kevin Grand Jesse Ray MAKING THE MOST OF GRADUATE Rebecca Becicka Brian Hammond Toomas Saat Thomas Binder Stephen Hampton Lorraine Sawdon SCHOOL Ademola Borode Margaret Harings Anna Scherer Jennifer Boyko Levi Hay Maria Serrano Finding a good advisor is an excellent foundation for a pos- Karl Brenkert Anthony Honick Ashley Shaw itive graduate school experience. By understanding your own Deborah Bruce Matthew Horton Jason Smith priorities and asking questions, it is possible to find an advisor Christina Cappelli Patrick Kennedy Scott St. Jean who will help you reach your academic and professional goals. Marla Chaney Elliott Kittel Matthew Streich Caroline Cherry However, graduate students can also benefit from informal and Peter Lamb Madyson Stubbs Kyle Chezik Kevin Lamontagne John Swenarton formal collaborations with other scientists. No matter who your Pete Cott David Landkamer Ahmed Quazi Taslim advisor is, you can benefit by working with as many different Dan Cramer Jonathan Leiman Heidi Tillquist people as possible throughout your graduate experience. These Dale Dalrymple Andrew Lervick Bruce Tufts interactions will help you develop skills, give you more experi- Robert DeVries Margaret Luebs David Ulrich ences, and allow you to have a better scientific perspective. Marika Dobos Jordan Massie Robert Vega Martin Donley Olivier Morissette Amy Welsh Mike Duncan Josh Murauskas Veronica Wunderlich Jason Eakins Lawrence Myers Erik Young Brad Farwell

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128 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org COLUMN AFS Annual Meetings: Why and Where We Director’s Line Hold Them; Why They are Expensive; and Who Does What Gus Rassam, Executive Director One of the primary functions of any professional organi- cal chapter (division) zation is to provide a meeting ground and a platform for its members and half- to members and others interested in the subject matter of the or- full-time contributions ganization, to socialize, to present the latest research, and to of 10–15 staff. As state confirm the bonds that led people to join such an organization in and federal agencies the first place. Such general meetings usually occur once a year. have reduced their will- ingness to provide time The American Fisheries Society (AFS) has been meeting for their employees to AFS Executive Director annually for more than 141 years, except for a 4-year interrup- undertake the effort of Rassam can be contacted at tion during World War II—an amazing record of continuity and hosting a meeting, the [email protected] commitment. Of the 137 meetings held so far, 18 have been choice of location has in New York City, most of them taking place in the latter part become more restricted to large chapters and/or state or prov- of the 19th century and the last in 1970 on the occasion of the ince agencies with a large pool of volunteers. 100th annual meeting—a fitting venue considering the origins of the Society in that city. Some of the other locations were very The AFS Annual Meeting has been the highlight of the small—such as Put in Bay, Ohio (1890, 1902), or West Sulphur year for generations of fisheries scientists and professionals, Springs, West Virginia (1905), and some were much larger— but who attends those meetings? Though registrant numbers such as Chicago (1866, 1893) and San Francisco (1915, 1939, fluctuate widely over the years and by different locations (see 2007). Over the past 17 years, our largest meetings have tended Figure 1), attendance has not been less than 1,000 for the past to be on the Pacific Coast (see Table 1). 11 years, which means that between 18% and 25% of the AFS membership attends the annual meeting any given year. A significant portion of the attendees are stu- Our annual meetings are a significant part of the dents. The number of nonmembers who attend also fluctuates widely. AFS mission and culture and, as such, they will continue to play a major role in fulfilling that mis- The organization of AFS meetings has histori- sion. cally followed a pattern that is somewhat unusual among similar societies. Our meeting is organized as a joint effort between a local host (usually the AFS chapter and/or division in that location) and Such eclecticism in meeting sites reflects several factors, the headquarter staff. Over the past few years, we have moved one of which is the size of the meeting. In the early days when more of the burden to staff. Registration, Website development, the Society’s membership was small, the size of the location hotel and convention center contracting, and trade show ar- was not an issue: all we needed was a convenient hotel with rea- rangements are among the major functions performed by staff, sonable prices. Now, with membership around 9,000, we favor and program development, raffle programming, and local- ar larger cities with convention centers. Those facilities are very rangements are made by the local host chapter. Fundraising on expensive and more suitable for societies with a membership the national level is done by staff, and local fundraising is the of 20,000 or more, whereas small cities such as Omaha (1898) responsibility of the local chapter. or Rapid City (1992), though reasonable in cost, may not have adequate facilities for a meeting of 2,000 or more attendees. An AFS annual meeting budget was in the order of $100,000 back in 1990. Now it exceeds $1 million. Revenue Another factor that has become a tradition at AFS is the de- comes primarily from two sources: registration fees (now close sire to move the meetings around the four geographic divisions, to $400 per registrant) and fundraising. By design, registration alternating in North America from northeastern, to southern, fees basically cover the cost of holding a meeting, and sponsor- north-central, and western locations. This way, the various ships provide a cushion allowing the realization of a positive concentrations of members can more easily participate in a re- net to the Society, which is then divided 20–80 (where there is gional venue and, at the same time, the alternating geography no division participation—or 30–70 between the local unit (s) allows AFS chapters to have a major say in shaping the meet- and the parent society; 20 for the chapter, 10 for the division, ing program and its overall flavor. Typically, an annual meeting and the rest for the parent society). Major expenses are associ- involves voluntary contributions of time of up to 100 or so lo- ated with the venue: hotel, convention center, A/V, travel, and social functions such as receptions and entertainment.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 129 Figure 1. AFS Annual Meeting attendance statistics.

There are several financial models for professional meet- as such, they will continue to play a major role in fulfilling that ings. Some charge a basic entrance fee (registration), along mission. Though the use of technology will facilitate the shar- with extra fees for any other activity (receptions, banquets, ing of information among professionals without the need for a etc.). The AFS chooses to include all fees in the registration fee. physical encounter in a specific location, and though the cost of Such an arrangement has proven popular with most meeting travel (and restrictions on travel imposed by employers) keeps attendees, but there have been grumblings about the cost of the going up, there appears to be a prevailing consensus that the registration fee and, in the opinion of some, it may be desirable presence of professionals convening and exchanging informa- to move to the basic fee–plus extras model or at least reduce tion in the same venue will continue to be the norm for some the scale and expense of social functions. Feedback from recent time to come. meetings indicates overall satisfaction with the level of registration fees and the receptions, providing that the amount—and I welcome feedback from you, fellow members, about these quality—of food and drinks are sufficient. meetings. Please let me know your experiences and suggestions for improvements. As we look forward to the Twin Cities meet- What about the future of AFS meetings? Our annual meeting this summer (http://www.afs2012.org), let’s work together ings are a significant part of the AFS mission and culture and, to make it—and future meetings—even better.

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TO ORDER: Online: www.afsbooks.org Phone: 703-661-1570 Fax:703-996-1010 American Fisheries Society, c/o Books International, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172 Through more than 30 original case studies related to contemporary conservation and management issues in fisheries, this new book challenges students to develop critical- thinking and problem-solving skills that will serve them as future natural resource professionals.

130 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org IN MEMORIAM John (Jack) F. Dequine, 1917‑2011

John (Jack) F. Dequine, 94, of Leesburg, Florida, patriarch at the annual South- of the Southern Division of the American Fisheries Society eastern conference. (SDAFS), died November 27, 2011. He had a rich career in He served as chair of the fisheries profession, with a large impact on our field, our the division’s awards students, and the AFS. committee from its inception in 1967 CAREER through 1987 (21 years of service). In Jack graduated from the University of Maine in 1940. After 1979, Jack led new a brief time overseas, Jack took a position as the chief of fisher- efforts to create a ies for the Kentucky Game and Fish Commission and shortly second type of award thereafter moved to Florida in 1946 as the first fishery biologist for fisheries profes- for the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. Much sionals in the south, of Jack’s work in the late 1940s and early 1950s attempted to the Outstanding resolve conflicts between commercial and recreational fish- Achievement Award. ing interests and to properly establish rules governing take of This award remains freshwater fishes. Jack was dedicated to using science to inform the most prestigious management actions, rather than making decisions based solely offered by the Division by recognizing significant long-term on popular public sentiment. individual contributions to the field of fisheries and aquatic biology. Through these awards, and by his encouragement and Jack left the agency in 1954 and started Southern Fish Cul- personal example, Jack influenced the professional develop- turists, Inc., a private production and environmental consulting ment of fisheries biologists throughout the southeast. business related to fish, fisheries, and aquatic resources. As a businessman, Jack was known as someone that you could call Over the years Jack remained involved with many impor- anytime and get a helpful response. tant Division activities. He attended nearly all of the SDAFS meetings in the past 60 years. Jack was a fastidious compiler of INVOLVEMENT IN AFS correspondence and other paperwork relevant to business of the Division, and he maintained a set of files that was essentially Jack is appropriately recognized as a founding father, ener- complete through the mid-1980s. Jack’s perennial presence at getic leader, and persistent supporter of the SDAFS. Following Division business meetings and past-presidents’ meetings pro- the AFS (parent society) annual meeting in 1947, Jack and vided continuity of conduct and an infallible corporate memory. colleagues approached the directors of the Southeastern Asso- As late as January 2011, Jack presented the award in his name ciation of Game and Fish Commissioners, who endorsed the (John F. Dequine Best Paper Award) to Eric Nagid and coau- concept of inclusion of a fisheries component at their annual thors at the SDAFS annual meeting, Tampa, Florida, and he meetings. The first such meeting was held in St. Petersburg, escorted incoming SDAFS First Vice President M. Allen into Florida, in November 1947. office at that same conference.

Jack spearheaded a working group to successfully petition Along the way Jack continued his lifelong hobbies of AFS for recognition as the Southern Division and was officially hunting and fishing. He fished with the authors of this tribute elected first president of the SDAFS in Dallas, Texas, in Sep- regularly over the last decade, sharing his history, humor, and tember 1952. The first official session of the SDAFS followed wisdom. He harvested a large turkey gobbler in spring 2011, in October 1952 at the southeastern meeting held in Savannah, and well into his 90s Jack also hunted deer in Georgia with M. Georgia. About 40 fisheries workers representing all Southeast- Van Den Avyle and Bob Garrett. ern states, academia, and federal agencies were in attendance and affirmed Jack Dequine as the first president of the divi- Jack is survived by daughters Jeanne and Joy, of Miami, sion. The 2002 Southern Division Meeting represented the 50th Florida. He will be remembered and missed by his friends, fam- anniversary of this important event, and Jack attended this ily, and the AFS. We offer this as a celebration of his life and celebration. his accomplishments, from which all of us in the AFS have benefited. We are grateful for his friendship, for the opportunities Perhaps Jack’s greatest accomplishment and contribution we shared afield with him, and for his mentorship. to the AFS was the creation and maintenance of AFS award programs that recognize and encourage excellence in fisheries Mike Van Den Avyle professionals. In 1967, Jack and other members of a former- Mike Allen presidents committee recommended the establishment of a best Bill Pine paper award to recognize excellence of fisheries contributions Rich Noble

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 131 SPOTLIGHT

Spotlight on Women in Fisheries

The list of women in fisheries who are making an impact is vast and ever growing. Fisheries recently interviewed six of the best – a collection of women involved at all levels in AFS: Diane Elliott (Research Microbiologist at the Western Fisheries Research Center), Lori Martin (Aquatic Biologist with Colorado Parks and Wildlife), Christine Moffitt (Professor at the University of Idaho), Sarah O’Neal (Aquatic Ecology and Water Ecology at Dr. Carol Ann Woody Fisheries Research and Consulting), Jesse Trushenski (Assistant Professor at Southern Illinois University Carbondale), and Melissa Wuellner (Assistant Professor at South Dakota State University). Together, these accomplished women make up just a fraction of the female dynamo demographics in the world of fisheries – but oh what a fraction it is! 1. Do you still feel that fisheries science is a male- dominated world—and, if so, what would you like see happen to bring more women into the arena?

Diane G. Elliott: When I walked into my first undergraduate fisheries class at the University of Washington in the late 1960’s, I was the only woman student there. By studying hard and demonstrating that I could hold up my end of a beach seine or handle a spawning Chinook salmon, I was accepted as an equal with the male students. The fish health field, unlike some other areas of fisheries science, no longer seems male-dominated. Several women, including myself, have served as presidents of the AFS Fish Health Section. Further broadening of recruiting efforts to include an increasing variety of Diane G. Elliott disciplines could benefit fisheries science and help to recruit even more women into the field. In addition, offering employment opportunities that allow combination of a rewarding professional career with a fulfilling personal and family life will also be attractive to women.

Lori M. Martin: I have noticed that careers in natural resources have been primarily occupied by our male counterparts. Over time, this “norm” or trend has started shifting in the other direction, as we begin to see more women enter the work force. Today, women can have the best of both worlds: as successful fishery scientists, and as mothers with families. Our job as a professional society is to promote this notion, by reinforcing with women that they can have it all, and by providing them the tools they may need to achieve this success. Lori M. Martin Christine M. Moffitt: I have been studying in aquatic & fisheries biology for more than 45 years, and did a short stint in terrestrial ecology in between my masters and Ph.D. study. My start in science was in a very white male dominated world. Biology has changed during that time, but fisheries has remained male dominated. In the US, the demographics of fisheries management is especially white male – if you don’t believe me, just attend the fisheries management section meeting at the AFS. And the issue is not just about women— if you look around the world, the white people are a minority. In general, attitudes embracing diversity have changed, and the state agencies are looking at demographic changes affecting their future. However, if we don’t have an educated public that embraces the importance of aquatic natural resources, we are in trouble.

Christine M. Moffitt Sarah O’Neal: My mother is an elementary school science teacher who begins her classes in the fall asking students to draw a picture of a scientist. Without fail, they illustrate a white man in a lab

132 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org coat wearing glasses. Then she shows them a picture of her daugh- ter on the Alaskan tundra in waders, wielding an electrofisher. She says it blows their minds. So, in short, yes. Fisheries science is still male-dominated, as evidenced by the upper echelons of academia, agencies, and even the officers of the American Fisheries Society. More female mentors in the field are slowly engendering more female participation.

Jesse Trushenski: There are still more men involved in the field than women, but I wouldn’t consider it to be “male-dominated.” I’ve only had one negative experience in the field regarding my gender...and that guff came from another female scientist! Bizarre! The demographic is becoming increasingly balanced. At SIUC, I’m one Sarah O’Neal of six full-time fisheries faculty, and the only woman. But our graduate student pool has included many women for quite a few years; right now, it’s actually greater than 50% female. It will likely take a few more professional generations for this to equalize, but based on what I see in my program, at AFS meetings, etc. I fully expect the field to be gender-balanced in the future.

Melissa R. Wuellner: The number of women in fisheries has defi- nitely increased compared to previous decades, and I love it when one of my female undergraduate students or advisees decides to go into fisheries. Each of us – male or female – came to our profession out of passion for the resource and of nature. We have all taken different paths to realize this passion. Perhaps the best way to get more women involved is to simply get them exposed to the idea of fisheries as a profession. Connect with Girl Scout troops or local Jesse Trushenski elementary and high schools. Take college women to the field for some sampling. Exposure is key.

2. Who are your heroes in fisheries science and why?

Elliott: I would like to acknowledge the contributions that Dr. Mar- sha Landolt, my major professor for my Ph.D. degree, made toward increasing the visibility and status of women in fisheries science. Specializing in research on fish health with an emphasis on toxicology at the University of Washington, Dr. Landolt gained the respect of her colleagues and rose through the ranks to become the director of the College of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences. She was instrumen- tal in revitalizing one of the largest fisheries schools in the nation and re-establishing its position as a magnet for fisheries students throughout the world. She was the embodiment of self-confident Melissa R. Wuellner professionalism, such that her status as a woman in a male-dominated scientific field never seemed to be questioned. Those of us (both Moffitt: The writings of Rachael Carson were really a piv- women and men) who knew her as a mentor and a colleague only otal influence on me. Her books on the ocean – as well as hope that some of her fine qualities will continue to be perpetuated Silent Spring – were very ecosystem oriented. in us. O’Neal: Given the nature of this article, I’d like to high- Martin: My heroes in fisheries science are all of those “founding light two women I’ve had the extraordinary opportunity figures” who, through simple interest and curiosity of fishes and to work for, and who were extremely influential in shap- science, and recognizing the importance of both, created a “profes- ing my career. Jennifer Parsons – an aquatic botanist for sion” out of a labor of love. Fishery scientists are passionate in ways the Washington State Department of Ecology, the foremost hard to describe, and this enthusiasm and obsession have been con- expert on aquatic plants in Washington State, and an im- tagious for all who have followed. I can only hope that all of us, portant resource on aquatic plant issues nationwide – is as professionals in this field, can continue to carry on this tradition fighting to keep the state’s waterways free and clear of (or and create legacies of our own for others to share, learn, and benefit at least relatively unaffected by) aquatic invasive plants. from, as we all have done from those that preceded us. Carol Ann Woody owns and operates Fisheries Research

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 133 and Consulting in a region she knows inside and out. She has Moffit: I was able to have a mentor with a few good people over twenty years of experience in Bristol Bay where she’s who helped me build on my strengths. I was not a good factual been building relationships with local communities, running jet test taker, but could really take off with independent projects in boats up glacial rivers, fending off brown bears, chasing fish, which I had more time, and could use experiential learning. Ex- and generally kicking ass. periential learning has been my asset, and I use that in training students. I was told by one of the undergraduate instructors that Trushenski: There are a lot of people I’ve interacted with he did not train women to become Ph.D.s because they were who’ve challenged me and helped me to be a better fisheries just going to go get married and have a family. Fortunately, I professional. Chris Kohler (Southern Illinois University, re- had an advisor who intervened, and helped get me into the next tired) had a significant impact on my professional development level to be able to realize the potential opportunities. The piv- and career; he took a big chance on me as a student, which I’ll otal point was how he helped me get to Smith College, as it always be grateful for, but the single most important thing he was all women, and I was surrounded by outstanding women in did as my mentor was to mandate that as his student, I would science and art and everywhere. join AFS and get involved in the society. My involvement in AFS has changed so much about my career. O’Neal: Simply doing it. Until I had the opportunity to work on truly wild salmon rivers (as opposed to impaired rivers to Wuellner: I admire those like E.O. Wilson and Rachel Carson which I was accustomed in my home state of Washington), who have written popular literature about some very serious I had a very different impression of salmon ecosystems. My and often contentious environmental or science issues but yet experience in Bristol Bay, as well as on wild salmon rivers in do so in such a way as to illustrate to the public why they should the Flathead Lake Biological Station’s Salmonid Rivers Ob- care about the issue. As scientists, we often forget how to break servatory Network, changed my entire worldview. I can now down the great work we do so that it’s easier for the public comprehend the possibility that the Columbia River may once to understand. Closer to home, my undergraduate advisor Dr. have been so thick with salmon, one could almost cross it on Tom Lauer gave me my first exposure to being a fisheries sci- the backs of the fish. entist and continues to support and encourage me even though I haven’t been his student for almost a decade. Dr. Dave Willis Trushenski: The most important thing – really what drew me has been such a wonderful example of a dedicated fisheries pro- and brought me to a fisheries career in the first place – was the fessional and administrator. Finally, there are countless people interdisciplinarity of it all. I can’t think of another field where who have aided in my development as a professional by al- being a jack-of-all-trades is more important. That’s what I am, lowing me to be an active member in AFS; Dr. Don Jackson is so it’s really great to have found a field where that’s a help, not certainly on the top of that list. a hindrance.

3. What is one of the most important events that Wuellner: My very first experience was my most important be- affected/changed the way you think about fish- cause it really changed my career path. When I got to college, I thought I was going to be a marine biologist, dealing more with eries science? mammals. I didn’t really know about fisheries at all. Thankful- Elliott: While I was an undergraduate student in fisheries sci- ly, my introductory biology teacher, Dr. Lauer picked me out of ence, I worked weekends and summers as an assistant in a a large lecture class and asked if I wanted a job in the lab. That’s small animal veterinary clinic to help with college expenses. where I started my journey. The more I got into my major and This sparked my interest in animal medicine in general, and an the more internships and lab jobs I took, the more convinced I undergraduate fish disease course helped to highlight the pos- was that I was on the right career path. So, in all, I think just sibilities and opportunities of a career in the fish health field. I being exposed to fisheries was my most important event. was subsequently able to combine graduate studies in Fisheries with pertinent coursework from the schools of Medicine, Den- 4. What are the biggest contributions that wom- tistry, and Public Health. The rest is, as they say, history. en have brought to fisheries science? Martin: I attended my first AFS function as an entry level aquatic biologist for the State of Colorado. This was my first Elliott: The influx of women into fisheries science has also exposure to the Society, participating in an annual meeting of brought an acknowledgment from both genders that women the Colorado-Wyoming AFS Chapter. Naive and young (like a can combine successful careers and family life, and has prob- kid in a candy shop), I found myself surrounded by lots of cool ably contributed to increased flexibility in the workplace that fish people sharing their experiences and findings in an open, has benefited women and men alike. In part because of this in- interactive, and interdisciplinary forum. This was my kind of creased workplace flexibility, women are no longer forced to a deal, and I knew immediately AFS had hooked me for life – choose between a career in fisheries and raising a family. both professionally and personally. I don’t think I ever knew what fishery science truly encompassed until I became more Martin: Our passion, our drive to be challenged and produce engaged in AFS. the best, and our persistent work ethic are traits we possess and aspire to as fishery scientists, women and men alike. All of

134 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org these characteristics packaged together could be considered as Martin: I hope to say I made a positive difference by increasing one of the biggest contributions to fisheries science. social awareness and appreciation of our aquatic resources, so that future generations can enjoy as much as I have. This differ- Moffitt: Women bring compassion, excellent communication, ence could be in the form of any of the following contributions: and embrace the big picture, and interdisciplinary work. It is recovery of Endangered fishes, conservation of native fishes, natural for us. We integrate, we are good teachers, and good production of self-sustaining sport fisheries, preservation of leaders. aquatic resources experiencing anthropogenic encroachment, promotion of sound science to drive management decisions, O’Neal: Rosalind Franklin, “The Dark Lady of DNA,” played and successful recruitment and retention of future aquatic bi- a critical role in the discovery of DNA structure, but was given ologists as a mentor. essentially no credit. Dr. Kate Myers is a pioneer for women in fisheries as the Principal Investigator of the High Seas Salmon Moffitt: My training of the next generation is my best contribu- Research Program at the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sci- tion. I work to make the next generation of scientists aware of ences, University of Washington. Her extraordinary work the past, of our shortfalls, and to understand and embrace the documents the movements of salmon once they enter the “black history of our profession and our cultures, so we recognize that box” that is the Pacific Ocean. I imagine sailing the high seas in we have made mistakes, and to learn from these. To work to the 1980’s in pursuit of salmon as a female (or male) fisheries recognize the many viewpoints of others, and respect for all scientist takes some serious guts. The increasing numbers of our indigenous peoples that survived on the natural resources female fisheries scientists has led to some progress in the re- for centuries before the Europeans came to dominate. We need shaping of waders to fit women… although there is still a long to make our science solid and insure that we address aspects of way to go! management relevant questions.

Trushenski: This is a tough one. I’m hoping some of the others O’Neal: I once discovered Eurasian milfoil shortly (most likely) gals can fill in the blanks here. One of my flaws is a short-term after its introduction in a beautiful lake on the Olympic Pen- memory for stuff like this, so hopefully the others can provide insula. We mobilized the community, and the milfoil never better insight. took hold. More recently, I worked with my boss, Dr. Woody, and several other colleagues to document salmon for the first Wuellner: I agree with Jesse – this is a tough one. I know that time in over a hundred miles of Bristol Bay headwater streams. those who came before me laid a path that allowed me to be That data will play an important role in the decision-making a fisheries scientist without fearing I’d be judged as a woman and permitting process for the largest current threat to Bristol first and a biologist second. But it’s often difficult to appreciate Bay fisheries: Pebble Mine. It’s hard to say what the future will the struggle fully when you haven’t been in that situation. And bring, but I’m hopeful that my work will continue to be relevant some of the work to overcome the limitations and struggles is to on-the-ground conservation of both fisheries and their wan- done more quietly (no publications, no awards named after a ing freshwater habitat. particular person). Of course, both genders have to work together in order for real progress to be made; no person is an Trushenski: I hope I’ve yet to make my most significant contri- island. bution, but to-date, I would say that helping to develop the AFS policy statement on sedatives was one of the more significant 5. What is your best contribution to fishery sci- contributions I’ve made to the discipline as a whole. We’re just ence, and/or what is your goal in regards to what now getting to the point where we can use this document to (hopefully) leverage change, and later I’ll be able to say that you hope to have brought to fisheries science, I helped put tools in the hands of the fisheries scientists who when all is said and done? needed them. The whole issue comes down to reconciling regulation with reality and what’s best for the resource – in general, Elliott: To date, perhaps my most significant contribution has I hope reconciling to make change that matters is what I will do been as a collaborator in the development and application of with my career. rapid immunological methods to screen spawning salmonids for bacterial kidney disease (BKD) caused by Renibacterium sal- Wuellner: My answer to this question is a moving target. moninarum, a serious disease that can be transmitted from the There’s always more that can and should be done; this keeps us female parent to progeny via the eggs. Brood stock testing by “fresh” as fisheries professionals. I guess if I had to summarize these methods, followed by segregated rearing or culling of egg briefly what my overall goals are in the profession, I would say lots based on the results, have become standard procedures for that I’m striving to be an excellent educator, a quality research- many public resource agencies and private aquaculture compa- er who provides good science to the profession and the public, nies (both nationally and internationally) that culture salmonid and someone who gives back to the profession that has already stocks impacted by BKD. A recently completed multiyear study given me such a great career. at three Idaho Department of Fish and Game hatcheries under- scores the profound positive impacts that these procedures can have in improving fish health and survival.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 135 TWIN CITIES MEETING UPDATE AFS 2012 Minneapolis – Saint Paul: Where to stay and how to get around

Photo credit: Metro Transit

Accommodations for the 142nd American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting on August 19 – 23, 2012 are in downtown Saint Paul. The Crowne Plaza – Saint Paul – Riverfront Hotel is located in the heart of the Twin Cities, perched upon a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. The conference meetings and tradeshow will be at the RiverCentre, an easily accessible venue that’s adjacent to the Xcel Energy Center and within walking distance of many popular attractions including the Science Museum of Minnesota, Minnesota Children’s Museum, and Ordway Theatre. Social events take advantage of what Minneapolis has to offer. Transporta- tion will be provided for these events but easy transportation is available for exploring on your own.

Where to stay for the conference The Crowne Plaza is located just 5 blocks from the River- Centre. Generous amenities, friendly service, and breathtaking Mississippi River views make this a perfect location. A fitness center, business center, complimentary high speed internet, indoor pool and whirlpool, restaurant and coffee shop all mean you don’t have to travel far for the basics. The Sunday night social will also be at this location. You may be able to leave your car parked in the covered hotel garage for all of the conference! To go farther afield, the indoor Skyway connects the Crowne Plaza with the RiverCentre as well as many other downtown attractions. To reserve your room, use the Accommodations web link at www.AFS2012.org

Are you a student traveling on a shoestring budget? Then you’ll be pleased to know that special student lodging for $25 per night will be offered at Con- cordia University from Sunday through Wednesday night, just a short bus ride away. Details are on our student page on the AFS 2012 website.

136 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org Photo credit: Minneapolis-St. Paul Photo credit: Metro Transit Photo credit: City of Minneapolis International Airport

Travel to the conference Whether you arrive by train, plane or automobile, the Twin Cities are easy to travel to. • By air: The Minneapolis-Saint Paul airport (MSP) is located only 7.5 miles away from downtown St. Paul. Hop into a cab at the airport or take the Super Shuttle. For more airport information and ground transportation options, visit www. mspairport.com • By Amtrak: Saint Paul is served by Amtrak from the Saint Paul Depot, which is located 6 miles from the conference venue. East-west rail service is from Seattle through Chicago and north-south routes run Chicago through Denver. A great opportunity to admire America’s beautiful summer landscape. • By car: For many conference attendees, the Twin Cities is located within a reasonable driving distance. Make this your summer road trip and spend extra time in Minnesota. Chicago to the Twin Cities is 410 miles, Denver; 917, Detroit; 685, Indianapolis; 593, Kansas City, MO; 443, Omaha; 378, Milwaukee; 337 and St. Louis, 630.

Getting around the Twin Cities Once you’re here, there are many stress-free, affordable and eco-friendly options for getting around: • By bus or light rail: Metro Transit has dependable buses and light rail that travel throughout the Twin Cities and outly- ing suburbs. Convenient schedules and affordable fares. Visit www.metrotransit.org • By taxi: There are a number of Twin Cities taxi services to get you where you need to go. Options include Yellow Cab Company, Airport Link Taxi Company, ITN Taxi Service, and Green and White. • By bike: Bring your own to enjoy the area’s extensive bike trail systems. Bike racks on buses and trains are free. Or you can pick up a short term rental using the Twin Cities public bike sharing system, Nice Ride: www.niceridemn.org • By foot: St. Paul and Minneapolis are hailed as being highly walkable cities. Pack some comfy shoes and spend some time checking out the urban attractions – including theaters, restaurants, galleries and museums – the greenest way possible.

For more information about Twin Cities tourism, visit the AFS 2012 webpage at http://www.afs2012.org and follow links on traveling, touring, and things to do.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 137 Early Bird Reservation AFS St. Paul Booth Reservation Request August 19-23 2012 Please complete this application in its entirety. Please print or type all information.

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Please email your company’s description (75 word max) as you would like it to appear in the meeting program guide; please also include your company’s address, phone and web-link to [email protected],

BOOTH FEES PAYMENT • AFS member firm*: $1,500.00 per 10 x 10 booth Send request with your 50% deposit of the full exhibit fee for • AFS nonmember firm: $1,650.00 per 10 x 10 booth space required. Make checks payable to AFS 2012 Annual *Crafters/Non-Profit: $550.00 per 10 x 10 booth Meeting. The balance will be due by June 1, 2012. Applications submitted after June 1, 2012 must be * To qualify for member rate, the exhibiting company accompanied by full payment. must hold a sustaining, official, or associate membership with AFS. Please include your Cancellations received on or after April 15, 2012 and prior to membership number______. June 1, 2012 will be assessed a cancellation fee equal to 50% of the total exhibit space rental fee. Cancellations received Number of Booths Total Cost after June 1, 2012 will be assessed a cancellation fee equal to –––––––– –––--––––– 100% of the total exhibit space rental fee. CHECK: We would like to be located near Amount enclosed: $______CREDIT CARD (Circle One): Visa Amex MasterCard We would rather not be located near ______Name as it appears on card AFS reserves the right to assign an alternative choice based on availability. ______We agree to abide by the AFS 2012 Annual Meeting Card Number Booth Reservation Terms and Conditions specified on this ______booth reservation form, which are made part hereof by Exp. Date 3-digit Security Code reference. ______Signature______Signature

RETURN COMPLETED FORM WITH DEPOSIT TO American Fisheries Society, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110, Bethesda, MD 20814, Attn: Shawn Johnston

Questions about the Trade Show? Please contact Shawn Johnston, AFS Trade Show Coordinator, 301-897-8616 x 230, [email protected] Fax 301-897-8096

138 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org

JOURNAL HIGHLIGHTS North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Volume 31, Number 6

Instantaneous-Rates Tag- Age Determination of the Yellow Irish Lord: Management Impli- ging Models Allowing cations as a Result of New Estimates of Maximum Age. Charles E. for Delayed Mixing of Hutchinson and Todd T. TenBrink. 31: 1116–1122. Newly Tagged Cohorts: Partial Year Tabula- Testing the Utility of an Adaptive Cluster Sampling Method for tion of Recaptures. Lynn Monitoring a Rare and Imperiled Darter. Johnathan G. Davis, S. Waterhouse and John M. Bradford Cook, and David D. Smith. 31: 1123–1132. Hoenig. 31: 995–1004. Inbreeding and Allele Retention for Lake Sturgeon Populations Modeling Disaster: The under Different Supplementation Strategies. Amy M. Schueller Failure of the Manage- and Daniel B. Hayes. 31: 1133–1145. ment of the New England Groundfish Industry. [Management Brief] Effect of Rainbow Trout Size on Response James M. Acheson to Rotenone and Antimycin. Peter J. Brown, Heather Johnson, and and Roy Gardner. 31: Alexander V. Zale. 31: 1146–1152. 1005–1018. Exploring Strategies for Gizzard Shad Removal That Account for Identification of American Shad Spawning Sites and Habitat Use Compensatory Density Dependence and Uncertainty. Matthew J. in the Pee Dee River, North Carolina and South Carolina. Juli- Catalano and Micheal S. Allen. 31: 1153–1162. anne E. Harris and Joseph E. Hightower. 31: 1019–1033. Patterns of Hybridization of Nonnative Cutthroat Trout and Use of Veterinary Ultrasound to Identify Sex and Assess Female Hatchery Rainbow Trout with Native Redband Trout in the Maturity of Pacific Halibut in Nonspawning Condition. Timothy Boise. River, Idaho. Helen M. Neville and Jason B. Dunham. 31: Loher and Sarah M. Stephens. 31: 1034–1042. 1163–1176.

Bias in the Estimation of Impacts of Simultaneous Mark-Selec- Dispersal, Growth, and Diet of Stocked and Wild Northern Pike tive and Nonselective Fisheries on Ocean Salmon. Henry Yuen and Fry in a Shallow Natural Lake, with Implications for the Man- Robert Conrad. 31: 1043–1051. agement of Stocking Programs. Christian Skov, Anders Koed, Lars Baastrup-Spohr, and Robert Arlinghaus. 31: 1177–1186. Increasing Thiamine Concentrations in Lake Trout Eggs from Lakes Huron and Michigan Coincide with Low Alewife Abun- [Management Brief] Survival of Juvenile Chinook Salmon dur- dance. Stephen C. Riley, Jacques Rinchard, Dale C. Honeyfield, ing Barge Transport. Geoffrey A. McMichael, John R. Skalski, and Allison N. Evans, and Linda Begnoche. 31: 1052–1064. Katherine A. Deters. 31: 1187–1196.

Simulating Effects of Nonintrogressive Hybridization with a Refining and Applying a Maximum-Count Aerial-Access Survey Stocked Hatchery Strain of Rainbow Trout on the Sustainability Design to Estimate the Harvest Taken from New Zealand’s Larg- and Recovery of Naturalized Steelhead Populations in Minnesota est Recreational Fishery. Bruce W. Hartill, Tim G. Watson, and Waters of Lake Superior. Kevin S. Page, Mary T. Negus, Matthew Richard Bian. 31: 1197–1210. C. Ward, and Tracy L. Close. 31: 1065–1076.

Hybridization between Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Rain- Fisheries Reader Survey bow Trout in the Upper Snake River Basin, Wyoming. Ryan P. Kovach, Lisa A. Eby, and Matthew P. Corsi. 31: 1077–1087. We do our best to serve you–our membership–and to do that, we need to know what you like and what you’d [Management Brief] Tag Loss and Short-Term Mortality Associ- like to see done better. The feedback you’ll give us from ated with Passive Integrated Transponder Tagging of Juvenile Lost River Suckers. Summer M. Burdick. 31: 1088–1092. this 5-10 minute survey will help us improve our membership magazine/journal–Fisheries. We appreciate your Interactions between Desert Pupfish and Gila Topminnow Can input and time. Affect Reintroduction Success. Anthony T. Robinson and David L. Ward. 31: 1093–1099. Please visit our website here to access the survey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/DK7HR5H Long-Term Changes in Recreational Catch Inequality in a Trout Stream. David A. Seekell, Chase J. Brosseau, Timothy J. Cline, Ray- Thanks for your consideration. If you have any mond J. Winchcombe, and Lee J. Zinn. 31: 1100–1105. questions about this survey, email managing editor: Lake Whitefish in Lake Champlain after Commercial Fishery [email protected] Closure and Ecosystem Changes. Seth J. Herbst, J. Ellen Marsden, and Stephen J. Smith. 31: 1106–1115.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 139 10th International Congress University of Wisconsin ~ Madison on the Biology of Fish Madison, Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin is located between 10th International Congress on the Biology of Fish Lake Michigan and 15th - 19th July, 2012 Madison, Wisconsin, USA the Mississippi River Early Bird Registration now open

SyMPoSIA InClUdE:

Fish in a Toxic World: The physiology of climate change: Ion and acid- base regulation Biomarkers and Impacts understanding the responses of in fish of Exposure fish to increased temperatures and the increased prevalence of Fish migration physiology Food Intake and aquatic hypoxic zones and behavior Utilization in Fish Tropical Environments & Climate Ecological risks of anthropogenic Symposium on Burbot Change: Extreme Events noise on fishery resources (Lota lota) Affecting Fish Fish cell cultures as a tool for fish Stress in fish. From genes Parasites of fish: physiology research t0 behaviour minor inconvenience Sensing the Environment: or major influence on Fish living on the edge: coping Molecules to Populations - ecophysiology? with extreme environments A celebration of the pioneering Zebra fish work of Arthur D. Hasl

Registration and further information available on the congress website. http://conferencing.uwex.edu/conferences/icbf2012/

140 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org COLUMN President’s Hook Assistant s Continued from page 99 Professors

Advisory Board is working on suggestions to implement a Stony Brook University’s School plan to update and improve our Web services (e.g., Website, of Marine and Atmospheric membership database) based on an evaluation of and recom- Sciences (SoMAS) invites applica- mendations from an independent consultant. Be assured that the tions for three tenure track posi- AFS leadership is conscious of how we can continue to make tions, one in Fisheries Ecology, AFS relevant and valuable to its members. We have a proud and one in Physical Oceanography, rich tradition that we want and need to maintain in the future and one in Atmospheric Sciences, to fulfill our mission to advance sound science, promote pro- to begin as early as Fall 2012. fessional development, and disseminate science-based fisheries The positions are expected to be information for the global protection, conservation, and sustain- filled at the assistant professor ability of fishery resources and aquatic ecosystems. As always, level, but exceptional candidates I welcome your comments and ideas about how we can adapt at other ranks will also be consid- to change. ered. Review of applications will REFERENCES begin on February 15, 2012, and will continue until the Coerver, H., and M. Byers. 2011. Race for relevance: 5 radical changes position is filled. for associations. ASAE: The Center for Association Leadership, More information about these Washington, D. C. positions and SoMAS, including how to apply, Collins, J. P. 2011. A forum for integrating the life sciences. Bioscience 61:935. can be found at www.SoMAS. stonybrook.edu/about/ empopps.html Stony Brook University/SUNY is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 141 To submit upcoming events for inclusion on the AFS web site calendar, send event name, dates, city, state/province, web address, and contact information to [email protected]. CALENDAR (If space is available, events will also be printed in Fisheries magazine.) Fisheries Events More events listed at www.fisheries.org

DATE EVENT LOCATION WEBSITE May 7–11, 2012 6th World Fisheries Congress Edinburgh, Scotland www.6thwfc2012.com

May 14-17, 2012 Washington-British Columbia Chapter Annual Victoria, BC, Canada agm2012.wabc-afs.org General Meeting May 15–May 18, Beyond Borders 2012 Victoria, BC, Canada www.ser.org/sernw/Conference_2012.asp 2012 May 21–25, 2012 Planning and Executing Successful Rotenone and Utah State University, http://www.fisheriessociety.org/rotenone Antimycin Projects Logan, UT May 27–May 31, Canada’s First National Fish and Wildlife Ottawa, ON, Canada www.afs-oc.org/events.htm 2012 Conservation Congress June 5–7, 2012 National Conference on Engineering and Amherst, Massachusetts http://www.umass.edu/tei/conferences/ Ecohydrology for Fish Passage FishPassage July 2-6, 2012 36th Annual Larval Fish Conference Osøyro, Norway www.larvalfishcon.org

July 15–July 19, 10th International Congress on the Biology of Fish Madison, WI conferencing.uwex.edu/conferences/ 2012 icbf2012/index.cfm August 19–23, 142nd Annual Meeting of the American Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN www.afs2012.org 2012 Fisheries Society

The American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in the Twin Cities in 2012 provides a great opportunity for groups to host workshops, alumni gatherings, technical work groups and other meeting in conjunction with the main conference.

To host an event or gathering at Twin Cities 2012 between August 18 to 23, you need to register with conference planners no later than July 6th. Events will be scheduled on a first come, first served basis.

To register and request information contact: Henry Van Offelen, [email protected]

Or visit the AFS2012 website at www.afs2012.org and click “Associated Meetings” for a registration form.

Erratum In the February 2012 issue of Fisheries (vol 37, no 2) we printed a Headliner that highlighted the work of Andy Danylchuk and colleagues on bonefish spawning aggregations. It was an oversight not to indicate that the research project was conducted at the Cape Eleuthera Institute, The Bahamas with funding provided by the Bonefish and Tarpon Trust. In addition, we should have provided the full citation for their paper, which is: Danylchuk, A.J., S.J. Cooke, T.L. Goldberg, C.D. Suski, K.M Murchie, S.E. Danylchuk, A. Shultz, C. Haak, E. Brooks, A. Oronti, J. Koppelman and D.P. Philipp. 2011. Aggregations and offshore movements as indicators of spawning activity of bonefish (Albula vulpes) in The Bahamas. Marine Biology 158:1981-1999. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-011-1707-6). Lastly, the photo credit was incorrect and credit should have been given to Craig Lily- estrom. We apologize to the authors for these errors.

142 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3• March 2012• www.fisheries.org ANNOUNCEMENTS Employers: to list a job opening on the AFS online job center March 2012 Jobs submit a position description, job title, agency/company, city, state, responsibilities, qualifications, salary, closing date, and MS research assistantship contact information (maximum 150 words) to jobs@fisheries. org. Online job announcements will be billed at $350 for 150 SUNY-ESF word increments. Please send billing information. Listings are Student free (150 words or less) for organizations with associate, of- Salary: $18,000, in-state tuition waiver, benefits. ficial, and sustaining memberships, and for individual members, who are faculty members, hiring graduate assistants. if Closing: 4/2 space is available, jobs may also be printed in Fisheries maga- Responsibilities: Determine how structure and species composi- zine, free of additional charge. tion of aquatic vegetation changes during the growing season in the Niagara River, which factors e.g., substrate and flow influence vegetation assemblages, and how vegetation influences fish assemblages. for Fisheries Observers. Successful candidates will collect data for Results are expected to help guide habitat protection and restoration. the National Marine Fisheries Service Pelagic Observer Program, Qualifications: BS in biology, ecology, or fisheries. Competitive Miami, FL aboard commercial fishing vessels. Observers will de- GPA and GRE scores, U.S. Citizenship, and valid driver s license. ploy from fishing ports along the Gulf of Mexico and the east coast. Must have experience working in the field and operating motorized Trips vary in length from 1 to 45 days. Specific tasks include esti- boats, and be willing to work long hours in the water and in inclem- mating species composition of fish caught, retained and discarded. ent weather. Experience with GIS software and aquatic plant and Measure selected portions of catch including incidentally caught fish identification desired. marine mammals, sea birds and sea turtles. Training is scheduled Contact: Email preferred, letter of interest, resume, academic tran- for March 2012. scripts, GRE scores, and contact information for 3 references to: Dr. Qualifications: Qualified individuals must have an AA BS degree Kevin Kapuscinski, SUNY-ESF, 104 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, preferred . A working knowledge of southeastern offshore fishery Syracuse, NY 13210. species is desired. Requires ability to operate Government-owned or Email: [email protected] personally owned vehicles and sampling equipment. Contact: Chad Lefferson, Project Manager. Apply online at www. Research Associate iapws.com. Click on Careers and search for Scientific. Mussel Ecologist Institute of Renewable Natural Link: www.iapws.com. Click on Careers and search for Scientific. Resources, Texas A&M Permanent Program Leader Salary: $38,000 - $55,000/yr, DOE More Meat, Milk and Fish The WorldFish Center Closing: Until filled Professional Salary: TBD Responsibilities: Evaluate distribution and abundance of freshwater mussels in central and east Texas, with particular focus on Closing: Until filled state-listed species. The successful candidate will be responsible for Responsibilities: A unique opportunity has arisen for gifted indi- managing and conducting presence/absence surveys, abundance es- viduals to contribute to the mission of the WorldFish Center. The timates, and habitat utilization surveys. Center seeks an experienced scientist and science manager to lead Qualifications: Preferred M.S. or Ph.D. in biology, fisheries, aquat- our contribution to the newly established CGIAR Research Pro- ic ecology, or closely related field minimum of B.S. and 1-2 years of gram: More Meat, Milk and Fish by and for the Poor. The Program relevant work experience would be considered. Must have experi- goal is to increase productivity of small-scale livestock and fish sys- ence in stream ecology and prior experience sampling aquatic biota. tems so as to increase availability and affordability of animal source Knowledge of freshwater mussels is considered a plus. SCUBA cer- foods for poor consumers and reduce poverty through greater and tification is required prior to start date. more equitable participation by the poor along animal source food value chains. This challenging and exciting global position is based Contact: Submit cover letter, CV, and contact info for three refer- at WorldFish Headquarters in Penang, Malaysia. The appointee is ences to Dr. Charles Randklev. expected to travel and work in the Africa region. He/she will super- Link: https://greatjobs.tamu.edu/applicants/ vise an administrative team and report to the Aquaculture Discipline Central?quickFind=187378 Director. Email: [email protected] Qualifications:PhD or equivalent degree in relevant biological, environmental, economics or social science discipline at least 5 years Fisheries Observers living and working in a developing country setting and experience Pelagic Observer Program IAP World Services, FL in grant management and project management. Permanent Link: http://www.worldfishcenter.org/about-us/jobs Salary: Competitive Email: [email protected] Closing: Until filled Responsibilities: IAP World Services has an excellent opportunity

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 3 • March 2012 • www.fisheries.org 143 AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY APPLICATION FOR COMMITTEE APPOINTMENT

As a small organization, AFS depends on volunteers for many tasks related to the science and the profession. Committees at all levels of the American Fisheries Society (AFS) provide many ideas that shape the future of the Society, and they are excellent avenues for members to begin or continue volunteer service to AFS. We encourage new members to contact their Chapter, Division, and Section officers to volunteer their services. We encourage experienced members, including students, to apply for AFS Committee appointments. (AFS committee terms are considered by the incoming AFS President for appointment starting in September) By volunteering at one or more of these levels, a member gains experience and leadership skills

Please number, in order of priority, no more than two (2) Committees on which you would like to serve:

____ Associate Editor on a Journal ____Hutton Junior Fisheries Biology ____Public Policy Guidance

____ Awards ____Investment ____Publications Overview

____Ballot Tally ____Meetings Overview ____Resolutions

____Board of Professional Certification ____Membership ____Resource Policy

____Continuing Education ____Membership Concerns ____Task Force on Fishery Chemicals

____Endangered Species ____Names of Aquatic Invertebrates ____Time and Place

____Ethics and Professional Conduct ____Names of Fishes ____Web Advisory

____External Affairs ____Program ____Other

____Publications Award ______

I AM NOW SERVING ON THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEE(S): (Please indicate level--Chapter, Division, Section, Society)

......

I HAVE HAD EXPERIENCE ON THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEE(S): (Please indicate level--Chapter, Division, Section, Society)

......

I CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE COMMITTEE(S) INDICATED ABOVE BECAUSE (optional):

......

...... (Continue on back if more space is needed)

NAME: ...... DAYTIME PHONE: ......

ADDRESS: ......

CITY: ...... STATE, ZIP: ......

COUNTRY: ...... FAX: ......

AFS MEMBERSHIP #: ...... E-MAIL: ......

CURRENT EMPLOYER: ...... Self-employed, retired, undergrad, M.S, Ph.D. student, or postdoc at the following university: ......

SIGNATURE: ......

Please complete and return form for consideration to: Unit Services Coordinator American Fisheries Society 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 e-mail: [email protected]

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