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Personal Computers (PC) Computer Architecture ----A Quantitative Approach College of Computer of Zhejiang University CHEN WEN ZHI [email protected] Room 511, CaoGuangBiao BLD 2014/4/13 1 Topics in Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classes of computers 1.3 Defining computer architecture and What’s the task of computer design? 1.4 Trends in Technology 1.5 Trends in power in Integrated circuits 1.6 Trends in Cost 1.7 Dependability 1.8 Measuring, Reporting and summerizing Perf. 1.9 Quantitative Principles of computer Design 1.10 Putting it altogether 2014/4/13 2 Topics in Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classes of computers 1.3 Defining computer architecture and What’s the task of computer design? 1.4 Trends in Technology 1.5 Trends in power in Integrated circuits 1.6 Trends in Cost 1.7 Dependability 1.8 Measuring, Reporting and summerizing Perf. 1.9 Quantitative Principles of computer Design 1.10 Putting it altogether 2014/4/13 3 History of the Computer Original: Big Fishes Eating Little Fishes 2014/4/13 4 Computer Food Chain Mainframe Work- PC Mini- Supercomputer Mini- station supercomputer computer Massively Parallel Processors 2014/4/13 5 Computer Food Chain Mini- Mini- supercomputer computer Massively Parallel Processors Embedded system Mainframe Work- PC Server station Supercomputer 2014/4/13 6 2014/4/13 7 Incredible performance improvement 10000 6505 53645764 4195 2584 20%/year 1779 1267 11/780) 1000 Now 500$ computer with more perf.993 , More MM and - more Disk 649 481 || 280 1985年 1,000,000183 $ computer 100 117 80 51 52%/year 24 18 13 10 9 5 Performance(vs. VAX Performance(vs. 25% /year 1.5 2014/4/13 1 8 1978 1982 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Conclusion 25%: Technological improvements more steady than progress in computer architectrue 52%: After RISC emergence, computer design emphsized both architecutural innovation and efficient use of technology improvments. CA plays an important role in perf. Improvement 20%: little ILP left to exploit due to power dissipation Faster uniprocessor => multiple processor on chip ILP => TLP and DLP Implicity, compiler and hardware => Explicity, programmer 2014/4/13 9 Process ability New Applications MIPS 10,000 Pentium ® IV ® 1,000 Pentium III Pentium ® II 100 Pentium® i486 10 i386 80286 1 8086 0.1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2014/4/13 10 Why Such Change in 60 years? Two reasons: advances in the technology used to build computers IC Strorage device(including RAM and DISK) Peripheral device innovation in computer design. Simplecomplexmost complexsimplecomplexmost complex Sometimes rapid, sometimes slow Many technology have been washed out 2014/4/13 11 Four Decades of microprocessor The Decade of the 1970’s “Microprocessors” - Programmable Controller - Single-Chip Microprocessors - Personal Computers (PC) The Decade of the 1980’s “Quantitative Architecture” - Instruction Pipelining - Fast Cache Memories - Compiler Considerations - Workstations The Decade of the 1990’s “Instruction-Level Parallelism” - Superscalar Processors - Speculative Microarchitectures - Aggressive Code Scheduling - Low-Cost Desktop Supercomputing The Decade of the 2000’s “Thread-level/Data-level parallelism” 2014/4/13 12 Forces on Computer Architecture Parallelism Technology Programming Languages Applications Interface Design Computer Architecture: (ISA) • Instruction Set Design • Organization • Hardware/Software Boundary Compilers Operating Measurement & Systems Evaluation History Computer architecture has been at the core of such 2014/4/13technological development and is still on a forward move 13 Topics in Chapter 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classes of computers 1.3 Defining computer architecture and What’s the task of computer design? 1.4 Trends in Technology 1.5 Trends in power in Integrated circuits 1.6 Trends in Cost 1.7 Dependability 1.8 Measuring, Reporting and summerizing Perf. 1.9 Quantitative Principles of computer Design 1.10 Putting it altogether 2014/4/13 14 Classes of computers •Flynn’s Taxonomy: A classification of computer architectures based on the number of streams of instructions and data 2014/4/13 15 SISD A serial (non-parallel) computer Single instruction: only one instruction stream is being acted on by the CPU during any one clock cycle Single data: only one data stream is being used as input during any one clock cycle Deterministic execution This is the oldest and until recently, the most prevalent form of computer Examples: most PCs, single CPU workstations and mainframes IS IS DS I/O CU PU MU 2014/4/13 16 SIMD A type of parallel computer Single instruction: All processing units execute the same instruction at any given clock cycle Multiple data: Each processing unit can operate on a different data element DS This type of machine typicallyPU1 has an MMinstruction dispatcher, a very highIS -bandwidthIS internal network, and a very large array of very smallCU-capacity instruction units.1 DS Best suited for specializedPUn problems characterizedMM by a high degree of regularity,such as image processing.n Synchronous (lockstep) and deterministic execution Two varieties: Processor Arrays: Connection Machine CM-2, Maspar MP-1, MP-2 Vector Pipelines: IBM 9000, Cray C90, Fujitsu VP, NEC SX-2, Hitachi S820 2014/4/13 17 MISD A single data stream is fed into multiple processing units. Each processing unit operatesDS on the data independently via independent instruction IS streams.CU1 PE1 Few actual… examples of this class of parallelI/O … MM … MM computer… have ever existed1 . One is then experimentalIS Carnegie-Mellon C.mmp computer (1971).CU n PEn DS …… Some conceivable uses might be: multiple frequency filters operating on a single signal stream multiple cryptography algorithms attempting to crack a single coded message. 2014/4/13 18 MIMD Currently, the most common type of parallel computer. Most modern computers fall into this category. Multiple InstructionIS : every processor may be executing a SM different instruction stream Multiple DataIS : every processor may be working with a CU1 PE1 MM1 I/Odifferent data stream Execution… can be synchronous… or asynchronous, deterministic or non-deterministic … IS I/OExamples: most current supercomputers, networked parallel CUn PEn MMn computer "grids" and multi-processor SMP computers - including someIS types of PCs. 2014/4/13 19 Classification-market Mainframe 1960s Embedded system 2000s Mini- Mini- Supercomputer Work- PC Supercomputer Computer 1970s Station 1970s 1970s 1980s-2000s Server Massively Parallel 2000s Processors 2014/4/13 1980s 20 Effect of dramatic perf. growth Enhanced the capability available to computer users. Microprocessor-based computers across the entire range of the computer design. Minicomputer => servers using microprocessors Mainframe => multiprocessors consisting of microprocessors Supercomputer => multiprocessor collections 2014/4/13 21 3 computing markets Feature Desktop Server Embedded Price of $500-$5000 $5000 $10 system -$5,000,000 -$100,000 Price of $50-$500 $200 $0.01 microproces per proc. -$10,000 -$100 sor module per proc. per proc. Critical Price-perf. Throughput, Price, Power system Graphics availability, consumptio design perf. scalability n,applicatio issues n-specific 2014/4/13 perf. 22 Desktop Computing The first, and still the largest market in dollar terms, is desktop computing. Requirement: Optimized price-performance New challenges: Web-centric, interactive application How to evaluate performance ? 2014/4/13 23 Servers The role of servers to provide larger scale and more reliable file and computing services grew. For servers, different characteristics are important. First, dependability is critical. A second key feature of server systems is an emphasis on scalability. Lastly, servers are designed for efficient throughput. 2014/4/13 24 Embedded Computers The fastest growing portion of the computer market. 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit Real time performance (soft & hard) Strict resource constraints limited memory size, lower power consumption,... The use of processor cores together with application-specific circuitry. DSP, mobile computing, mobile phone, Digital TV 2014/4/13 25 Widest spread of power and cost 8-bit, 16bit microprocessor / one dime 32-bit 100M instructions per sec. /5$ 32-bit, 1 billion instr. per sec. / 100$ 2014/4/13 26 Retail POS Thin Clients Set-Top-Box Gateway/Media Store Network Devices Intel® Architecture Intel® XScale™ Kiosk/ATM Game Platforms Office Industrial Automation Automation 2014/4/13 27 What we need to design for this computing market ? What a computer Architecture designer need to know ? 2014/4/13 28 Topics in Chapter 1.1 Why take this course ? 1.2 Classes of computers in current computer market 1.3 Defining computer architecture and What’s the task of computer design? 1.4 Trends in Technology 1.5 Trends in power in Integrated circuits 1.6 Trends in Cost 1.7 Dependability 1.8 Measuring, Reporting and summerizing Perf. 1.9 Quantitative Principles of computer Design 1.10 Putting it altogether 2014/4/13 29 What computer architecture is all about What are the components of a computer? How to effectively put together the various components 2014/4/13 30 Original Concept of Computer architecture The attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964 2014/4/13 31 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Applications Operating System Compiler
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