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Premeny Ústavného Práva Kontinuita a Diskontinuita Zborník Z Medzinárodnej Vedeckej Konferencie, Konanej Dňa 25

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Premeny Ústavného Práva Kontinuita a Diskontinuita Zborník Z Medzinárodnej Vedeckej Konferencie, Konanej Dňa 25 Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave Právnická fakulta Katedra právnych dejín Štúdie k právnym dejinám zv. 1 Premeny ústavného práva Kontinuita a diskontinuita Zborník z medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie, konanej dňa 25. 9. 2014 v Bratislave Eds. Miroslav Lysý – Michal Považan Atticum Bratislava 2014 Premeny ústavného práva – kontinuita a diskontinuita : zborník z medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie, konanej dňa 25. 9. 2014 v Bratislave / eds. Miroslav Lysý - Michal Považan. – 1. vyd. – Bratislava : Atticum, 2014. – 286 s. (Štúdie k právnym dejinám ; zv. 1) ISBN 978-80-89758-00-5 34(091) * (4 – 191.2) * 32(092) právne dejiny – stredná Európa politické dejiny Recenzenti: Doc. JUDr. Jiří Bílý, PhD. Doc. PaeDr. JCDr. Róbert Brtko, CSc. Táto práca bola podporovaná Agentúrou pre podporu výskumu a vývoja na základe zmluvy č. APVV-0607-10. © Atticum 2014 © Karolina Adamová, Bolesław Banaszkiewicz, Monika Forejtová, Branislav Fridrich, Tomáš Gábriš, Milan Hodás, Oleksandr Yuriiovich Ivanov, Alexandra Letková, Antonín Lojek, Miroslav Lysý, Ivanna Matselyukh, Maria Ivanivna Miroshnichenko, Peter Mulík, Dušan Nikodým, Michal Považan, Karel Schelle, Martin Skaloš, Ján Štefanica, Iulianna Tsvietkova, Petro Zakharchenko OBSAH Úvod ................................................................................................................................... 5 KAROLINA ADAMOVÁ – ANTONÍN LOJEK Principy veřejné žaloby v období první republiky ..................................................... 7 BOLESŁAW BANASZKIEWICZ Ústavněprávní diskontinuita přechodu od Druhé republiky k Lidovému Polsku ........................................................................................................................................... 19 MONIKA FOREJTOVÁ Materiální ohnisko ústavy – evropské poohlédnutí ................................................ 37 BRANISLAV FRIDRICH Premeny justičných práv v ústavnej teórii a praxi – zásada kontradiktórnosti z pohľadu právneho hodnotenia z podnetu súdu ................................................... 57 TOMÁŠ GÁBRIŠ Revolučné akty a (dis)kontinuita z pohľadu teórie práva a dejín práva .............. 71 MILAN HODÁS Premeny ústavného práva v kontexte členstva v Európskej únii ........................ 93 OLEKSANDR YURIIOVICH IVANOV Crimean Tatar Ethnos Legal Status Genesis ......................................................... 113 ALEXANDRA LETKOVÁ Ústavnoprávne aspekty dualizmu v retribučnom zákonodarstve na území Československej republiky ......................................................................................... 119 MIROSLAV LYSÝ Slovenský štát ako pokračovanie Veľkej Moravy. Pokus o hľadanie historického predchodcu ................................................................................................................... 139 IVANNA MATSELYUKH Constitutional and legal status of Pidkarpatska Rus in the structure of Czechoslovakia............................................................................................................. 149 MARIA IVANIVNA MIROSHNICHENKO Functional Integrity of Legal System as Scientific Research Subject ................ 167 PETER MULÍK Podoby slovenskej štátnosti z pohľadu národnej emancipácie Slovákov ........ 173 DUŠAN NIKODÝM Ústavná legislatíva a otvorené problémy ................................................................ 193 MICHAL POVAŽAN Tukov návrh autonómie Slovenska ......................................................................... 205 KAREL SCHELLE Transformation of the Prosecution after 1948 ...................................................... 219 MARTIN SKALOŠ Vznik a vývoj Slovenskej národnej rady a jej miesto v ústavnom systéme Československa ............................................................................................................ 229 JÁN ŠTEFANICA Vývoj koncepcií štátoprávneho postavenia Slovenska v Československej republike z pohľadu trenčiansko-teplického zjazdu mladej slovenskej generácie v roku 1932 ................................................................................................................... 245 IULIANNA TSVIETKOVA Forms of Government in Ukraine: evolution, regional specifics, attitude....... 257 PETRO ZAKHARCHENKO Political and legal expertise of annexation of the territories of autonomous republic of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014. ....................................... 285 ÚVOD Zborník Premeny ústavného práva je jeden zo záverečných výstupov projektu APVV „Kontinuita a diskontinuita práva na Sloven- sku v 20. storočí a jej vplyv na právny poriadok SR“. Predstavuje tak sumarizáciu rôznych pohľadov na vývoj ústavného práva. Ústavné právo, regulujúce v štáte právne normy s najvyššou právnou silou, možno oprávnene pokladať za korunu právnych odvet- ví. Od platnosti základných noriem (ústav, ohniskových noriem) závisí platnosť ostatných noriem. Ak aj text ústavy zdanlivo nie je treba kaž- dodenne aplikovať v bežnom živote občana štátu, predsa od neho závisí platnosť ostatných zákonov, vplývajúce na každodennosť obyva- teľa štátu a občana. Okrem toho, že ústavné normy poskytujú zdroj platnosti, tak ich znenie, výklad a ústavná prax determinujú charakter štátu (resp. jeho formu) a spoločnosti. V tomto zmysle je nanajvýš dôležité upozorniť, že politické premeny v strednej Európe sa viac odzrkadľujú v premenách ústavné- ho práva v porovnaní s ostatnými právnymi odvetviami. Výraznejšiu zmenu pre tieto právne odvetvia predstavovalo samozrejme obdobie rokov 1948 – 1989, menej sa však prejavilo v prelomoch rokoch 1918, 1938, či 1945. Tým sa ústavné právo stáva citlivejšie na zmeny, prejavu- je väčšiu mieru diskontinuity. Tento záver by sme samozrejme mohli potvrdiť aj tým, keby sme porovnali počet ústav platných na území Slovenska v 19. a v 20. storočí s počtom trestných či občianskych zá- konníkov za rovnaké obdobie. Ústavné právo je teda lakmusovým papierikom zmien v spoločnosti. Nemožno ho skúmať len ako súbor článkov ústavy a ústavných zákonov, doplnený azda aj o nálezy ústavného súdu. Po- zornosť je potrebné venovať aj dynamike ústavných zmien v podobe porovnávania súčasného stavu s minulosťou, ktorá ústavnému právu (analogicky aj všetkým ostatným právnym odvetviam) dodáva ďalší rozmer. Rovnako inšpiratívny je pohľad na ústavnú prax, teda praktic- 5 Štúdie k právnym dejinám, zv. 1 kú aplikáciu ústavných noriem prostredníctvom konania ústavných inštitúcií, ktorá môže (a nemusí) dodať ústavnému textu nový zmysel. Príspevky v tomto zborníku sa pokúšajú na niektoré tieto vý- zvy odpovedať. 25. septembra 2014 sa na túto tému zišli odborníci z ústavného práva, právnych dejín a dejín strednej Európy zo Sloven- ska, Českej republiky, Chorvátska, Poľska a Ukrajiny. Zborník ukazuje, že rovnaké problémy strednej a východnej Európy môžu generovať odlišné riešenia, ktoré sú nepochybne odrazom rôznorodosti právnych kultúr a odlišností historického vývoja. Môžu tiež byť odrazom toho, že podobný cieľ (napr. dosiahnutie vlastného štátu) sa dial v iných obdobiach, inými metódami, s inou argumentáciou, či v inom medziná- rodnoprávnom prostredí. Akokoľvek je možné pokladať tieto rozdiely za prejav európskej rozmanitosti až nejednoty, najlepším spôsobom ako sa s týmito rozdielmi vyrovnať, je pokúsiť sa ich pochopiť. Editori PRINCIPY VEŘEJNÉ ŽALOBY V OBDOBÍ PRVNÍ REPUBLIKY Karolina Adamová – Antonín Lojek Abstrakt: Veřejná obžaloba a principy její organizace a kompetence v Československu po roce 1918 stála zejména na recipovaném trestní řádu č.119/ 1873 ř.z. Ovlivněna byla i základním zákonem o moci soudcovské č. 144/1867 ř.z., který byl součástí prosincové ústavy. K základním principům výstavby orgánů veřejné žaloby - prokurátorů a státních zástupců - patřily organizační jednotnost, monokratičnost, žaloba byla postavena na zásadě obža- lovací a dále pak nezávislost na soudní soustavě, u které byla vybudována. Dalšími principy byly subordinace, oportunita - tedy vhodnost trestního stíhání, principy devoluční a substituční. Činnost prokurátorů a státních zástupců spočívala na zásadě legality, tedy důsledného dodržování ústavy a zákonů. Principy veřejné žaloby z období první republiky spatřujeme v podstatě i v organizačním uspořádání, kompetenci a vztahových vazbách k justici i v současné České republice. I z toho důvodu je velmi inspirující věnovat pozornost vývoji veřejné žaloby v období první ČSR. Klíčová slova: veřejná žaloba, trestní řád č. 119/1873 ř. z., zásada obžalovací, zásada legality, princip subordinace, devoluční princip, substituční princip. Abstract: Public prosecution and principles of its organization and competen- ces in Czechoslovakia after 1918 were based namely on the reception Criminal Code Act No.119/1873 RGBl but also influenced by the fundamental act on judicial power No. 144/1867 RGBl which made part of the December Consti- tution. The key principles of the public prosecution bodies creation – the prosecutors and state attorney – included unity in organization, monocracy, action based on formal accusation, and also independence from the judiciary upon which it was created. Other principles were subordination, opportunity, i.e. appropriateness of criminal prosecution, devolution and substitution prin- ciples. Activities of prosecutors and state attorneys were based on the principles of legality, i.e. consistent observance of the constitution and laws. Principles of public prosecution coming from the time of the first republic are seen both in substance and organization structure, competences and relationship bonds towards the justice system in the contemporary
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