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Women Writers : Their Works and Ways z^3^ 1/ Oi'^ \c\'^ •? WOMEN WRITERS, BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 1. Marriage Bonds ; or, Christian Hazell's Married Life. 2. The Flynns of Flynnville. 3. Dr. Belton's Daughters. WARD, LOCK, AND BOWDEN, Limited. ELIZABETH CLEGHORN GASKELL. Born 2C)th September, i8io; Died \2th November, 1865. WOMEN WRITERS THEIR WORKS AND WAYS, SECOND SERIES. CATHERINE J. HAMILTON, AUTHOR OF 'marriage bonds," "the flynns of flynnville," "dk. bef-ton's daughters," &c. " What good is like to this, To do worthy the writing, and to write " Worthy the reading, and the world's delight ? WARD, LOCK, & BOWDEN, LIMITED, LONDON: WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.G. NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, AND SYDNEY. 1893. (All rights reserved.) PREFACE. The First Series of Women Writers : their Works and Ways has been so favourably received that I am encouraged to offer the Second Series, in the hope that it may be found equally interesting. My object is the same—to give the life-stories of some celebrated authoresses, to tell how they gained success, and how they enjoyed it. As we advance farther into the nineteenth century, we do not find that gaiety, that intense joy of living which are so characteristic of Fanny Burney and Lady Morgan. Our women writers have become less amusing ; they are terribly in earnest, much impressed with the seriousness of life, and with difficult social problems. I am well aware that many notable names have been unavoidably left out, so many that, in course of time, it may be necessary to add a Third Series of Women Writers : their Works and Ways. I have taken great pains to ascertain correct dates. In almost all the short biographical notices of Mrs. Hemans the date of her birth is given as 1794, on the sole authority of Mr. W. F. Chorley, who only knew her during the later years of her life. Her sister, Mrs. Hughes, in her memoir of Mrs. Hemans, says distinctly 1793. She had the best opportunity of knowing, as the sisters were brought up together, so her authority seems to me quite conclusive. The difference between the ages of Robert and Elizabeth vi PREFACE. Browning is usually said to be six years, but as he was born in 1 812, and she, according to the best authorities, in 1809, the difference in their ages could only be three years. I am deeply indebted to Miss Gaskell, not only for revising my sketch of her mother, but also for several valuable »otes. She has also entirely re-written the trans- lation of her letter to Madame Mohl about the Lancashire distress. Our knowledge of Mrs. Gaskell's private life has hitherto been so very scanty that I am glad to be able to offer this slight but, I am glad to say, thoroughly accurate account of one of our best and purest women writers. Miss Gaskell has also most kindly allowed me to reproduce Richmond's portrait of Mrs. Gaskell, which is the best likeness that exists. I am much indebted to Mr. Cross for allowing the portrait in his second volume of The Life of George Eliot to be copied. From his interesting book I have gleaned most of the information about George Eliot and her works. From the Life^ Letters^ and Journals of Louisa Alcott, edited by Ednah D. Cheney, the information about the author of Little Women has been chiefly collected. I am under deep obligations to Miss Helen Blackburn, editor of the Englishwomen^s Review^ for lending an en- graving of Hayter's picture of the Hon. Mrs. Norton, from which the likeness in this volume has been taken. She has also lent Richmond's portrait of Harriet Martineau, and has supplied many useful hints about the other portraits. — — — —— — CONTENTS. •*•• PAGE Mrs. Hemans (1793-1835) 1-23 Birth at Liverpool—Childhood at Gwrych—Early love of reading and marvellous memory— Bronwylfa — Conway Castle Early Blossoms—Meets Captain Hemans—Marriage—Dislike to Daven- try—Birth of her son, Arthur—Return to Bronwylfa—Prize Poem — Vespers of Palermo—Siege of Valencia— The Forest Sanctuary —Rhyllon Records of Woman— Settles at Wavertree—Visit to Abbotsford—At " The Dove's Nest "—Wordsworth—Goes to Dublin—Declining health—Death. II. Mrs. Jameson (i 794-1 860) 24-43 Four little girls—Hiding in a clock-case—Superstitious fears Running away—Girlhood —Engagement with Mr. Jameson Governessing in Italy—Marriage with Mr. Jameson Diary of an EnnuySe— Characteristics of Women—Visit to Weimar—Goes to Canada—Return Sacred andLegendary Art—At Rome Legends of the Madonna—In England again—Death. III. Fredrika Bremer (1801-1865) . 44-71 Bom in Finland—The Bremers go to Stockholm— Strict discipline " —The old house at Arsta— •• The Ugly Duckling —Poems and — — —— — — —^ viii CONTENTS. PAGE practical jokes—"The gay, good, and handsome lieutenant" An imprisoned spirit—Sketches of everyday life The H Family— The Home— The Neighbours—Visit to America Hertha —Nathaniel^ Hawthorne—A tea-table in Rome—Margaret Hewitt —Death at Arsta. IV. Harriet Martineau (i 802-1 876) . 72-95 Birth at Norwich—"Dull, unobservant, slow, and awkward" At school in Bristol—Deafness begins—" V " of Norwich—Writes Penny Stories for Houlston—Three Prize Essays—A rift in the clouds—Success of Political Economy tales Green glass bottles soap and sweets I—Deerbrook— The Hour and the Man— The Crofton Boys—The Knoll—Writes leaders for the Daily News— Visits from George Eliot and James Payn—Death. V. Letitia Elizabeth Landon (Mrs. Maclean) (1802-1838) 96-120 Birth at Hans Place—The laurel-tree—Trevor Park—Affection for her nurse—At Old Brompton —The poetess of love—Death of her father—Miss Spence's literary reunions— The Improvisatrice —Cruel attacks The Troubadour— The Golden Violet—Romance and Reality—Francesca Carran—Rupture of her engagement with Mr. Forster—Marriage with Mr. Maclean—Tragic death at Cape Coast Castle. VI. Honourable Mrs. Norton (Lady Stirling-Max- well) (1808-1877) . „ 121-141 Birth— r>^^ Dandies' Rout—The Three Graces—At a Ball at Almack's—Sings duets with Moore—Marriage to Hon. George Norton—A bunch of beautiful creatures—Editor and contributor to Annuals — Her three sons The Undying One—Unhappy married life—Separation from Mr. Norton The Dream—Stuart — — — — — ——A CONTENTS. ix PAGE ofDunleath— The Lady of La Garaye—Lost and Saved— Old Sir Douglas—At Lansdowne House—Second marriage with Sir W. Stirling- Maxwell—Death. VII. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (i 809-1861) . 142-165 Birth—Childhood at Yio^^Y^Vidi— The Battle of Marathon—T)^z!Cci of her mother—Life in London—Intimacy with Miss Mitford A Drama of Exile—Her brother is drowned—Illness—Great success of her poems Lady Geraldine^s Courtship—Acquaintance and marriage with Robert Browning Casa Guidi Windows—Birth of her son Aurora Lei<rh—Death. VIII. Mrs. Gaskell (1810-1865) 166-189 * " Birth at Chelsea—A ' little motherless bairn —Is taken to Knutsford—Early impressions, afterwards reproduced in Cranford —School life at Stratford-on-Avon—Marriage with Mr. Gaskell Letter to William Howitt about Clopton Hall—Death of her son —Begins Mary Barton—Success —Admiration of Charles Dickens for Mary ^dtr/^w—Acquaintance with Charlotte Bronte Ruth— Cranford—Life of Charlotte Bronte—Manchester distress Sylvia^s Levers — Wives and Daughters—Sudden death at Holy- bourne. IX. Charlotte BRONxii (18 16-185 5) . 190-215 Birth—Eccentricities of Mr. Bronte—Cowan Bridge—Round the kitchen fire—At Roe Head—An excursion to Bolton Abbey— governess—At Brussels—Poems by Ellis, Currer, and Acton Bell — The Professor—fane Eyre—Death of Emily Shirley— Villctte —Marriage with Mr. Nicholls—Death. — — — —— — — X CONTENTS, X. PAGE George Eliot (Mary Annk Cross) (1819-1880) 216-253 Birth at Arbury Farm—Griff House and its surroundings—Brother and sister—Fishing in the canal—At school at Nuneaton and Coventry — Housekeeping — Constant depression — Removes to Foleshill—Intimacy with the Brays—Influence of Miss Uennell Translates Strauss's Leben Jesus—Death of her father—At Geneva —Rosehill—Work on the Westminster Review—Meets Mr. Lev/es —A winter in Germany—Begins The Sad Story of the Rev. Amos Barton—Janefs Repentance—Adam Bede— The Mill on the Floss —Silas Marner—Felix Holt— The Spanish Gypsy—Middlemarch —Daniel Deronda—Death of Mr. Lewes—Marriage with Mr. Cross—Death. XI. Adelaide Anne Procter (1825-1864) . 254-267 Birth at Bedford Square—" Barry Cornwall " —"Golden-tressM Adelaide"—Contributor to Household Words as "Miss Mary Berwick"—Goes to Italy—The truth comes out—Two voices — Legends and Lyrics—" A little changeling spirit " Victoria Regia —Illness and death. XII. Louisa May Alcott (i 832-1 888) . 268-296 Birth at Germantown—Boston—A birthday party—A friendly dog —A cottage at Concord—Plays in the barn—Fruitlands—Concord again Flower Fables—A room in a Boston attic—Hospital nursing — Hospital Sketches — Moods — First visit to Europe — The Pathetic Family Little Women— Good Wives—An Old- fashioned Girl—Second visit to Europe—Rome Little Men— Eight Cousins—Rose in Bloom—Death of Mrs. Alcott Under the Lilacs—"My baby" Lulu's Library—Death. FELICIA HEMANS. i6tH, 1835. BORN SEPTEMBER 25TH, 1793 ; DIED MAY — — — — WOMEN WRITERS: THEIR WORKS AND WAYS, SECOND SERIES. MRS, HEMANS, 1793-1835- Birth at Liverpool—Childhood at Gwrych—Early love of reading and marvellous memory—Bronwylfa—Conway Castle Early Blossoms— Meets Captain Hemans—Marriage—Dislike to Daventry—Birth of her son, Arthur — Return to Bronwylfa — Prize Poem Vespers of Palermo—Siege of Valencia— The Forest Sanctuary—Rhyllon Records of Woman— Settles at Wavertree—Visit to Abbotsford—At " The Dove's Nest"—Wordsworth—Goes to Dublin—Declining health Death. ARE the poems of Mrs. Hemans quite forgotten ? Are they never read ? We often hear that this is the case, but some obstinate facts seem to tell us the contrary.
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