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Version Finale UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme d’études approfondies (DEA) Option : Palynologie appliquée Etude pollinique d’Adansonia malgache et caractérisation écologique des habitats de trois espèces (A. rubrostipa, A. za et A. grandidieri) du Sud Ouest Présenté par RASOAMANANA Noromalala Elysée (Maîtres es sciences) Soutenu publiquement à Antananarivo, le 08 Septembre 2009 devant la commission d’examen composée de Président : Pr. RAMAVOVOLOLONA Rapporteurs : Dr. RAMAMONJISOA RALALAHARISOA Examinateur : Dr. ROGER Edmond Pr. FARAMALALA Miadana Harisoa Dr. DANTHU Pascal MADES Etude pollinique d’Adansonia malgache et caractérisation écologique des habitats de trois espèces (A. rubrostipa, A. za et A. grandidieri) du Sud Ouest par RASOAMANANA Noromalala Elysée 1 2 3 Photos de couverture par RASOAMANANA (2008) : 1- Fleur d’Adansonia grandieri 2- Adansonia grandidieri dans son habitat 3- Pollen d’Adansonia grandidieri ii « Tsara ny mialoka amin’i Jehovah » Salamo 118: 8a « Tsara ny matoky an’i Jehovah » Salamo 118 : 9a iii Remerciements Béni soit le Seigneur pour sa bienveillance. Ce travail est le fruit d’une collaboration étroite entre le Département Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de la Faculté des Sciences (DBEV), de l’Université d’Antananarivo et la Coopération Internationale de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD). Il a bénéficié de l’appui financier de Madagascar Enseignant (MADES). Au terme de ce travail, je tiens à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à toutes les personnes et Institutions qui ont contribué à sa réalisation. Professeur RAMAVOVOLOLONA, Responsable du laboratoire de Palynologie. Sa rigueur scientifique et son exigence m’ont permis de préparer au mieux ce document. Qu’elle veuille bien trouver ici le témoignage de ma profonde gratitude. Docteur RAMAMONJISOA RALALAHARISOA, Maître de Conférences, a assuré l’encadrement scientifique et technique de ce travail. Je lui en suis sincèrement reconnaissante. Professeur FARAMALALA Miadana Harisoa nous a fait un grand honneur en acceptant d’examiner ce document. Docteur ROGER Edmond, Maître de Conférences, a constamment suivi le déroulement de mes travaux, est intervenu aux moments opportuns. Malgré ses nombreuses occupations, il a accepté de siéger parmi les membres du jury. Qu’il veuille accepter mes remerciements. Docteur DANTHU Pascal, Directeur du CIRAD Madagascar m’a accueilli dans l’équipe « Baobab » et a porté un intérêt particulier à ce travail. Il nous a fait l’honneur de siéger parmi les examinateurs malgré ses occupations. J’exprime ma gratitude envers l’équipe du CIRAD qui nous a rapporté des échantillons d’anthères lors de nombreux séjours sur le terrain ; RAZANAMEHARIZAKA Juvet n’a pas hésité à partager ses connaissances et ses résultats sur les baobabs avec nous. Je suis vivement reconnaissante aux étudiants de l’équipe « Baobab » pour leur collaboration et spécialement à RAZANAMARO Onja, ma « partenaire- fleur » qui a partagé avec nous les jours difficiles sur le terrain ; malgré ses innombrables tâches, elle a bien voulu récolter des échantillons d’anthères pour nous. J’exprime également ma reconnaissance envers RANIRISON Amadou qui m’a fait part de son aide lors de notre descente sur le terrain iv et ANDRIAHARIMALALA Tahiana qui m’a offert une aide précieuse dans l’élaboration des cartes et dans les traitements statistiques des données. Mes remerciements à tous les étudiants de Palynologie et ceux de la promotion « Kolo-ala », particulièrement RASOAZANANY Haingo et RANDRIANARIVELO Herisoa pour leur soutien et l’aimable attention dont elles nous ont fait part. A tous les paraécologistes et toutes personnes qui nous ont offert leur hospitalité pendant les descentes sur le terrain. Je ne saurais terminer sans rendre hommage au regretté RAMIANDRISOA Lalao, technicien de laboratoire au sein du DBEV qui fut notre assistant de terrain. Enfin et non les moindres, un grand merci à tous les membres de ma famille auxquels je dédie ce livre pour leurs amours, encouragements et soutiens permanents depuis toujours et pour toujours. J’adresse ici toute ma gratitude envers toute personne, de près ou de loin, qui m’a aidé à réaliser ce travail. v SOMMAIRE LISTE DES FIGURES..................................................................................................................................X LISTE DES TABLEAUX.............................................................................................................................XI LISTE DES CARTES...................................................................................................................................XI LISTE DES PHOTOS..................................................................................................................................XI LISTE DES ANNEXES...............................................................................................................................XII LISTE DES PLANCHES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES....................................................................................XII INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1 PREMIERE PARTIE : LE GENRE ADANSONIA .............................................................................3 I. ORIGINE PHYTOGEOGRAPHIQUE......................................................................................................4 II- CONSIDERATIONS SYSTEMATIQUES...............................................................................................4 II-1 EVOLUTION DE LA SYSTEMATIQUE ..........................................................................................................4 II-2 POSITION SYSTEMATIQUE .......................................................................................................................5 II-3 DESCRIPTION DE LA FAMILLE..................................................................................................................6 II-4 DESCRIPTION DU GENRE .........................................................................................................................7 II-5 DESCRIPTION DES ESPECES.....................................................................................................................8 II-5-1 Section Brevitubae.........................................................................................................................8 II-5-1-1 Adansonia suarezensis...............................................................................8 II-5-1-2 Adansonia grandidieri ...............................................................................9 II-5-2 Section Longitubae........................................................................................................................9 II-5-2-1 Adansonia madagascariensis...................................................................10 II-5-2-2 Adansonia perrieri...................................................................................10 II-5-2-3 Adansonia za ...........................................................................................11 II-5-2-4 Adansonia rubrostipa ..............................................................................11 III. AIRE DE REPARTITION A MADAGASCAR....................................................................................14 III- 1 ESPECES A REPARTITION ETROITE........................................................................................................14 III-2 ESPECES A LARGE REPARTITION ...........................................................................................................15 DEUXIEME PARTIE : CARACTERISATION ECOLOGIQUE DES HABITATS DANS LE SUD OUEST..............................................................................................................................................18 CHAPITRE I : MILIEU D’ETUDE.............................................................................................................19 I- CLIMAT...................................................................................................................................................19 I-1 TEMPERATURE ......................................................................................................................................19 I-2 PLUVIOMETRIE ......................................................................................................................................19 I-3 BIOCLIMAT ...........................................................................................................................................20 II- SOLS ET VEGETATIONS.....................................................................................................................20 II-1 SOLS....................................................................................................................................................20 II-2 FLORE ET VEGETATION .........................................................................................................................20 CHAPITRE II : MATERIELS ET METHODES........................................................................................21 I- CHOIX ET LOCALISATION DES SITES D’ETUDE............................................................................21 vi II- MONTAGE DES PARCELLES PERMANENTES DE SUIVIS (PPS).................................................23 II-1 OBJECTIFS............................................................................................................................................23
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