Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

EPA Referral Supporting Document

Prepared for Main Roads Western Australia by Strategen

August 2018

Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

EPA Referral Supporting Document

Strategen is a trading name of Strategen Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Level 1, 50 Subiaco Square Road Subiaco WA 6008 ACN: 056 190 419

August 2018 Limitations Scope of services This report (“the report”) has been prepared by Strategen Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd (Strategen) in accordance with the scope of services set out in the contract, or as otherwise agreed, between the Client and Strategen. In some circumstances, a range of factors such as time, budget, access and/or site disturbance constraints may have limited the scope of services. This report is strictly limited to the matters stated in it and is not to be read as extending, by implication, to any other matter in connection with the matters addressed in it. Reliance on data In preparing the report, Strategen has relied upon data and other information provided by the Client and other individuals and organisations, most of which are referred to in the report (“the data”). Except as otherwise expressly stated in the report, Strategen has not verified the accuracy or completeness of the data. To the extent that the statements, opinions, facts, information, conclusions and/or recommendations in the report (“conclusions”) are based in whole or part on the data, those conclusions are contingent upon the accuracy and completeness of the data. Strategen has also not attempted to determine whether any material matter has been omitted from the data. Strategen will not be liable in relation to incorrect conclusions should any data, information or condition be incorrect or have been concealed, withheld, misrepresented or otherwise not fully disclosed to Strategen. The making of any assumption does not imply that Strategen has made any enquiry to verify the correctness of that assumption. The report is based on conditions encountered and information received at the time of preparation of this report or the time that site investigations were carried out. Strategen disclaims responsibility for any changes that may have occurred after this time. This report and any legal issues arising from it are governed by and construed in accordance with the law of Western Australia as at the date of this report. Environmental conclusions Within the limitations imposed by the scope of services, the preparation of this report has been undertaken and performed in a professional manner, in accordance with generally accepted environmental consulting practices. No other warranty, whether express or implied, is made.

Client: Main Roads Western Australia Revision Strategen Submitted to Client Report Version Purpose No. author/reviewer Form Date Draft Report A Client review C Turner/ H Morgan, T Word 17/07/2018 Bowra Revised Draft Report B Client review H Morgan, T Bowra Word 26/07/2018 Final Draft Report C Client approval H Morgan Word 20/08/2018 Final Report 0 For submission to H Morgan PDF 22/08/2018 EPA Filename: MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 - 22 August 2018 Table of Contents

Table of contents 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Purpose and scope 6 1.2 Proponent 6 1.3 Environmental impact assessment process 8 1.4 Other approvals and regulation 8 2. Proposal 9 2.1 Background and justification 9 2.2 Description of Proposal 9 2.2.1 Key Proposal Characteristics 9 2.2.2 Proposal design 9 2.2.3 Proposal construction 11 2.3 Local and regional context 11 3. Stakeholder engagement 14 3.1 Key stakeholders 14 3.2 Stakeholder engagement process 14 3.3 Stakeholder consultation 14 4. Environmental principles and factors 19 4.1 Principles 19 4.2 Key environmental factor 1 – flora and vegetation 20 4.2.1 EPA objectives 20 4.2.2 EPA policy and guidelines 20 4.2.3 Receiving environment 20 4.2.4 Potential impacts 25 4.2.5 Assessment of impacts 26 4.2.6 Mitigation 26 4.2.7 Predicted outcome 27 4.3 Key environmental factor 2 – Terrestrial Environmental Quality 27 4.3.1 EPA objective 27 4.3.2 EPA policy and guidelines 27 4.3.3 Receiving environment 27 4.3.4 Potential impacts 29 4.3.5 Assessment of impacts 29 4.3.6 Mitigation 30 4.3.7 Predicted outcome 30 4.4 Key environmental factor 3 – Terrestrial Fauna 30 4.4.1 EPA objective 30 4.4.2 EPA policy and guidelines 30 4.4.3 Receiving environment 30 4.4.4 Potential impacts 37 4.4.5 Assessment of impacts 37 4.4.6 Mitigation 38 4.4.7 Predicted outcome 38 4.5 Key environmental factor 4 – Inland Waters 38 4.5.1 EPA objective 38 4.5.2 EPA policy and guidelines 38 4.5.3 Receiving environment 38 4.5.4 Potential impacts 42 4.5.5 Assessment of impacts 42 4.5.6 Mitigation 42 4.5.7 Predicted outcome 43 4.6 Key environmental factor 5 – Social Surroundings 43 4.6.1 EPA objective 43 4.6.2 EPA policy and guidelines 43 4.6.3 Receiving environment 43 4.6.4 Potential impacts 44 4.6.5 Assessment of impacts 47 4.6.6 Mitigation 52 4.6.7 Predicted outcome 53 5. Other environmental factors or matters 54

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6. References 55

List of tables

Table 1: Proponent and key contact details 6 Table 2: Other approvals and regulation 8 Table 3: Proposal summary table 9 Table 4: Justification of avoiding, minimising, mitigating and managing clearing impacts 10 Table 5: Summary of Stakeholder consultation 15 Table 5: EP Act principles 19 Table 6: Extent of Bassendean Complex central and south 20 Table 7: Vegetation Types surveyed in Development Envelope 21 Table 8: Vegetation condition surveyed in Development Envelope 22 Table 9: Conservation significant species Likely to occur 31 Table 10: Fauna habitats types within the DE 31 Table 11: Black cockatoo foraging / roosting habitat quality 35 Table 12: Geomorphic wetlands within DE 39 Table 13: Noise level objective limits 47 Table 14: Noise assessment summary – number of properties subject to exceedance of SPP 5.4 criteria 48 Table 15: Assessment of other environmental factors 54

List of figures

Figure 1: Proposal Development Envelope 7 Figure 2: Regional context 13 Figure 3: Vegetation types, ecological communities and conservation flora 23 Figure 4: Vegetation condition 24 Figure 5: Acid sulfate soils 28 Figure 6: Fauna habitat 33 Figure 7: Black cockatoo habitat 34 Figure 8: Black Cockatoo habitat – regional context 36 Figure 9: Geomorphic wetlands 40 Figure 10: Priority Drinking Water Source Areas and Wellhead Protection Zone 41 Figure 11: Aboriginal and European heritage 45 Figure 12: Topography 46 Figure 13: Visual cross-section C near Solomon Road (Option A only – Option B duck and dive) 49 Figure 14: Visual cross-section B midway between Solomon Road and Tapper Road (Option A only – Option B at grade) 50 Figure 15: Visual cross section C near Tapper Road (Options A and B) 50

List of appendices

All appendices are submitted in electronic form. Appendix 1 List of Properties within Development Envelope Appendix 2 Concept Design Drawings Appendix 3 Communications and Stakeholder Engagement Strategy / Tracker Appendix 4: Project Environmental Management Plan Appendix 5 Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey Appendix 6 Acid Sulfate Soil Investigation Report Appendix 7 Level 1 Fauna and Black Cockatoo Survey Appendix 8 Addendum Black Cockatoo Assessment Appendix 9 Noise Assessment Report

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Executive Summary

Main Roads Western Australia (Main Roads) are proposing to upgrade sections of Armadale Road and the Kwinana Freeway in the City of Cockburn (the Proposal). The Proposal is to realign and extend Armadale Road from Solomon Road to North Lake Road; duplicate and upgrade intersections along Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Ghostgum Avenue; construct a southbound collector distributor road along the Kwinana Freeway between Berrigan Drive and Armadale Road; and construct a new bridge and on/off ramps over Kwinana Freeway.

Main Roads are pursuing two design options for the intersections at Verde Drive/Tapper Road and Solomon Road, as outlined below.

Option A

Option A comprises a four-lane dual carriageway passing over roundabouts at the intersections of Armadale Road and: • Verde Drive/Tapper Road • Solomon Road.

Option B

Option B comprises a four-lane dual carriageway passing over a roundabout at the intersection of Armadale Road and Tapper Road/Verde Drive, and passing under a roundabout at the intersection of Armadale Road/Solomon Road. The trench structure will be above the groundwater table and not require permanent groundwater drainage or dewatering.

Table ES1 provides a summary of the Proposal. Table ES2 provides a description of the location and proposed extent of physical and operational elements of the existing project and the Proposal. Table ES3 provides a summary of potential impacts, proposed mitigation and outcomes for the Proposal.

Table ES1: Proposal summary table Proposal title Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge Proponent name Main Roads Short description The Proposal is to realign and extend Armadale Road from Solomon Road to North Lake Road; duplicate and upgrade intersections along Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Ghostgum Avenue; construct a new bridge and on/off ramps over Kwinana Freeway; and construct a southbound collector distributor road along the Kwinana Freeway between Berrigan Drive and Armadale Road.

Table ES2: physical and operational elements Element Location Proposed extent Physical elements Bridge, roads and associated See Figure 1 Clearing of no more than 5.7 ha of native vegetation within infrastructure a disturbance envelope of 48.6 ha.

Table ES3: Summary of potential impacts, proposed mitigation and outcomes Element Description Flora and vegetation EPA objective To protect flora and vegetation so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained. Policy and guidance Flora and vegetation surveys that have informed planning for the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Technical Guidance - Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA 2016a) and the Environmental Factor Guideline: Flora and Vegetation (EPA 2016b). Potential impacts • Clearing of 5.7 ha of remnant and regrowth native vegetation potentially representing the ‘Bassendean Complex central and south’.

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Element Description • Clearing of 7 ha of rehabilitation and planted vegetation comprising Australian and native species. • Clearing of approximately 2.75 ha of remnant vegetation associated with a Multiple Use category wetland. • Clearing on 1.9 ha of State listed ‘Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain’ PEC. The Proposal is not expected to directly impact on any State listed TECs or any threatened or priority flora species. Mitigation Avoid: Not applicable. Minimise: Project Environmental Management Plan (PEMP) including: • Clearing and access control measures (such as demarcation of clearing boundaries) • Weed and dieback management. • Landscaping of earth-worked areas. • Erosion and sediment control. • Waste and fire management. • Topsoil management. • Dust control. • Tree and vegetation retention where possible. Rehabilitate: Landscaping with native species appropriate for the road reserve. Outcomes Residual Impact: Not significant. Terrestrial environmental quality EPA objective To maintain the quality of land and soils so that environmental values are protected. Policy and guidance Investigations that have informed the planning of the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Technical Guidance – Terrestrial Environmental Quality (EPA 2016c). Potential impacts Potential disturbance to acid sulfate soils (ASS) due to excavation and temporary and localised dewatering. Option A involves excavation above the groundwater table, with minimal disturbance of ASS and no dewatering. Option B involves an estimated approximate 2000 m3 excavation below the groundwater table and dewatering during construction, with potential disturbance and/or oxidation of ASS. The constructed road formation (including duck and dive section for Option B) will lie above the groundwater table and no ongoing groundwater drainage or dewatering will be required during operations. Mitigation Avoid: Option A avoids disturbance of ASS and dewatering during construction. Options A and B avoid groundwater drainage / dewatering during operations. Minimise: • Dewatering temporary during construction for Option B. • ASS and Dewater Management Plan (ASSDMP) implemented during construction • ASS will be treated through lime dosing where necessary. • Dewatering effluent treated prior to disposal via infiltration. • No dewater will be discharged direct to waterways, wetlands or drains • PEMP. Rehabilitate: Not applicable. Outcomes Residual Impact: Not significant. Terrestrial fauna EPA objective To protect terrestrial fauna so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained.

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Element Description Policy and guidance The fauna survey that has informed the planning of the Proposal has been conducted in accordance with the Technical Guidance – Terrestrial fauna surveys (EPA 2004) and the Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial Fauna (EPA 2016d). Potential impacts Clearing of habitat for conservation significant species, including: • 8.4 ha (2.0 ha of ‘high quality’, 3.2 ha of ‘quality’ and 3.2 ha of ‘low quality’) foraging/roosting habitat for Carnaby's Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) including 17 potential breeding trees (no suitable hollows) • limited habitat (0.1 ha) for Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso). • 8.4 ha of habitat for Quenda (Isoodon obesulus fusciventer) • 13.8 ha of habitat for Perth Lined Skink (Lerista lineata) Construction activities have potential to impact on adjacent fauna habitat through erosion, uncontrolled access, dust deposition, and through the spread of weeds and dieback. Mitigation Avoid: • Not applicable. Minimise: PEMP including: • Staff inductions. • Inspection (ecologist) of potential breeding trees as required. • Reporting of any injured fauna to the Parks and Wildllife Wildcare Helpline. • Clearing and access control measures (such as demarcation of clearing boundaries) • Weed and dieback management. • Landscaping of earth-worked areas. • Erosion and sediment control. • Waste and fire management. • Tree and vegetation retention where possible. Rehabilitate: • Landscaping of vegetation similar to the vegetation to be cleared. Outcomes Residual Impact: • Can be mitigated and regulated under a Part V clearing permit. Inland waters EPA objective To maintain the quality of groundwater and surface water so that environmental values are protected. Policy and guidance The inland water that have informed the planning of the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Environmental Factor Guideline: Inland Waters (EPA 2018c). Potential impacts • Dewatering during construction • Discharge of dewatering effluent • Excavation of ASS • Accidental spills of fuels or chemicals during construction • Erosion and sediment during construction • Stormwater runoff from roads during operation Mitigation Avoid: • Not applicable. Minimise: • PEMP includes spill response procedures, erosion/sediment controls and surface water/ drainage management to prevent water quality impacts in nearby wetlands and groundwater. • No fuel or chemical storage tanks within Priority 1 PDWSAs or the WHPZ. • No below ground fuel or chemical storage. • All fuel or chemical storage tanks will be compatible with water resource protection objectives. • Storage of fuel or chemicals within Priority 2 and Priority 3 PDWSAs subject to written approval obtained from the relevant authority. • Licence in accordance with the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914.

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Element Description • Testing of construction dewater, and treatment if necessary, prior to infiltration • ASS managed through an ASSDMP (see Section 4.3.6) to prevent water quality impacts to wetlands and groundwater, in accordance with DWER guidelines • Stormwater treatment and infiltration in accordance with the Better Urban Water Management framework and WA Stormwater Management Manual. • Embankments adjacent to or within wetlands will be vegetated to minimise erosion and sedimentation. Rehabilitate: • Not applicable. Outcomes Residual Impact: • Not significant. Social surroundings EPA objective To protect social surroundings from significant harm. Policy and guidance The social surroundings investigations that have informed the planning of the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Environmental Factor Guideline: Social Surroundings (EPA 2016e). Potential impacts • Dust emissions and deposition. • Noise and vibration from machinery. • Construction waste such as litter and debris. • Construction vehicle traffic including heavy vehicles supplying materials. • Restricted access to adjacent shopping precincts and recreational areas due to construction works and temporary laydown areas. • Traffic noise during operations. • Visual amenity impacts of elevated roadway. Mitigation Avoid: • Not applicable. Minimise: Mitigation measures for the construction phase include: • Notification of residents and business of construction activities and complaints phoneline • Complaints response process to ensure prompt response to all concerns and complaints throughout construction • Conduct any subsequent investigations and recommendations resulting from complaints of damage • Construction limited to normal business hours between 7am and 7pm • Equipment shall be turned off where practicable • Adopt construction techniques that will minimise vibration impacts to nearby sensitive receptors, particularly for compaction operations • Dust monitoring and suppression (where necessary) with water sprays to prevent dust deposition on nearby properties and public areas • Install signage for suitable speed limits during vehicle movement • Landscape in a timely manner to suppress dust from exhausted material sources • Waste management, including litter control and use of designated bins for construction waste • Spill response procedures and erosion/sediment controls to prevent impacts to adjacent land and wetlands (e.g. Atwell Reserve). Mitigation measures for the operations phase include: • Minimising elevation and visual intrusion of bridge as far as is practicable. • Provision of shared use paths to maintain/ enhance existing access networks. • Provision of noise walls to mitigate noise impacts from vehicle use of the roads as well as acting as a visual screen between the road and adjacent residences. Noise modelling predicts that implementation of the Proposal will result in a reduction in noise levels compared to the ‘do nothing’ scenario. • SWTC requirements for visual screening as part of detailed design. • Landscaping with native vegetation to maintain and enhance the existing visual character of the area.

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Element Description Rehabilitate: • Not applicable. Outcomes Residual Impact: • Not significant.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose and scope

Main Roads Western Australia (Main Roads) are proposing to upgrade sections of Armadale Road and the Kwinana Freeway in the City of Cockburn (the Proposal). The Proposal is required to relieve congestion occurring as a result of the growth of Cockburn Gateway Shopping Centre; surrounding commercial, retail and residential development; and proximity to Cockburn Central Station and Kwinana Freeway. The Proposal will complement other significant road improvements in the South Metropolitan Corridor including Armadale Road Upgrade and Murdoch Drive Connection.

The Proposal is to realign and extend Armadale Road from Solomon Road to North Lake Road; duplicate and upgrade intersections along Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Ghostgum Avenue; construct a southbound collector distributor road along the Kwinana Freeway between Berrigan Drive and Armadale Road and construct a new bridge and on/off ramps over Kwinana Freeway.

Main Roads are pursuing two design options for the intersections at Verde Drive/Tapper Road and Solomon Road. This referral supporting document assesses potential environmental impacts and mitigation associated with both options.

Figure 1 presents the Proposal Development Envelope (DE) and layout.

This supporting document has been prepared in accordance with Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Instructions on how to prepare an Environmental Review Document (EPA 2018a) to support referral of the Proposal under s 38 of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act).

1.2 Proponent

Table 1 provides the details of the proponent.

Table 1: Proponent and key contact details Contact details Name Main Roads Western Australia ABN 50 860 676 021 Postal address PO Box 6202 East Perth WA 6892 Proponent contact John Braid

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1.3 Environmental impact assessment process

This supporting document aims to provide information for the EPA to determine the level of assessment of the Proposal. This includes information and level of detail on: • the Proposal • potential impacts • mitigation measures • environmental outcomes • stakeholder consultation.

The Proponent has consulted with government agencies and key stakeholders to obtain feedback for input into this document to inform the EPA assessment of the Proposal.

The Proponent has also consulted with the Australian Government Department of Environment and Energy (DEE). The Proposal will also be referred to the Australian Government under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

1.4 Other approvals and regulation

The Development Envelope comprises the following land tenure: • Road reserve • Crown Reserve 27950 (Class C – Government Requirements) • Crown Reserve 49230 (Class C – Public Transport Authority) • Freehold.

Appendix 1 presents a list of properties within the DE, including requirement for permissions to conduct clearing.

There is no mining tenure over the DE.

Table 2 provides a summary of the key environmental approval and regulations relevant to the Proposal. Decision Making Authorities (DMAs) relevant to the Proposal include WA Planning Commission, Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER) and DEE.

Table 2: Other approvals and regulation Decision Making Legislation regulating Proposal activities Type of approval Authority the activity

Excavation proposed Section 5C licence to abstract Rights in Water and DWER below the water table with groundwater Irrigation Act 1914 temporary dewatering (RIWI Act) during construction Construction of roads and Development approval for works outside Planning and City of Cockburn associated infrastructure. road reserve Development Act 2005 WA Planning Omnibus amendment to MRS to ‘Other (P&D Act) Commission Regional Roads’ (no s 48 referral proposed) Clearing of native Native vegetation clearing permit EP Act – Part V DWER vegetation. Assessment of impacts on Matters of EPBC Act DEE National Environmental Significance and approval if determined to be a controlled action

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2. Proposal

2.1 Background and justification

The Proposal is required to improve the road network and relieve congestion occurring as a result of the growth of Cockburn Gateway Shopping Centre, surrounding commercial, retail and residential development and the proximity to Cockburn Central Station and Kwinana Freeway. The Proposal will provide a direct link between Armadale Road and North Lake Road, improve access to Kwinana Freeway and Cockburn Central Station, support residential and commercial expansion in the area. The Proposal will complement other significant road improvements in the South Metropolitan Corridor including Armadale Road Upgrade (Tapper Road to Anstey Road), Kwinana Freeway northbound widening (Russell Road to Roe Highway) and Murdoch Drive Connection.

Main Roads have investigated a number of design options for the Proposal. A previous design option involved sinking portions of Armadale Road by approximately 8 m to allow for two “duck ‘n’ dive” intersections, which would have intersected the groundwater table and required significant dewatering during construction. Main Roads subsequently discontinued this deep excavation option on the basis of the high construction cost and to minimise environmental impacts. The Proposal as referred incorporates two design options for the intersection at and Solomon Road (see Section 2.2.2).

2.2 Description of Proposal

2.2.1 Key Proposal Characteristics

Key Proposal characteristics are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Proposal summary table Proposal title Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge Proponent name Main Roads Short description The Proposal is to realign and extend Armadale Road from Solomon Road to North Lake Road; duplicate and upgrade intersections along Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Ghostgum Avenue; construct a new bridge and on/off ramps over Kwinana Freeway; and construct a southbound collector distributor road along the Kwinana Freeway between Berrigan Drive and Armadale Road.

Physical and operational elements Element Location Proposed extent Physical elements Bridge, roads and associated See Figure 1 Clearing of no more than 5.7 ha of native vegetation within infrastructure a development envelope of 48.6 ha.

2.2.2 Proposal design

Appendix 2 presents concept design drawings for the Proposal.

The Proposal will comprise the following components: • a new bridge over the Kwinana Freeway connecting Armadale Road to North Lake Road • an extension/realignment of Armadale Road from the intersection of Solomon Road to North Lake Road • upgrade of Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Ghostgum Avenue to a four-lane dual carriageway with grade separated roundabouts at Solomon Road and Verde Drive/Tapper Road • modification of the existing intersection at Midgegooroo Avenue and North Lake Road

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• construction of at-grade intersections at Verde Drive west end, Public Transport Authority (PTA) car park and Knock Place • two lane vehicle underpass for future connection from PTA car park to the extension of Prinsep Road • construction of north-facing on/off ramps and two-lane collector distributor (CD) roads south bound of the Kwinana Freeway from Berrigan Drive to Armadale Road • Kwinana Freeway Principal Shared Path (PSP) modifications • shared path on the north side of Armadale Road • drainage basins, drains and associated infrastructure • other road infrastructure and furniture, including but not limited to: culverts, lighting, noise barriers, fencing, landscaping and signs.

Design options

Main Roads are pursuing two design options for the Proposal, as outlined below.

Option A

Option A comprises a four-lane dual carriageway passing over roundabouts at the intersections of Armadale Road and: • Verde Drive/Tapper Road • Solomon Road.

Option B

Option B comprises a four lane dual carriageway passing over a roundabout at the intersection of Armadale Road and Verde Drive/Tapper Road and passing under a roundabout at the intersection of Armadale Road and Solomon Road. The trench structure will be above the groundwater table and not require permanent groundwater drainage or dewatering.

The two options both lie within the same DE and have the same clearing footprint, however the options have potential to differ with respect to effects on terrestrial environmental quality and social surroundings, due to the extent of excavation and the elevated roadway, respectively.

Avoidance, minimising and mitigating clearing impacts

The 48.6 ha DE represents the maximum extent of disturbance, noting that the final impact will be less than the DE. Where possible, vegetation and fauna habitat will be retained, particularly areas representing black cockatoo habitat or Banksia woodlands priority ecological community (PEC) (see Section 4.2 and 4.4). The DE has been aligned where possible to minimise the impact on the PEC by limiting disturbance of the PEC patch to the western-most edge, avoiding bisection of the patch, and retaining an area of PEC that is contiguous, of a viable size and in ‘Very Good’ condition. The DE has also been aligned to retain some of the significant trees for black cockatoos adjacent to the impact area.

Table 4 presents a justification of avoiding, minimising, mitigation and managing project clearing impacts.

Table 4: Justification of avoiding, minimising, mitigating and managing clearing impacts Design or Management Applied to Discussion and Justification Measure Current Design 3:1 batter slopes have been used on the collector distributer road to minimise impacts on the Banksia Woodland TEC. Steepen batter slopes Yes This has reduced the impact on the TEC by approximately 0.1 ha. A wire rope barrier is proposed on the collector distributer road. This allows the use of a 3:1 batter slope as described Installation of safety barriers Yes above. Without the wire rope barrier, the minimum slope would be 4:1.

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Design or Management Applied to Discussion and Justification Measure Current Design Alignment to one side of No This design measure is not applicable in this situation. existing road Alternative alignment to follow existing road (or) to The majority of the alignment is through existing degraded No preferentially locate within areas, however no alternate alignment was considered. pasture or degraded areas

Kerbing has been considered and implemented in the design Installation of kerbing Yes where required. Simplification of design to Nil. reduce number of lanes This design measure is not applicable in this situation. and/or complexity of intersections Simplification of design to reduce number of lanes No This design measure is not applicable in this situation. and/or complexity of intersections All laydowns, stockpiles and access tracks will be Preferential use of existing constructed within existing cleared areas or within the cleared areas for access Yes permanent footprint of the works. No native vegetation will tracks, construction storage be cleared for temporary works outside of the permanent and stockpiling footprint. The proposed drainage basin on the western side of the freeway, immediately north of North Lake Road Bridge Drainage modification Yes requires further design to determine its ultimate extent. It is intended that the wetland vegetation in the basin not be cleared and stormwater directed into wetland.

2.2.3 Proposal construction

Main Roads propose to implement the Proposal late 2019, subject to approvals and a decision and detailing of the preferred design option. The construction period is expected to be from mid-2019 to end of 2021.

2.3 Local and regional context

The Proposal is located within the City of Cockburn, in the Perth Metropolitan Region. Figure 2 presents the local context of the Proposal. The Proposal lies on the Swan Coastal Plain within the Bassendean Dunes land system, approximately 2 km east of the Beelier Wetlands chain.

The Proposal lies across the Kwinana Freeway and is surrounded by the following land uses (from approximately east to west): • urban residential to the north, off Ghostgum Avenue • rural residential to the south, east of Tapper Road • Atwell Reserve recreational reserve to the south • Atwell urban residential area to the south, between Tapper Road and Kwinana Freeway • commercial and light industrial land uses to the north of Armadale Road and west of Solomon Road • Cockburn Central train station and PTA carparking areas • high density urban residential and Cockburn Police Complex to the south-west • Cockburn Gateway shopping centre and Cockburn Aquatic and Recreation Centre to the west/south- west • South Lake urban residential area, near the intersection with Berrigan Drive.

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The Proposal lies in the vicinity of the following key environmental and heritage features: • Bush forever sites and Regional Parks, including Beeliar Regional Park and Thompsons Lake Nature Reserve, located approximately 1.5 km south-west • Ramsar wetlands located approximately 2.5 km to the south-west (Thomsons Lake) and 5 km to the south-east (including Forrestdale Lake) • conservation category wetlands located approximately 1.0 to 1.8 km to the west, south-west, south and south-east • Armadale/Fremantle Rail Armadale Road to Cockburn heritage site (City of Armadale Municipal Inventory category E).

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3. Stakeholder engagement

3.1 Key stakeholders

The following key stakeholders have been identified in relation to the Proposal: • DEE • Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) • DWER • City of Cockburn • City of Armadale • WA Parliament Members for Kwinana, Cockburn and Jandakot • Federal Parliament Members for Fremantle and Burt • Local residents • Community Reference Groups (CRGs).

3.2 Stakeholder engagement process

Appendix 3 presents the Proposal Communications and Stakeholder Engagement Strategy and Activity Tracker.

Main Roads has consulted with key stakeholders from the commencement of planning studies associated with the Proposal, including: • EPA/ DWER • CRG comprising local residents and interest groups • City of Cockburn • City of Armadale • WA Parliament Members for Cockburn and Jandakot • adjacent residents

A number of methods have been used to communicate with stakeholders including: • face-to-face meetings • facilitated group meetings • letter drop • door knock • direct email • Main Roads’ website • Electronic and social media.

Further consultation is ongoing as the Proposal progresses through design and construction.

3.3 Stakeholder consultation

Table 5 presents an overview of the stakeholder consultation for the Proposal.

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Table 5: Summary of Stakeholder consultation Form of Stakeholder Date (2018) Topic/issue raised Proponent response/outcome engagement Steering 4 April meeting • Request to add ED Transperth to steering • ED Transperth added to steering committee Committee committee • Additional project scope options investigated meeting • Explanation of project rationale, current to reduce estimated project costs. development status. • Budget risks Member for w/c 9 April briefing • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • MRWA endeavoured to update Member as Cockburn • Identification and discussion of community project moves forward opportunities and issues associated with the project • Explanation of the development and construction timing and process Member for w/c 9 April written Briefing • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • MRWA endeavoured to update Member as Kwinana Note • Identification and discussion of community project moves forward opportunities and issues associated with the project • Explanation of the development and construction timing and process Technical w/c 9 April briefing • Explanation of project rationale, current Working Group development status. (TWG) • Project interfaces and impacts discussed • Project technical aspects discussed. General w/c 16 April publish website • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent update and map Yaz Mubarakai w/c 16 April briefing • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • MRWA endeavoured to update Member as • Identification and discussion of community project moves forward opportunities and issues associated with the project • MRWA to involve Member on CRG and keep • Explanation of the development and construction him abreast of promotional opportunities timing and process City of Cockburn w/c 16 April presentation • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • MRWA to develop clearer imagery and Councillors • Identification and discussion of community graphics to aide Council’s understanding opportunities and issues associated with the project • Explanation of the development and construction timing and process

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Form of Stakeholder Date (2018) Topic/issue raised Proponent response/outcome engagement CRG 2 May meeting • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent CRG member feedback identified the following issues: • Identification and discussion of community • available options and the associated impacts opportunities and issues associated with the project of them for local residents and businesses; • Explanation of the development and construction • impacts for local resident amenity during and timing and process after construction • Provision of additional project information including • shared Path connectivity design options, technical studies etc. • MRWA committed to develop clearer imagery and graphics to aide Council’s understanding • Provide information on visual impacts at future meeting • The role of this group will evolve to become a Construction Reference Group over time and will focus more on the impacts of construction. Project Steering w/c 30 April Meeting (#2) • Scope reduction opportunities discussed. • Local and public transport access strategy Committee • Local and public transport access strategy prepared discussed • Community and Stakeholder Engagement status detailed TWG w/c 7 May Meeting #2 • Project interfaces and impacts discussed • Local and public transport access strategy discussed • Local road connections discussed • Land acquisition discussed Residents on w/c 7 May information sheet • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • Residents grateful of early notification boundary of the and cover letter • Identification and discussion of community • The require further information re, noise and project (hand delivered via opportunities and issues associated with the project visual amenity as project moves forward door knock or • Explanation of the development and construction • MRWA committed to provide information letterbox drop) timing and process once it becomes available. • Share information re. two options taken forward to procurement Affected w/c 7 May information sheet • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent N/A businesses with covering note • Explanation of the development and construction (email) timing and process • Early information re. two options taken forward to procurement

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Form of Stakeholder Date (2018) Topic/issue raised Proponent response/outcome engagement Cockburn Police w/c 7 May meeting • Explanation of the development and construction • MRWA committed to provide information timing and process once it becomes available. • Obtain feedback on proposed changes at Midgegooroo Drive / North Lake Road General w/c 7 May mass distribution of • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent N/A community information sheet • Explanation of the development and construction timing and process • Early information re. two options taken forward to procurement Federal Member w/c 14 May briefing • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • Member very supportive of project for Burt (Matt • Identification and discussion of community • MRWA committed to provide information Keogh) opportunities and issues associated with the project once it becomes available. • Explanation of the development and construction • MRWA to send latest concept plan to timing and process Member’s office • Share information re. two options taken forward to procurement • Discuss interface with neighbouring projects WestCycle w/c 28 May meeting • PSP connectivity discussed N/A DEE- w/c 4 June teleconference • Introduced Proposal and advised DEE of two • MRWA to refer Proposal to DEE under the design options EPBC Act as ‘not a controlled action’ for (Daniel DEE assessment and determination Rothenfluh, • Outlined potential impacts to MNES including: Mallory Owen) • Black cockatoo habitat • Banksia TEC (FCT 23a) • Information requirements for referral, including black cockatoo hollows, habitat quality, regional context, DRF survey effort. EPA w/c 11 June meeting • Update provided on revised Proposal design which • MRWA to submit s 38 referral for EPA avoids potentially significant impacts to hydrological decision, largely to streamline approvals processes under P&D Act • Discussion of expected extent of environmental impacts and suitability of Proposal referral to EPA

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Form of Stakeholder Date (2018) Topic/issue raised Proponent response/outcome engagement City of Armadale w/c 11 June presentation • Explanation of rationale and broader project intent • Council supportive of project Councillors • Identification and discussion of community • MRWA committed to provide information opportunities and issues associated with the project once it becomes available. • Explanation of the development and construction timing and process • Share information re. two options taken forward to procurement • Discuss interface with neighbouring projects Member for w/c 18 June meeting • Project update re. status, design development and • Member’s preference is elevated roadway Cockburn imagery solution. Main Roads will consider feedback as project moves forward CRG w/c 25 June Meeting (#2) • new visuals; noise modelling and cycling and • Majority of CRG supported elevated roadway pedestrian strategy solution. Main Roads will consider feedback as project moves forward

Leap Start Early 16 July Meeting • Discuss both project scope options including road N/A Learning connectivity and access changes, differences between the two. Proposed future consultation Update to w/c 22 July Member for Jandakot Treeby Residents 8 August Presentation Association Atwell Residents 9 August Information evening (for approx. 330 residences directly south of the alignment) Armadale Road 16 August Information evening (for approx. 75 landowners and businesses directly north of the alignment) businesses General Late August Newsletter #2 community General September Public information display community

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4. Environmental principles and factors

4.1 Principles

The EP Act identifies a series of principles for environmental management. The environmental principles are the highest level goals that a proposal must meet in order to be found environmentally acceptable by the EPA. Main Roads has considered these principles in relation to the development and implementation of the Proposal. Table 6 outlines how the principles relate to the Proposal.

Table 6: EP Act principles Principle Consideration Precautionary principle Main Roads has used existing environmental Where there are threats of serious irreversible damage, lack of data during design and have supplemented it full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for with additional studies including ecological postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. surveys, acid sulfate soil investigation and hydrogeological assessment. In the application of the precautionary principle, decisions should be guided by: Consultation has been undertaken with key stakeholders to identify potential environmental 1. careful evaluation to avoid, where practicable, serious impacts and appropriate management for the or irreversible damage to the environment; and Proposal. 2. an assessment of the risk weighted consequences of Extensive environmental mitigation is proposed various options. for all identified potential impacts from the Proposal, and incorporated into the design and the Project Environmental Management Plan (PEMP; Appendix 4). Intergenerational equity The Proposal can be developed without The present generation should ensure that the health, diversity significant impacts on the health, diversity or and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced productivity of the environment. for the benefit of future generations. Conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity Survey work has been used to identify and Conservation of biological diversity and ecological integration confirm the range and condition of environmental should be a fundamental consideration. factors within and surrounding the Proposal DE. The Proposal will not substantially reduce the extent of any vegetation type, habitat or conservation area within the City of Cockburn. The findings indicate that with appropriate design, construction management and landscaping with native species that no likely significant biodiversity or ecological impacts will result from the Proposal at local or regional scales. Improved valuation, pricing and incentive mechanisms Environmental constraint avoidance and 1. Environmental factors should be included in the management costs have been considered in the valuation of assets and services. planning and design of the Proposal. 2. The polluter pays principle – those who generate Main Roads will be responsible for funding the pollution and waste should bear the cost of containment, cost of environmental avoidance and avoidance or abatement. management. 3. The users of goods and services should pay prices based on the full life cycle costs of providing goods and services, including the use of natural resources and assets and the ultimate disposal of any waste. Environmental goals, having been established, should be pursued in the most cost-effective way, by establishing incentive structures, including market mechanisms, which benefit and/or minimise costs to develop their own solutions and responses to environmental problems.

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Principle Consideration Waste minimisation Waste will be minimised by adopting the All reasonable and practicable measures should be taken to hierarchy of waste controls; avoid, minimise, minimise the generation of waste and its discharge into the reuse, recycle and safe disposal. environment.

4.2 Key environmental factor 1 – flora and vegetation

4.2.1 EPA objectives

The EPA’s Statement of Environmental Principles, Factors and Objectives (EPA 2018b) identifies the following objective for flora and vegetation: • To protect flora and vegetation so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained.

4.2.2 EPA policy and guidelines

Flora and vegetation surveys that have informed planning for the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Technical Guidance - Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA 2016a) and the Environmental Factor Guideline: Flora and Vegetation (EPA 2016b).

4.2.3 Receiving environment

Vegetation

The Development Envelope (DE) comprises a total area of 48.6 ha, of which 18.4 ha is covered by vegetation and 30.2 ha is cleared.

Native vegetation in the DE has been mapped as the ‘Bassendean Complex central and south’ by Heddle et al 1980, which reflects the pre-European extent of this vegetation complex within the Swan Coastal Plain region.

Vegetation within the DE has been highly modified from the pre-European extent, with 5.5 ha (11.3%) of the DE comprising remnant native vegetation that potentially represents the pre-European vegetation complex. Native vegetation regrowth comprises 0.2 ha (0.4%). Planted native trees comprise 3.0 ha and rehabilitated areas containing Australian and native species comprise 4.0 ha (8.2%).

Table 7 presents the estimated pre-European and current (as at 2017) extent remaining of the Bassendean Complex central and south. The remnant and regrowth native vegetation within the DE represents approximately 0.02% of the current extent of the Bassendean Complex central and south.

Table 7: Extent of Bassendean Complex central and south Vegetation % Current complex Pre- Remaining extent Description European of pre- (Swan (ha) as extent (ha) European Coastal Plain at 2017 dataset) extent Bassendean Vegetation ranges from woodland of Eucalyptus 87,476 23,533 26.90 Complex marginata (Jarrah) - Allocasuarina fraseriana (Sheoak) central and - Banksia species to low woodland of Melaleuca south species, and sedgelands on the moister sites. This area includes the transition of Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) to Eucalyptus todtiana (Pricklybark) in the vicinity of Perth.

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The DE and surrounding area has been subject to a Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017a; Appendix 5) which included: • definition of Vegetation Types (VTs) and condition • survey for spring flowering species, including threatened flora • determining the potential presence of the Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain Priority 3 Ecological Community (PEC).

The DE was updated subsequent to the Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017a). Minor gaps in survey coverage across the DE were re-surveyed in June 2018 to ensure a full survey coverage.

The Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017a) identified five remnant, native VTs within the survey area of which four lie within the DE as presented in Table 8 and Figure 3. Vegetation condition is presented in Table 9 and Figure 4. As shown, there is approximately 5.7 ha of remnant and regrowth native vegetation within the 48.6 ha DE, of which 3.7 ha (64.9%) is in Very Good or Good condition and the remaining 2.0 ha (35.1%) in Degraded condition.

Table 8: Vegetation Types surveyed in Development Envelope Area (ha) Percentage of Vegetation within Description Development Type Development Envelope Envelope VT1 Banksia attenuata, B. menziesii and B. ilicifolia low woodland (with nil nil BaBm Eucalyptus marginata scattered trees) over Xanthorrhoea preissii (Macrozamia riedlei) open shrubland over Dasypogon bromeliifolius and Phlebocarya ciliata or Desmocladus flexuosus open herbland to closed herbland. Associated species: Allocasuarina fraseriana, *Avena barbata, Burchardia congesta, *Ehrharta calycina, *Euphorbia terracina, *Fumaria capreolata, Hypocalymma angustifolium, Lepidosperma sp., *Moraea flaccida, Patersonia occidentalis. VT2 Banksia menziesii, Banksia attenuata, Eucalyptus todtiana and 1.9 3.9% BmEpEc occasional Nuytsia floribunda low open woodland over Eremaea pauciflora, Stirlingia latifolia, Hibbertia hypericoides, Hibbertia subvaginata and Allocasuarina humilis mid shrubland with *Ehrharta calycina, *Briza maxima and *Avena barbata tall grassland over Dasypogon bromeliifolius, Patersonia occidentalis, Lomandra preissii, Lomandra micrantha and Dampiera linearis low herbland with Desmocladus flexuosus, Lyginia barbata, Desmocladus fasciculatus and Hypolaena exsulca low open rushland. Represents Banksia Woodland Priority 3 PEC. VT3 Banksia attenuata, Banksia menziesii and Eucalyptus todtiana low 0.6 1.2% BaXpEc woodland over Xanthorrhoea preissii, Scholtzia involucrata, Hypocalymma robustum, Macrozamia riedlei and Bossiaea eriocarpa mid open shrubland with *Ehrharta calycina, *Briza maxima, *Avena barbata and *Lagurus ovatus mid tussock grassland over Dasypogon bromeliifolius, *Carpobrotus edulis and *Pelargonium capitatum low open forbland with Lepidosperma squamatum low sparse sedgeland and Hypolaena exsulca open rushland. Significant infestation of *Acacia longifolia has displaced many native flora species

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Area (ha) Percentage of Vegetation within Description Development Type Development Envelope Envelope VT4 Melaleuca preissiana with occasional Eucalyptus marginata and 2.5 5.1% MpAsHr Banksia ilicifolia (on edges) mid open forest over Astartea scoparia, *Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia, and Kunzea glabrescens tall shrubland over Lepidosperma gladiatum and Cyperus congestus low open sedgeland with Hypocalymma robustum sparse low shrubs with *Zantedeschia aethiopica, Carpobrotus edulis, Hypochaeris glabra and *Asparagus asparagoides mid open forbland. This vegetation type description is based on three quadrats including two quadrats located outside the survey area east of Kwinana Freeway north of Cockburn Station. Significant population of two Declared Pests occur in this vegetation type. Inferred FCT unclear, low similarity to FCT11 – Wet Forests and Woodlands in Seasonal Wetlands. VT5 Eucalyptus marginata subsp. marginata mid isolated trees over 0.5 1.0% EmAcOp Agonis flexuosa low isolated trees over Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. Cygnorum tall shrubland over *Oxalis pes-caprae, Pteridium esculentum, *Zantedeschia aethiopica, *Watsonia meriana and *Fumaria capreolata tall herbland. Supports significant population of Declared Pest species *Zantedeschia aethiopica. Planted native Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Eucalyptus rudis scattered 3.0 6.2% - Eg mature trees over cleared understorey with introduced grasses and weeds. Planted native Kunzea glabrescens thickets. 0.2 0.4% - Kg Rehabilitation Comprising Australian and local natives dominated by species 4.0 8.2% from Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Proteaceae families. Rehabilitation on road batters following clearing associated with historical freeway construction and upgrades. Areas include stands of Allocasuarina fraseriana and Corymbia calophylla that may have self-seeded or been planted 10+ years ago. Planted non- Planted non-native species. 5.7 11.7% native Cleared areas Devoid of vegetation including exposed soil (sand) and hard- 30.2 62.1% surface * introduced species

Table 9: Vegetation condition surveyed in Development Envelope Area (ha) Percentage of Area (ha) of Percentage of within Development Native Native Vegetation Condition Development Envelope Vegetation Vegetation Envelope Very Good 0.9 1.9% 0.9 15.8% Good 2.8 5.8% 2.8 49.1% Degraded 7.1 14.6% 2.0 35.1% Completely Degraded 7.6 15.6% Nil nil Cleared 30.2 62.1% n/a n/a

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Threatened ecological communities

The Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017a) did not identify any State listed TECs as occurring within the DE.

DBCA mapping of the ‘Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain’ Priority Ecological Community (PEC) indicates that the PEC lies within the DE and its vicinity, as presented in Figure 3. The PEC is listed as Priority 3 under the WC Act.

The Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017a) assessed native vegetation communities within the survey area that were considered to potentially represent the PEC, based on floristic and structural similarities as per the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC 2016) conservation advice. The Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017) concluded that VT2 (BmEpEc) comprises the State listed PEC, with an area of 1.9 ha comprising Good to Very Good vegetation, within the DE (Figure 3).

A floristic community type (FCT) analysis was undertaken using quadrat data for two quadrats located within the VT2 (BmEpEc) area, which identified the likely FCT as FCT23a Central B. attenuata B menziesii Woodlands. FCT23a is known from 51 point locations over a range of about 95km from Pinjar to Keysbrook (TSSC 2016) and is considered well reserved with a ‘low risk’ conservation status (Gibson et al. 1994).

No other PECs were identified as occurring within the DE.

Wetland vegetation

The DE includes areas mapped as comprising Multiple Use (MU) and Resource Enhancement (RE) category wetlands (see Section 4.5.3, Figure 9).

The MU category wetland (ID 6652) is a dampland and within the DE is covered by approximately 2.2 ha of VT4 (MpAsHr) and 0.6 ha of VT3 (BaXpEc) remnant vegetation, with the remaining 4.3 cleared and rehabilitated areas along Kwinana Freeway and Kentucky Court (north of North Lake Road).

MU wetland 6652 is also mapped as covered by approximately 0.02 ha of VT2 (BmEpEc), however geomorphic wetland mapping is broadscale and topographic data (see Section 4.6.3, Figure 12) and the species composition of VT2 suggest that VT2 is not associated with the wetland.

The area within the DE mapped as RE category wetland (ID 15297) no longer comprises native vegetation and is covered by planted non-native vegetation along Tapper Road which is not expected to function as either wetland or buffer vegetation.

Flora

The Detailed Flora and Vegetation Survey (MRIA 2017a) included surveys for threatened and priority flora species listed under Commonwealth and State legislation. The field surveys included targeted surveys for Drakea elastica (10 August 2017) and Caladenia huegelii (26 and 27 September 2017) given the potential habitat for these species posed by the vegetation types, and previous records within several hundred metres of the DE (see Figure 3).

No threatened or priority flora species listed under Commonwealth or State legislation were observed within the DE during the field surveys, nor were any threatened or priority flora species previously recorded by DBCA within the DE.

4.2.4 Potential impacts

Direct impacts

The Proposal will result in clearing of approximately 5.7 ha of native vegetation, including 5.5 ha of remnant vegetation and 0.2 ha of regrowth. The 5.7 ha of native vegetation comprises 3.7 ha in Good or Very Good condition and 2.0 ha in Degraded condition. The native vegetation is representative of the Bassendean Complex central and south.

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The Proposal will result in clearing of approximately 2.8 ha of native vegetation associated with a Multiple Use category wetland.

The Proposal will result in clearing on 1.9 ha of State listed ‘Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain’ PEC, expected to comprise FCT23a Central B. attenuata B menziesii Woodlands which is considered well reserved with a ‘low risk’ conservation status. The clearing will occur on the edge of the PEC patch and will leave the majority of the patch intact in a contiguous area.

The Proposal is not expected to directly impact on any State listed TECs.

The Proposal is not expected to directly impact on any threatened or priority flora species listed under Commonwealth or State legislation.

Indirect impacts

Construction activities have potential to impact on adjacent native vegetation through erosion, uncontrolled access, dust deposition, and through the spread of weeds and dieback.

4.2.5 Assessment of impacts

The Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to flora and vegetation, based on the following: • clearing of approximately 5.7 ha of native vegetation within a constrained area of the Swan Coastal Plain and comprising a vegetation complex maintained above 10% of the pre-European extent • clearing of approximately 1.9 ha of a State listed PEC which is well reserved with a ‘low risk’ conservation status, with the majority of the existing patch left intact in a contiguous area • no clearing of conservation or RE category wetland vegetation • no clearing of threatened or priority flora species, considering the results of desktop and targeted field surveys • no development adjacent to conservation reserves, Bush Forever sites, TECs or conservation category wetlands or their buffer areas, reducing the potential for significant indirect impacts • temporary and localised dewatering during construction, with no significant impact to potential groundwater dependent ecosystems in the vicinity of the DE • application of mitigation measures to minimise direct and indirect impacts (see Section 4.2.6).

The impacts of clearing on flora and vegetation can be effectively mitigated and regulated through a clearing permit under Part V of the EP Act. As presented in Sections 4.3, 4.5 and 4.6, the impacts to environmental factors other than clearing are not expected to be significant.

4.2.6 Mitigation

Impacts to flora and vegetation will be mitigated through the following: • design of the road alignment to minimise clearing of remnant native vegetation, including the ‘Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain’ PEC, with potential for further reduction in the extent of clearing at the detailed design stage • implementation of a Project Environmental Management Plan (PEMP) (Appendix 4) including management measures such as: ∗ clearing and access control measures (such as demarcation of clearing boundaries) ∗ weed and dieback management ∗ landscaping of earth-worked areas ∗ erosion and sediment control ∗ waste and fire management ∗ topsoil management ∗ dust control

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∗ tree and vegetation retention where possible.

4.2.7 Predicted outcome

The Proposal will result in clearing of a small area of native vegetation, comprising 0.02% of the current extent of the Bassendean Complex central and south vegetation complex. No State listed TECs, conservation / RE category wetland vegetation or conservation significant flora species are expected to be impacted by the Proposal. The Proposal will result in clearing of a small area of State listed PEC, well reserved with a ‘low risk’ conservation status, with the majority of the PEC patch left intact in a contiguous area.

The Proposal does not lie in the vicinity of conservation reserves, Bush Forever sites, TECs or conservation category wetlands or their buffer areas, reducing the potential for significant indirect impacts

The Proposal will implement a PEMP to minimise direct and indirect impacts to flora and vegetation.

Based on the scale and nature of impacts, the location away from sensitive areas, and the mitigation to be implemented, the Proposal is not expected to result in a significant impact on flora and vegetation, and biological diversity and ecological integrity will be maintained. Impacts to flora and vegetation may be mitigated and regulated through a clearing permit under Part V of the EP Act.

Accordingly, it is expected that the EPA’s objective for flora and vegetation will be met.

4.3 Key environmental factor 2 – Terrestrial Environmental Quality

4.3.1 EPA objective

The EPA’s Statement of Environmental Principles, Factors and Objectives (EPA 2018b) identifies the following objective for terrestrial environmental quality: • To maintain the quality of land and soils so that environmental values are protected.

4.3.2 EPA policy and guidelines

Investigations that have informed the planning of the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Technical Guidance – Terrestrial Environmental Quality (EPA 2016c).

4.3.3 Receiving environment

Geology and soils overview

Regional geological mapping (Gozzard 1983) indicates the DE is underlain by two geological units: • Bassendean Sand (S8) characterised by SAND, white to pale grey at surface, yellow at depth, fine to medium grained, moderately sorted, subangular to subrounded, of aeolian origin • Thin Bassendean Sand over Guildford Formation (S10) characterised by SAND as S8 over Sandy CLAY to Clayey SAND of the Guildford Formation, of aeolian origin.

Bassendean sands are generally well-drained (except where the groundwater table is shallow) and prone to wind erosion when dry and non-vegetated.

Acid Sulfate Soils

The DE is mapped as having a ‘moderate to low’ risk of acid sulfate soil (ASS) occurring within 3 m of natural soil surface, reflecting the presence of wetlands in the regional area (Figure 5).

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ASS investigation (MRIA 2018a, Appendix 6) included drilling and sampling at sixteen (16) locations in the vicinity of the DE.

The results of the ASS pH screening indicated that most of the soils sampled were trending mildly acidic to basic. The observed reaction rates when subject to peroxide digest were consistent across the Proposal alignment and were recorded as ‘No reaction to slight’ for all samples.

Chromium reducible sulfur (CRS) suite analysis identified 12 out of 56 samples exhibiting pHKCL results between 4.6 and 5.5 indicating a low to moderate acid generating potential during disturbance (excavation) or fluctuations in groundwater level. Potential sulfidic acidity (SCR) values ranged between less than the laboratory limit of reporting (less than 3.0 mol H+/tonne) to 16 mol H+/tonne.

Exceedances of the DER action criteria (18.0 mol H+/tonne) were typically encountered within the lower Bassendean Sand unit and located below 24 m AHD, within the zone of groundwater fluctuation. The results indicate the soil profile has previously been exposed to variations in groundwater level and that sulfidic acidity is represented as actual acidity, indicating that acidity is likely to be easily mobilised and leached during excavation and dewatering operations.

Based on Acid Neutralising Capacity (ANC) laboratory analysis there was zero residual ANC recorded in the samples presenting sulfidic acidity.

Metals

Metal analysis was conducted on 8 samples, as part of the ASS investigation (MRIA 2018a). Analysis indicated elevated aluminium (9,800 mg/kg), iron (3,100 mg/kg) and chromium (6.8 mg/kg), which may be mobilised during in the event of acidification occurring. Other metals analysed (arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc) were predominately below the laboratory limit of reporting.

4.3.4 Potential impacts

Option A involves an elevated roadway between Solomon Road and Tapper Road excavation for this option will be above the groundwater table, with no dewatering required. Based on the ASS mapping and ASS investigation (MRIA 2018a), Option A is therefore not expected to result in excavation of ASS or oxidation of ASS through dewatering.

Option B involves a duck and dive option beneath Solomon Road, which requires deeper excavation works including an estimated approximately 2000 m3 below the groundwater table associated with construction of diaphragm walls, stormwater drainage pipes and a wet well. The excavation below the groundwater table may require localised and temporary dewatering during the construction phase (depending on the timing of works), which may potentially result in oxidation of ASS in the vicinity of the DE.

The constructed road formation (including duck and dive section for Option B) will lie above the maximum groundwater table and no ongoing groundwater drainage will be required for operations.

4.3.5 Assessment of impacts

The Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to terrestrial environmental quality, based on the following: • moderate to low risk of ASS, with potential ASS present below the groundwater table • Option A does not involve excavation below the groundwater table nor any dewatering, thus avoiding potential disturbance and/or oxidation of ASS • Option B involves excavation of approximately 2000 m3 of material below the groundwater table, which may result in disturbance and oxidation of ASS • Option B involves temporary and localised dewatering during construction • no direct discharge of construction dewater to wetlands, waterways or drains • Option A and B do not involve ongoing groundwater drainage or dewatering during operations

MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 22-Aug-18 29 Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

• Proposal does not lie adjacent to conservation reserves, Bush Forever sites, TECs or conservation category wetlands or their buffer areas, reducing the potential for ASS to impact sensitive areas • application of mitigation measures to minimise ASS impacts, particularly for Option B (see Section 4.3.6).

4.3.6 Mitigation

The ASS investigation indicated that natural soils are potentially ASS, particularly those within the lower Bassendean Sand unit and located below 24 m AHD, within the zone of groundwater fluctuation. Any potential ASS should be treated in accordance with DWER guidance. As such the following management actions will be implemented: 1. An ASS and Dewatering Management Plan (ASSDMP) will be developed in accordance with DWER guidelines prior to excavation and dewatering commencing. 2. ASS and PASS will be treated where necessary in accordance with the ASSDMP. 3. Dewatering effluent (for Option B) will be appropriately treated prior to disposal via infiltration. No dewater will be discharged direct to waterways, wetlands or drains.

4.3.7 Predicted outcome

Based on the moderate to low risk of ASS, the location away from sensitive areas, the lack of ongoing groundwater drainage or dewatering during operations, the lack of excavation below the groundwater table (for Option A), and the proposed mitigation measures (for Options A and B), the Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to the quality of land and soils.

According, it is expected that the EPA objective for terrestrial environmental quality will be met.

4.4 Key environmental factor 3 – Terrestrial Fauna

4.4.1 EPA objective

The EPA’s Statement of Environmental Principles, Factors and Objectives (EPA 2018b) identifies the following objective for terrestrial fauna: • To protect terrestrial fauna so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained.

4.4.2 EPA policy and guidelines

The fauna survey that has informed the planning of the Proposal has been conducted in accordance with the Technical Guidance – Terrestrial fauna surveys (EPA 2004) and the Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial Fauna (EPA 2016d).

4.4.3 Receiving environment

A Level 1 Fauna and Black Cockatoo Survey was conducted in July 2017 (MRIA 2017b; Appendix 7) for the vicinity of the DE. The survey primarily focused on mapping fauna habitat and assessing the potential presence of conservation significant fauna. Opportunistic observations of fauna within the DE were also recorded. An Addendum Black Cockatoo Assessment was conducted in July 2018 (Strategen 2018; Appendix 8) once the DE was developed.

The desktop fauna assessment component of the survey, identified 45 conservation significant fauna species that could potentially occur within the survey area. Based on the desktop assessment, six conservation significant species were considered likely to occur within the survey area. These species are listed in Table 10.

MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 22-Aug-18 30 Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

Table 10: Conservation significant species Likely to occur Conservation status Species Common name EPBC Act WC Act Ardea modesta Great Egret Marine N/A Calyptorhynchus banksii Forest Red-tailed Black Vulnerable Vulnerable (Schedule 3) naso Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris Carnaby's Cockatoo Endangered Endangered (Schedule 2) Isoodon obesulus Quenda N/A Priority 4 fusciventer Lerista lineata Perth Lined Skink N/A Priority 3 Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Marine N/A

The field survey, undertaken between 24 and 28 July 2017, identified eight fauna habitat types within the DE, as presented in Figure 6 and Table 11 along with the conservation significant species potentially utilising these. The Proposal is not expected to impact on the marine / coastal environment and so no assessment is undertaken for the Great Egret or Rainbow Bee-eater. The habitat for black cockatoos is presented separately in Figure 7 and Table 12.

Table 11: Fauna habitats types within the DE Conservation significant species Area Habitat type Habitat description potentially utilising habitat (ha) (excluding black cockatoos) Woodland Predominantly Banksia woodland of varying • Quenda (Isoodon 1.9 condition, with occasional mallee eucalypts over a obesulus fusciventer) layer of varying cover native shrubs. • Perth Lined Skink Significant habitat characteristics include: (Lerista lineata) • rare presence of large trees and large hollows • common abundance of small trees, small hollows and fallen logs <30 cm • moderate amounts of decorticating bark, course leaf litter layer and bare ground • minimal stones and boulders. Woodland with Woodland areas that are heavily degraded and n/a 0.1 Minimal have little understorey, potentially due to partial Understorey clearing. Significant habitat characteristics include: • abundant bare ground • presence of small trees, small hollows and fallen logs <30 cm • moderate amounts of decorticating bark and course leaf litter layer • minimal stones and boulders. Shrubland with Varied density and height shrubland with minimal • Perth Lined Skink 4.5 Minimal to no vegetative groundcover. It predominantly (Lerista lineata) Groundcover comprises cleared areas that have been rehabilitated. Significant habitat characteristics include: • absence of large mature trees, large fallen logs and hollows • moderate to sparse cover shrub layer • absence of dense understorey • varied abundance of leaf litter • abundant bare ground and • minimal stones and rocks.

MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 22-Aug-18 31 Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

Conservation significant species Area Habitat type Habitat description potentially utilising habitat (ha) (excluding black cockatoos) Shrubland Predominantly moderate to high cover shrubland • Quenda (Isoodon 0.9 with no overstorey. obesulus fusciventer) Significant habitat characteristics include: • Perth Lined Skink (Lerista lineata) • absence of large and small mature trees, large fallen logs and hollows • varied abundance of leaf litter • minimal stones and rocks. Isolated Trees Disturbed areas that have minimal understorey • Perth Lined Skink 3.2 and have occasionally to commonly abundant (Lerista lineata) mature (mostly large) trees. There is often • Quenda (Isoodon abundant bare ground and / or occasional shrubs. obesulus fusciventer)

Parkland and Maintained parks with large mature trees and n/a 3.5 Maintained lawns, garden beds and verges. Gardens Significant habitat features may include: • stones, rocks and boulders are generally absent, though landscaped items such as curbs, bricks and walls may be present • general absence of fallen logs • general absence of dense understorey • abundant bare ground and maintained lawns. Wetlands, Varied and includes natural wetlands and riparian • Perth Lined Skink 3.3 Riparian vegetation, and modified and manmade drainage (Lerista lineata) Vegetation ponds. • Quenda (Isoodon and Drainage Significant habitat features may include: obesulus fusciventer) • presence of permanent or ephemeral water • presence of dense understorey • presence of large mature trees and hollows. Cleared – Generally, areas which have been cleared and n/a 8.4 predominantly now comprise bare soil and / or weeds, or have bare ground been recently rehabilitated and contain mulch and very small planted seedlings. Not areas that contain hardstand.

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Black cockatoos

The Level 1 Fauna and Black Cockatoo Survey (MRIA 2017b) included a targeted Black Cockatoo survey to identify potential breeding, roosting and foraging habitat for the two threatened Black Cockatoo species that potentially occur within the survey area (and DE).

The quality of foraging habitat was determined based on parameters outlined in the Draft revised referral guideline for three threatened black cockatoo species: Carnaby’s Cockatoo, Baudin’s Cockatoo, Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (DoEE 2017).

The Addendum Black Cockatoo Assessment (Strategen 2018; Appendix 8) built on the findings of the Survey and refined the extent of foraging habitat and habitat trees within the DE.

The Black Cockatoo Survey (MRIA 2017b) and Addendum (Strategen 2018) identified a total of 8.4 ha of foraging and roosting habitat for Carnaby’s Cockatoo ranging from low to high quality, and 0.1 ha of foraging and roosting habitat for the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo of low quality. Figure 7 shows habitat quality for Carnaby’s Cockatoo only, given the very limited habitat available for Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo within the DE. Table 12 presents the quality and extent of foraging habitat for each species.

Table 12: Black cockatoo foraging / roosting habitat quality Area of habitat within Proposal development area (ha) Habitat quality Carnaby’s Cockatoo Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo High 2.0 0 Quality 3.2 0 Low 3.2 0.1 No suitable habitat 40.2 48.5

The Black Cockatoo survey (MRIA 2017b) determined potential breeding trees based on those with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >500 mm, except for Eucalyptus wandoo (DBH >300 mm). A total of 17 potential breeding trees where identified for Carnaby's Cockatoo, and 6 potential breeding trees where identified for Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo within the DE. Field inspection indicated that of these potential breeding trees, only one tree (a stag / dead tree) had a hollow and the hollow was assessed as unsuitable for black cockatoo nesting (Strategen 2018). In addition, the majority of the potential breeding trees within the DE are Eucalyptus rudis (Flooded Gum), which provides limited habitat value for Black Cockatoos (Strategen 2018).

The Black Cockatoo survey (MRIA 2017b) identified a number of potential breeding trees elsewhere in the vicinity of the DE, as presented in Figure 7. Black cockatoo habitat within the DE is located approximately 1 km from a known Carnaby’s cockatoo roost site located within Beeliar Regional Park (DoP 2011). Figure 8 presents the regional context for Black Cockatoo habitat in the vicinity of the DE.

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4.4.4 Potential impacts

Direct impacts

The proposal will result in the clearing of habitat for conservation significant species, including: • habitat for Carnaby's Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) comprising 8.4 ha foraging/roosting habitat (2.0 ha of ‘high quality’, 3.2 ha of ‘quality’ and 3.2 ha of ‘low quality’) and 17 potential breeding trees (no suitable hollows, mostly Flooded Gum) • minor clearing of habitat for Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) comprising 0.1 ha foraging/roosting habitat and 6 potential breeding trees (no suitable hollows) • 8.4 ha of habitat for Quenda (Isoodon obesulus fusciventer) • 13.8 ha of habitat for Perth Lined Skink (Lerista lineata).

High-level mapping of potential Carnaby’s Cockatoo foraging habitat (Glossop et. al 2011) identifies substantial areas in the vicinity of the Proposal as potential foraging habitat for the species, much of which is protected in conservation areas (e.g. Beeliar Regional Park; Figure 2, Figure 8). As such, the Proposal is not expected to result in considerable habitat loss or fragmentation in the local area.

Indirect impacts

Construction activities have potential to impact on adjacent fauna habitat through erosion, uncontrolled access, dust deposition, and through the spread of weeds and dieback.

4.4.5 Assessment of impacts

The Proposal with require clearing of approximately 2.0 ha of ‘high quality’, 3.2 ha of ‘quality’ and 3.2 ha of ‘low quality’ habitat for Carnaby’s Cockatoo. The Proposal will not result in the clearing of habitat trees with suitable hollows for black cockatoo nesting, and the potential habitat trees identified within the DE are mostly Flooded Gum which provides limited habitat value. Additionally, there is presence of substantial areas of potential foraging habitat for black cockatoos in nearby conservation areas (e.g. Beeliar Regional park).

The impacts to habitat for Carnaby’s Cockatoo can be effectively mitigated and regulated through a clearing permit under Part V of the EP Act. As presented in Sections 4.3, 4.5 and 4.6, the impacts to environmental factors other than clearing are not expected to be significant.

Apart from clearing of Carnaby’s Cockatoo habitat, the Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to terrestrial fauna, based on the following: • minor clearing (0.1 ha) of habitat for Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo • clearing of approximately 8.4 ha of habitat for Quenda and 13.8 ha of habitat for Perth Lined Skink, which are priority 3 and 4 species respectively, with substantial areas of habitat in nearby conservation areas • no clearing of conservation or RE category wetland vegetation • no development adjacent to conservation reserves, Bush Forever sites, TECs or conservation category wetlands or their buffer areas, reducing the potential for significant indirect impacts to sensitive fauna habitats • temporary and localised dewatering during construction, with no significant impact to fauna habitat associated with potential groundwater dependent ecosystems in the vicinity of the DE • application of mitigation measures to minimise direct and indirect impacts (see Section 4.4.6).

MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 22-Aug-18 37 Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

4.4.6 Mitigation

Impacts to terrestrial fauna will be mitigated through the following: • design of the road alignment to minimise clearing of native vegetation, including black cockatoo habitat • landscaping to reinstate some fauna habitat post-construction, especially for Quenda and Perth Lined Skink • implementation of a PEMP (Appendix 4) including management measures such as: ∗ staff inductions regarding fauna management ∗ inspection (ecologist) of potential breeding trees as required ∗ reporting of any injured fauna to the Parks and Wildllife Wildcare Helpline ∗ road verges will be landscaped with native species ∗ clearing and access control measures (such as demarcation of clearing boundaries) ∗ weed and dieback management ∗ erosion and sediment control ∗ waste and fire management.

4.4.7 Predicted outcome

Based on the location away from sensitive areas, the availability of habitat in conservation areas, and the proposed mitigation measures, the Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to biological diversity or ecological integrity. Impacts to fauna habitat may be mitigated and regulated through a clearing permit under Part V of the EP Act.

According, it is expected that the EPA objective for terrestrial fauna will be met.

4.5 Key environmental factor 4 – Inland Waters

4.5.1 EPA objective

The EPA’s Statement of Environmental Principles, Factors and Objectives (EPA 2018b) identifies the following objective for inland waters: • To maintain the hydrological regimes quality of groundwater and surface water so that environmental values are protected.

4.5.2 EPA policy and guidelines

The inland water that have informed the planning of the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Environmental Factor Guideline: Inland Waters (EPA 2018c).

4.5.3 Receiving environment

Hydrology overview

The Proposal lies on the Bassendean Dunes land system, comprising undulating terrain with highly permeable soils and no natural waterways. Rainfall predominantly infiltrates into the sandy soils, or converts to runoff from impervious areas, which is transported via stormwater drainage infrastructure into constructed basins or wetlands.

MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 22-Aug-18 38 Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

There is a superficial aquifer present in the Bassendean Sands geological unit, with groundwater flowing westwards from the Jandakot Mound towards Yangebup Lake. Groundwater levels are mapped by DWER from 26-28 mAHD (east) to 24-26 mAHD at Kwinana Freeway, with a typical 2 m annual variation. Recent monitoring data (MRIA 2018b) indicates maximum groundwater levels from 26.6 mAHD (east) to 25.7 mAHD (west). The majority of the DE has a depth to groundwater greater than 5 m, with the exception of low-lying areas along Tapper Road and the proposed drainage basins either side of Kwinana Freeway. These low-lying areas are mapped as covered by geomorphic wetlands (see below).

Wetlands

Groundwater is expressed as wetlands between the dune landforms. Three geomorphic wetlands are mapped within the DE (Figure 9). The attributes of each of these are detailed in Table 13.

Table 13: Geomorphic wetlands within DE Wetland Identification management Wetland type Wetland condition code category Multiple Use UFI 6652 dampland Partially cleared for light industrial and commercial development and Kwinana Freeway Some pockets of remnant vegetation remain, including within the DE (see Section 4.2.3 ) Multiple Use UFI 6655 sumpland Extensively cleared for Kwinana Freeway and urban residential development No remnant vegetation remaining within DE Resource UFI 15297 sumpland Extensively cleared for Atwell urban residential area, and Enhancement rural residential area east of Tapper Road Waterbodies present in recreational reserves and on rural residential land east of Tapper Road No remnant vegetation remaining within DE

A small portion of the DE along Tapper Road lies over the mapped Gibbs Road Swamp (GRS, Figure 9), which is listed in Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia for its significance as ‘a good example of the formerly extensive network of small wooded/shrub swamps in the south-east part of the Perth Metropolitan Area’. As noted for UFI 15297, the GRS has been extensively cleared for the Atwell urban residential area and rural residential development, and the vegetation within the DE comprises planted non-native species (scattered trees without understorey) along Tapper Road which are not considered wetland or buffer vegetation. Accordingly, the DE does not comprise wetland vegetation associated with the GRS.

No Ramsar listed or Conservation Category wetlands occur within 1 km of the DE.

Public Drinking Water Source Areas

The south-eastern portion of DE is mapped as Priority 1, 2 and 3 public drinking water source area (PDWSA; Figure 10).

Wellhead Protection Zones

The Armadale Road portion of the DE, intersects one Wellhead Protection Zone (WHPZ), located predominantly within a Priority 3 PDWSA (Figure 10).

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4.5.4 Potential impacts

The Proposal may result in potential temporary impacts to the hydrological regime and water quality associated with construction actives.

Activities that may potentially impact inland waters include: • dewatering during construction (Option B only), as outlined in Section 4.3.4 • discharge of dewatering effluent (Option B only) • excavation of ASS (Option B, unlikely for Option A), as outlined in Section 4.3.4 • accidental spills of fuels or chemicals during construction • erosion and sedimentation during construction • stormwater runoff from roads during operation.

As outlined in Section 4.3.4 the constructed road formation (including duck and dive section for Option B) will lie above the maximum groundwater table and no ongoing groundwater drainage or dewatering will be required for operations.

4.5.5 Assessment of impacts

The Proposal is not expected to cause a significant impact to inland waters, based on the following: • no dewatering for Option A • localised and temporary dewatering during construction for Option B, as outlined in Section 4.3.4 • no direct discharge of construction dewater to wetlands or waterways • no substantial excavation of ASS for Option A due to excavation being above the groundwater table, as outlined in Section 4.3.4 • no ongoing groundwater drainage / dewatering during operations (Options A and B) • no development adjacent to conservation category wetlands, Ramsar wetlands or their buffer areas, avoiding associated risk of hydrological or water quality impacts to these wetlands • application of mitigation measures to minimise indirect impacts (see Section 4.5.4).

4.5.6 Mitigation

The following mitigation measures are proposed to manage potential impacts to inland waters: • the PEMP (Appendix 4) includes spill response procedures, erosion/sediment controls and surface water/ drainage management to prevent water quality impacts in nearby wetlands and groundwater • all fuel or chemical storage will be compatible with water resource protection objectives and will: ∗ not be located within the Priority 1 PDWSA or WHPZ ∗ be above ground only ∗ be contained in double lined fuel storage tanks ∗ not exceed an individual storage tank capacity of 5,000 L ∗ be placed in bunds capable of storing 125% of the capacity of the largest storage tank • storage of fuel or chemicals within Priority 2 and Priority 3 PDWSAs will require written approval from the relevant authority • a licence will be obtained for construction dewatering in accordance with the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 • testing of construction dewater, and treatment if necessary, prior to infiltration • ASS will be managed through an ASSDMP (see Section 4.3.6) to prevent water quality impacts to wetlands and groundwater, in accordance with DWER guidelines • the new road infrastructure will drain into treatment and infiltration areas designed in accordance with the Better Urban Water Management framework and WA Stormwater Management Manual

MRO18220.01 R001 Rev 0 22-Aug-18 42 Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge

• any embankments adjacent to or within wetlands will be vegetated to minimise erosion and sedimentation.

4.5.7 Predicted outcome

Based on the lack of dewatering (for Option A) or localised and temporary dewatering (for Option B), the location away from conservation category / Ramsar wetlands, and the proposed mitigation measures, the Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to the hydrological regime or quality of groundwater and surface water.

According, it is expected that the EPA objective for inland waters environmental quality will be met.

4.6 Key environmental factor 5 – Social Surroundings

4.6.1 EPA objective

The EPA’s Statement of Environmental Principles, Factors and Objectives (EPA 2018b) identifies the following objective for social surroundings: • To protect social surroundings from significant harm.

4.6.2 EPA policy and guidelines

The social surroundings investigations that have informed the planning of the Proposal have been conducted in accordance with the Environmental Factor Guideline: Social Surroundings (EPA 2016e). In order to be considered by the EPA, there must be a clear link between the impact on the physical or biological surroundings and the subsequent impact on a person’s aesthetic, cultural, economic or social surroundings.

The assessment of traffic noise has been undertaken with respect to State Planning Policy 5.4 Road and Rail Transport Noise and Freight Considerations in Land Use Planning (WAPC 2009).

4.6.3 Receiving environment

Social Surroundings include aesthetic, cultural, economic and social surroundings of humans that could affect or be affected by physical or biological surroundings.

Aesthetic, economic and social

As presented in Section 2.4 and Figure 2, the DE is located in the City of Cockburn and is surrounded by predominantly urban residential and commercial land uses. The following ‘social’ and ‘economic’ values occur in the local area: • Cockburn Gateway shopping centre • Cockburn Aquatic and Recreation Centre • commercial land uses (e.g. Spotlight, Bunnings) • light industrial land uses further to the north in Jandakot • Cockburn Central train station and carparking area • recreational reserve and wetland along Tapper Road • Beeliar Regional Park and Thompsons Lake Nature Reserve

The areas listed above provide shopping and recreational value to residents and visitors. The various regional and local parks in the area provide useable Public Open Space with amenities such as children’s playgrounds, grassed and vegetated areas, footpaths.

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The DE lies adjacent to the Atwell urban residential area to the south, as well as rural residential properties to the south-east. The urban residential area has aesthetic surroundings typical of residential areas within the Perth metropolitan region, with a strong visual and acoustic influence associated with commercial and commuter activities and premises along Armadale Road, Kwinana Freeway, Cockburn Gateway shopping centre and Cockburn Central station.

Cultural heritage

The DE lies across the historic Armadale/Fremantle Rail line (Place 24582) listed on the City of Armadale’s Municipal Inventory as ‘category E’ (Figure 11). The rail line was decommissioned in 1964 and ran parallel to Armadale Road (east of Solomon Road) and Knock Place on the southern side of the road. Category E sites are those historic sites with little or no built features, with an objective to recognise the values; for example, with a plaque, place name, or acknowledgement in new urban or architectural design. Previous road construction has eliminated most of the historic railway formation.

No registered Aboriginal heritage sites will be impacted by the Proposal. Two ‘Other Heritage Places’ (OHPs) are mapped within the DE. These OHPs are ‘Readymix Sand Pit 2’ (site ID 3300) and ‘Forest Road’ (site ID 3423). These sites have a ‘stored data/ not a site’ status, and therefore these sites have been assessed as not meeting Section 5 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972.

4.6.4 Potential impacts

Aesthetic, economic and social

The Proposal construction activities may cause potential impacts on aesthetic, economic and social values due to: • dust emissions and deposition • noise and vibration from machinery during construction • construction waste such as litter and debris • construction vehicle traffic including heavy vehicles supplying materials • temporary restricted access to adjacent commercial and recreational areas due to construction works.

The Proposal is expected to improve economic and social values in the vicinity through reducing traffic congestion along Armadale Road.

The Proposal may cause ongoing potential impacts on aesthetic and social values due to: • visual impacts from an elevated roadway between Solomon Road and Tapper Road • noise and traffic from vehicles using the upgraded road and bridge.

Figure 12 presents topography in the vicinity of the DE, indicating higher elevation land (33-35 mAHD) in the vicinity of the intersection at Solomon Road and Kwinana Freeway, and lower elevation land (25- 28 mAHD) in the vicinity of the intersection at Tapper Road. This indicates that residences south of the DE and in the vicinity of Tapper Road may be at greater risk of visual and noise impacts from an elevated roadway and vehicle traffic.

Heritage

The Proposal may result in the potential of loss of recognition of the historic values of a portion of the Armadale/Fremantle Rail Armadale Road to Cockburn alignment. However, this is considered to be unlikely, as the railway has been destroyed by previous development.

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4.6.5 Assessment of impacts

Construction activities

Construction activities will extend over a period of two to three years. There is thus potential for impacts to aesthetic, economic and social values to occur temporarily during this period, including nuisance from dust, noise, traffic and parking.

The severity and frequency of impacts to social surroundings will be minimised through locating the construction compound away from residential areas and avoiding the use of residential streets for construction traffic where possible.

Due to the proximity of the construction site to residential, recreational and commercial areas, mitigation is required to minimise the nuisance and inconvenience to residents, businesses and visitors during the construction period.

Construction within the historic Armadale/Fremantle Rail line is not expected to pose a significant impact to heritage values, as the site is category E on the Municipal Inventory and has been previously disturbed by development. Main Roads will consult with the City of Armadale as to what heritage management (if any) is required for works over the site.

There are no registered indigenous heritage sites expected to be impacted by the Proposal.

Traffic noise

A road traffic noise assessment was undertaken for the Proposal and associated road projects in the vicinity of the Proposal (MRIA 2018c, Appendix 9). The noise assessment was undertaken in accordance with the SPP 5.4 Implementation Guideline and included noise monitoring and noise modelling, including the effect of implementing noise barrier walls.

The noise assessment addressed the following design options for Armadale Road: • Option 2 – Grade Separated Viaduct (Option A in this supporting document) • Option 3 – Grade Separated Viaduct and Dive Structure (Option B in this supporting document).

The assessment adopted noise level objective limits based on the criteria in SPP 5.4, as presented in Table 14. The noise limits under SPP 5.4 apply for new road construction projects. Major road redevelopments such as the Proposal are required to implement reasonable and practical measures to achieve the noise limits under SPP 5.4, where possible.

Table 14: Noise level objective limits Time Period Base Objective Limits Objective Target Day (16 hour) LAeq 60 dBA LAeq 55 dBA 6:00 am to 10:00 pm Night (8 hour) LAeq 55 dBA LAeq 50 dBA 10:00 pm to 6:00 am

The noise modelling predicted noise levels at 2041 with and without the Proposal, and for options of 3 m or 4 m high noise walls to replace the existing 1.8 m high barriers along property boundaries east of the Solomon Road intersection. The noise modelling incorporated a 2.4 m high noise wall / screen on the southern side of the elevated roadway for the full extent of the elevated roadway and approach embankments.

The assessment presents noise modelling results for eight Noise Catchment Areas (NCA), three of which relate to other approved road development projects and are not relevant to the Proposal. Table 15 presents a summary of the noise assessment results for the five NCAs adjacent to the Proposal, expressed as the number of properties subject to exceedance of the day time limit (60 dBA LAeq) under SPP 5.4.

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Table 15: Noise assessment summary – number of properties subject to exceedance of SPP 5.4 criteria 2041 - 2041 - 2041 - 2041 - Noise 2041 - No Proposal Proposal Proposal Proposal Catchment 2017 Proposal Option A, 3m Option A, 4m Option B, 3m Option B, 4m Area wall wall wall wall 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2 12 25 15 15 15 15 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 0 2 5 5 7 7 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 25 29 6 3 5 3 7 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 8 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Total 40 60 31 28 32 30

As presented in Table 15, in the absence of the Proposal the increase in road traffic from 2017 to 2041 is predicted to result in an increase to the number of properties subject to exceedance from 40 to 60. The majority of the increase in exceedance is expected to occur in NCA 2, which is adjacent to the Berrigan Drive southbound on-ramp to the Kwinana Freeway. The increase in NCA 2 is due to the forecast traffic increase along the Kwinana Freeway. By comparison NCAs 3 to 6, which lie along Armadale Road, are predicted to be subject to a limited increase in the number of exceedances consistent with the lower volumes of traffic along that road.

As presented in Table 15, implementation of the Proposal is predicted to reduce the number of properties subject to exceedances, from 60 to between 28 and 31 as of 2041. The greatest reduction is predicted for NCA 6, which lies along Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Tapper Drive.

The reduction in noise levels is expected to be achieved through the proposed noise walls, which substantially improve noise attenuation from the existing barriers. The noise modelling indicates that Option A would have a slightly higher (1 to 2 more) number of exceedance than Option B, which is expected due to the greater length of elevated roadway. The provision of a 4 m wall would slightly reduce (2 to 3 less) the number of exceedances compared to a 3 m wall.

It is noted that the majority (hundreds) of noise sensitive properties in the vicinity of the Proposal are predicted to have noise levels within the SPP 5.4 criteria.

Based on the findings of the noise modelling, the Proposal (Options A and B) is expected to reduce noise levels compared to the ‘do nothing’ scenario, and is not expected to cause significant impacts to amenity.

Further noise assessment will be conducted as part of the detailed design to determine practicable noise mitigation measures in accordance with SPP 5.4.

Visual impacts to aesthetics

The proposed at grade road works along North Lake Road and Armadale Road and the bridge and road works over and along the Kwinana Freeway are not expected to cause significant visual impacts, as the new road and bridge works will present a similar visual character to existing road and bridge works along Armadale Road and Kwinana Freeway.

The proposed elevated roadway along Armadale Road will present a different visual character to the existing at-grade road, which has potential to cause visual impacts to the Atwell residential area and rural residential area south of the road. It is noted that existing views from the residential areas looking north are of a commercial or transport related character, subject to large retail buildings, carparks and a four- lane road and associated traffic movement.

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Option A comprises an elevated roadway between Solomon Road and Tapper Road, whereas Option B comprised an elevated roadway over Tapper Road transitioning to a duck and dive section beneath Solomon Road. Accordingly, Option A has a higher potential visual impact than Option B.

Appendix 2 presents cross sections of the Proposal at three north-south sections along Armadale Road between Solomon Road and Tapper Road, based on Option A (elevated roadway throughout). The cross sections incorporate indicative noise wall heights, which may varied during detailed design. Figure 13, Figure 14 and Figure 15 present the cross-sections with viewing lines to the elevated roadway structure, 1 with a heavy vehicle height of 4.3 m as per the National Heavy Vehicle Regulator. Figure 13 and Figure 14 do not apply to Option B, as this option involves a duck and dive section over cross-section A transitioning to an at grade section at cross-section B.

Figure 13: Visual cross-section C near Solomon Road (Option A only – Option B duck and dive)

1 The exception to the height limit includes trucks carrying livestock, twin deck vehicle carriers, or double decker busses. These vehicles are considered highly unlikely to use the elevated roadway along Armadale Road.

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Figure 14: Visual cross-section B midway between Solomon Road and Tapper Road (Option A only – Option B at grade)

Figure 15: Visual cross section C near Tapper Road (Options A and B)

As indicated by the green dashed residential view lines in the cross-sections, the proposed noise wall on the north side of the residential area is expected to effectively screen residential views to the elevated roadway structure / traffic. It is expected that residents adjacent to Armadale Road will not be able to view vehicles using the elevated roadway. The red dashed driver view lines indicate that the proposed noise wall on the south side of the roadway will effectively screen driver views of the residential area, therefore vehicle users will not be able to see into residential backyards. The orange dashed residential view lines in the cross-sections suggest that the elevated roadway structure / traffic may potentially be visible from certain locations further to the south, such as the cul-de-sacs or the recreational reserve along Tapper Road, however the majority of views within Atwell will be screened by residence roofs, fences and planted vegetation. While some views may be affected by the Proposal, the existing residential views to the north are of a commercial or transport related character.

The rural residential area to the east of Tapper Road is expected to be effectively screened via vegetation and distance from the proposed elevated roadway.

The proposed noise walls along Armadale Road will be developed in accordance with Main Roads specifications, to complement and enhance the existing visual amenity of the area. Plate 1, Plate 2 and Plate 3 present an example of similar noise walls developed along Main Roads in the Perth metropolitan region.

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Plate 1: Noise wall example – residential side

Plate 2: Noise wall example

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Plate 3: Noise wall example – traffic side

In addition to the screening effect of noise walls, visual screening will be provided where required in accordance with Main Roads Scope of Work and Technical Criteria (SWTC). The SWTC includes the requirement for screen walls wherever Main Roads projects would reduce privacy into residences, in particular where there is increased visibility from vehicles, pedestrians or cyclists into residences or increased headlight glare into residences. The SWTC requires detailed design to consider all angles of vision to the roadworks of concern, considering a viewing height of 2.0 m and a viewing source (on the road) of 2.4 m. Based on the visual analysis, additional screening may be placed at the property boundary or on the elevated roadway deck.

Based on the above analysis and mitigation, the proposed elevated roadway along Armadale Road is not expected to cause significant visual impacts.

4.6.6 Mitigation

Construction impacts

Mitigation measures are proposed to manage potential impacts to social surroundings, including: • Construction noise will be managed in accordance with the Environmental Protection (Noise) Regulations 1997, including: ∗ notification of residents and business of construction activities and complaints phoneline ∗ complaints response process to ensure prompt response to all concerns and complaints throughout construction ∗ construction usually limited to normal business hours between 7am and 7pm ∗ development of a noise and vibration management plan for any out-of-hours works • conduct any subsequent investigations and recommendations resulting from complaints of damage

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• adopt construction techniques that will minimise vibration impacts to nearby sensitive receptors, particularly for compaction operations • dust monitoring and suppression with water sprays to prevent dust deposition on nearby properties and public areas • install signage for suitable speed limits during vehicle movement • landscape in a timely manner to suppress dust from exhausted material sources • waste management, including litter control and use of designated bins for construction waste • spill response procedures and erosion/sediment controls to prevent impacts to adjacent land and wetlands (e.g. Atwell Reserve).

Operational impacts

Mitigation measures for the operations phase include: • minimising elevation and visual intrusion of bridge as far as is practicable • provision of shared use paths to maintain/ enhance existing access networks • provision of a noise wall to mitigate noise impacts from vehicle use of the roads as well as acting as a visual screen between the road and adjacent residences • SWTC requirements for visual screening as part of detailed design • landscaping with native vegetation to maintain and enhance the existing visual character of the area.

Further noise assessment will be conducted as part of the detailed design to determine practicable noise mitigation measures in accordance with SPP 5.4.

The indicative noise wall heights presented in Appendix 2 may vary during detailed design, subject to the findings of detailed noise and visual analysis.

4.6.7 Predicted outcome

Based on the provision of construction phase mitigation measures, the limited heritage values remaining in the area, the existing commercial / transport visual character, and the demonstrated effectiveness of noise mitigation and visual screening, the Proposal is not expected to cause significant impacts to aesthetic, cultural, economic and social values in the City of Cockburn.

According, it is expected that the EPA objective for social surroundings will be met.

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5. Other environmental factors or matters

No other environmental factors established by the EPA for the purposes of environmental impact assessment were considered significant for the Proposal, as presented in Table 16.

Table 16: Assessment of other environmental factors Environmental factor Significance of impact Benthic Communities and Habitat The Proposal is not located adjacent or nearby coastal areas. Coastal Processes The Proposal is not located adjacent or nearby coastal areas. Marine Environmental Quality The Proposal is not located adjacent or nearby marine areas. Marine Fauna The Proposal is not located adjacent or nearby marine areas. Landforms The Proposal will involve a small scale of earthworks and does lie within or nearby a high value landscape. Subterranean Fauna The Proposal will involve temporary and localised dewatering that is not expected to cause significant impacts to subterranean fauna. Air Quality The Proposal will result in minor air (dust) emissions during construction which will be managed through a PEMP, and will not result in increased vehicle emissions in the local area. Human Health The Proposal will not result in significant impacts to human health. Noise is not expected to be severe and consistent with EPA guidance (EPA 2016f) is addressed under Social Surroundings.

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6. References

Department of Environment Conservation (DEC) 2012, Fauna Profiles- Quenda Isoodon obesulus (Shaw, 1797), Government of Western Australia, Perth, accessed via: https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/pests- diseases/quenda_2012.pdf.

Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) 2017, Revised draft referral guideline for three threatened black cockatoo species: Carnaby’s Cockatoo, Baudin’s Cockatoo and the Forest Red- tailed Black Cockatoo. Commonwealth of Australia.

Department of Planning (DoP) 2011, Metropolitan Region Scheme (MRS) - potential habitat for the Carnaby's Black Cockatoo which may require further assessment, Western Australian Planning Commission, accessed via: http://www.nrm.wa.gov.au/media/41446/map_of_potential_carnaby_s_cockatoo_habitat_in_the_pert h_region_scheme_area.pdf.

Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure 2007, Northern Expressway Environmental Report, Government of South Australia, AusLink and Australian Government Department of Transport and Regional Services.

EPA, 2004. Technical Guide - Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016a, Technical Guidance - Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016b, Environmental Factor Guideline: Flora and Vegetation, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016c, Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial Environmental Quality, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016d, Environmental Factor Guideline: Terrestrial Fauna, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016e, Environmental Factor Guideline: Social Surroundings, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016f, Environmental Factor Guideline: Human Health, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2018a, Instructions on how to prepare an Environmental Review Document, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2018b, Statement of Environmental Principles, Factors and Objectives, EPA, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2018c, Environmental Factor Guideline: Inland Waters Environmental Quality, EPA, Western Australia.

Gibson, N., Keighery B, Keighery G., Burbidge A., Lyons, M., A Floristic Survey of the Southern Swan Coastal Plain, Department of Conservation and Land Management and Conservation Council of Western Australia.

Glossop, B., Clarke, K., Mitchell, D., Barrett, G., 2011, Carnaby’s Black Cockatoos Potential Feeding Areas spatial layer, as per Methods for mapping of Carnaby’s cockatoo habitat, Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley.

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Gozzard J. R., 1983, Fremantle Part Sheets 2033 I and 2033 IV, Perth Metropolitan Region, Environmental Geology Series, Geological Survey of Western Australia.

Heddle EM, Loneragan, OW & Havel, JJ 1980, ‘Vegetation Complexes of the Darling System, Western Australia’, Department of Conservation and Environment, Atlas of Natural Resources, Darling System, Western Australia.

Metropolitan Roads Improvement Alliance (MRIA) 2017a, Detailed Flora and Vegetation Assessment: Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge, report produced for Main Roads Western Australia.

Metropolitan Roads Improvement Alliance (MRIA) 2017b, Level 1 Fauna and Black Cockatoo Survey: Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge, report produced for Main Roads Western Australia.

Metropolitan Roads Improvement Alliance (MRIA) 2018a, Acid Sulfate Soil Site Investigation: Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge, report produced for Main Roads Western Australia.

Metropolitan Roads Improvement Alliance (MRIA) 2018b, Groundwater Impacts Assessment: Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge, report produced for Main Roads Western Australia.

Metropolitan Roads Improvement Alliance (MRIA) 2018c, Noise Assessment Report: Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge, report produced for Main Roads Western Australia.

Western Australian Planning Commission (WAPC) 2009, State Planning Policy 5.4, Road and Rail Transport Noise and Freight Considerations in Land Use Planning, prepared under Section 26 of the Planning and Development Act 2005, Gazette No. 169, September 2009.

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