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The Role of the Parasitoid, Aphytis Phoenicis

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The Role of the Parasitoid, Aphytis Phoenicis Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J - Volume 3 Issue 2 January 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Bakry MMS DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.03.555609 The Role of the Parasitoid, Aphytis Phoenicis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Biological Control of Parlatoria Date Scale Insect, Parlatoria Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti) Infesting Date Palm Trees in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Bakry MMS1*, Salman AMA2 and Moussa SFM1 1Department of Scale insects and Mealybugs Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, Egypt 2Department of Plant Protection, Sohag University, Egypt Submission: November 19, 2016; Published: January 04, 2017 *Corresponding author: Bakry MMS, Department of Scale insects and Mealybugs Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC Dokii, Giza, Egypt, Tel: ; Email: ; Abstract The hymenopterous parasitoid, Aphytis phoenicis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was found associated with the parlatoria date scale insect, Parlatoria blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti) on date palm trees throughout two successive years (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. The results showed that half monthly observations of parasitoid had four peaks of seasonal activity per year, which mid-April and mid-June during the 2nd year (2011/2012). In addition, the mean highest population of parasitoid, A. phoenicis during the two years was recorded in autumnmid-October, months, mid-November, which may due mid-April to the environmental and mid-June in conditions the first year were (2010/2011) more suitable and for during the A. phoenicisthe mid-October, activity. mid-December, The results showed that the relationship between population density of the P. blanchardii (Host) and the parasitoid, A. phoenicis activity was good during the two years. Also, the simple regression analysis indicated that the numbers of the parasitoid, A. phoenicis were relatively more correlated with the insect density during autumn, winter, spring and summer and through the year. Also, the percentages of parasitism were rangedThe between obtained 5.5 results to 15.7% showed through that the percentagesfirst year and of ranged explained between variance 3.7 (E.V.)to 16.7% indicate during that the all second tested year.variables were responsible for 61.2 and 35.7% of the population changes of the parasitoid during the 1st and 2nd years of (2010/2011 and 2011/2012), respectively. Keywords: Parasitoid; Aphytis phoenicis; Parlatoria blanchardii; Seasonal activity environmental conditions and date palm trees Introduction is the appearance and accumulation of its scales on Among several pests, infesting date palm trees, parlatoria blanchardii attacked palm parts El-Said [1], El-Sherif et al. [2], Blumberg [3]. date scale insect, Parlatoria blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti) is considered as pest. Adults and nymphs of this insect feed on The infested host plant can be so weakened that it dies. leaves sap, sucking great amount of sap which contain macro- Control of these pests by the application of chemical insecticides and micro-elements. At high level of infestation with this scale is a quick and easy step towards the reduction of their population insect, remarkable damage occurs, resulting in early leaves drop density. However, the use of pesticides is accompanied by many and yield reduction El-Said [1]. Great damages can be done by problems, which include the toxic effects on human beings and this scale insect by sucking the plant sap that give low rates of photosynthesis and respiration which leads to curling, yellowing, soil fauna through their accumulation in the soil. However, animals as well as beneficial insects. Pesticides also badly affect dropping to leaves. A characteristic symptom of infestation by P. the control of armored scale insects in Egypt still relies on the Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 3(2): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555609 (2017) 0053 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal use of insecticides, such as organophosphates or mineral oils, 65% R.H. for securing any emerging parasitoid. Different stages especially in the summer during heavy infestations Abd-Rabou [4]. Control Research Department, Plant Protection Research of parasitoid were identified by the specialists in the Biological Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Egypt. Parasitoids are a major component of natural enemies and integrated pest management programs of scale insects. Parasitoids are insects that feed on the body of another insect categories: The dissected scales were classified the two following or arthropod during the larval stage of the life cycle. The host A. Non-parasitized scale insect. organism will die as a result. When the parasitoid completes its life cycle, it becomes a free-living insect, no longer dependent on B. Parasitized scale insect. the host. The species of genus Aphytis Howard (Hymenoptera: In each collected dates, seasonal activity of the parasitoid, Aphelinidae) develop exclusively as primary ectoparasitoids of A. phoenicis, were studied and the percentage of parasitism was armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and are usually calculated according to the formula of Orphanides [7]: the most abundant and effective natural enemies of theses serious pests. Several species of Aphytis have been successfully employed in biological control against economically important armored scale insects. The abundance of Aphytis spp. has attracted many authors Mourad & Zanuncio [5], El-Said [1], Abd- Concerning, the effect of the main weather factors on the total Rabou & Hendaway [6], El-Sherif et al. [2]. population of this parasitoid. Necessary meteorological data at Luxor governorate were obtained from the Central Laboratory The objective of this work is to study the seasonal activity for Agricultural climate, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry and effect of environmental factors on the population density of of Agriculture in Giza. The half monthly of tested main weather the parasitoid, was carried out for two successive A. phoenicis factors viz. (Max. temp., Min. temp., mean of % relative humidity years (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) at Esna district, Luxor and mean of dew point °C) were worked out. Governorate. According to the results of the simple correlation, simple Material and Methods Studying the role of the parasitoid, A.phoenicis regression coefficient and the partial regression formula which (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for controlling the Parlatoria date weather factors on population density of A. phoenicis. The was adopted to find out the simultaneous effects of tested main scale insect, Parlatoria blanchardii infesting date palm trees partial regression method termed the C-multipliers was adopted were carried out at Esna district, Luxor Governorate during the according to Fisher [8]. Statistical analysis in the present work two successive years (2010/2011 and 2011/2012). was carried out with Computer using MSTATC [9] to determine the preferable time for the parasitoid activity. The population density of P. blanchardii Four palms of White variety of almost similar and as uniform Results and Discussion as possible in size, age (5 years), shape, height, vegetative growth Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid, A. phoenicis and received the normal agricultural practices without pruning During the investigation, it was observed that parasitoid is the fronds and application any chemical control measures before and during the period of investigation, were randomly chosen conditions during the two years of (2010/2011 and 2011/2012). for sampling which was practiced at half-monthly intervals played an important role for controlling this pest under field were selected for carrying out this study. The sample size (12 The first year (2010/2011) each of the north, east, south and west directions. Regular half- Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 1 indicated that the total number leaflets) was taken from every palm at a rate of (3 leaflets) from monthly samples were collected and immediately transferred In the first year of study (2010/2011) are represented in to laboratory in polyethylene bags for inspection by the aid of stereo-microscope. Number of alive insects on upper and of parasitoid started with 9.2 individuals per leaflet of date palm in beginning September and increased gradually to reach the first recorded at means of 30.06°C and 13°C (average of temperature peak in the mid of October where 19.8 individuals/leaflet were recorded together opposite to each inspected date. and dew point) and 25.6 % R.H. Then, the parasitoid population lower surfaces of leaflets on date palm trees were counted and decreased slightly during beginning of November. The seasonal abundance of the parasitoid, A. phoenicis The associated parasitoid, A. phoenicis of P. blanchardii was Again, the population of parasitoid increased to reach the second peak in the mid-November when the individuals reached monthly counts and depended on the counts of parasitized scale 18.1 at means of 25°C and 11.7°C (average of temperature and examined, identified, counted and recorded was based on half- insect with larvae and pupa of A. phoenicis for each inspected dew point) and 33.6 % R.H. Thereafter, the population decreased date (not on the emergency wasps). The specimens of scale sharply to reach in mid-February. Again, the population increased insect were put in glass jars and kept under 21-25°C and 60- to reach the third peak in the mid- April when 8.6 individuals/ How to cite this article: Bakry M, Salman A, Moussa S. The Role of the Parasitoid, Aphytis Phoenicis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Biological 0054 Control of Parlatoria Date Scale Insect, Parlatoria Blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti) Infesting Date Palm Trees in Luxor Governorate, Egypt.. Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2017; 3(2): 555609. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.03.555609 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal fourth peak in mid- June when 10.5 individuals were recorded temperature and dew point) and 25.1 % R.H. leaflets were recorded at means of 23.4°C and 6.6°C (average of of temperature and dew point) and 17.2 % R.H. Moreover, the The parasitoid decreased gradually to reach in mid-May.
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