Religion's Influence on Environmental Concern
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University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2013 Religion’s Influence on Environmental Concern: U.S. Evangelicals’ Construction of Climate Change Perceptions Aaron S. Routhe [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Place and Environment Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Rural Sociology Commons, and the Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons Recommended Citation Routhe, Aaron S., "Religion’s Influence on Environmental Concern: U.S. Evangelicals’ Construction of Climate Change Perceptions. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2474 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Aaron S. Routhe entitled "Religion’s Influence on Environmental Concern: U.S. Evangelicals’ Construction of Climate Change Perceptions." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Sociology. Sherry Cable, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Robert E. Jones, Harry F. Dahms, William Park Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) RELIGION’S INFLUENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: U.S. EVANGELICALS’ CONSTRUCTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE PERCEPTIONS A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Aaron S. Routhe August 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Aaron S. Routhe All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A sociological imagination recognizes few human endeavors result exclusively from the actions of a solitary individual. Such is the case here. I have many to thank for what they offered and provided for me to complete this venture. Any misunderstandings or errors are my own. First and foremost, I am grateful for the time and hospitality that the 53 study participants living in the greater Dayton, Ohio area gave to me. I greatly appreciate how forthcoming they were in sharing their personal experiences and views on the variety of topics we discussed during interviews. This dissertation would not be complete without their contributions and I hope I represent their perspectives clearly in it. For various reasons, my work on this dissertation occurred in various places over an extended period as I held full-time positions in undergraduate educational contexts. I am grateful to Dr. Chris Elisara, executive director of the Creation Care Study Program (CCSP), for providing a sabbatical in Spring 2008 to begin exploring options for my research while I oversaw CCSP’s South Pacific (SoPac) program in New Zealand. I also wish to thank Mark Pierson who served as interim program director in my absence, and Sara Barrett Maddocks, SoPac’s program administrator. Both made my sabbatical feasible and the program would not have continued that semester without them. I subsequently conducted interviews in Fall 2008 and made progress on dissertation research during summers while teaching sociology for several years. I am indebted greatly to several people at Houghton College in western New York for their support. I am grateful to Vice- President of Academic Affairs and Dean Linda Mills-Woolsey for providing funding for transcription and additional support through reduced course loads at various times. Words cannot do justice for the efforts, encouragement, and friendship Dr. Paul Young, chair of the department of Psychology and Sociology, offered me through these times. It is unlikely I would have endured without his mentorship, wisdom, and exemplary example of the academic life. Finally, I thank Aillie Smithers, whose assistance helped end a two summer long transcription process with her organization of a team of undergraduate student transcribers. I am grateful to the faculty of the Department of Sociology at The University of Tennessee-Knoxville for their role in my master’s and doctorate education, training in the discipline, and personal development as a scholar. They guided and shaped my transition from a iii natural science perspective obtained in my undergraduate education. The courses I participated in with them facilitated the emergence and development of my sociological imagination, while imparting to me an appreciation for the power, value, and relevance of sociological inquiry. I wish to thank my committee members who each made valuable contributions to both the dissertation and my education. Besides his steadfast friendship and collegiality, Dr. Robert (Bobby) E. Jones was instrumental in the development of my theoretical sensitivity to the nuances and complexity of environmental concern. He played a significant role in the development of my quantitative orientation and survey methodology techniques. I am grateful to Dr. Harry F. Dahms for his guidance into the depths of critical, social, and sociological theory. These experiences simultaneously were challenging and exhilarating, with the most enduring effects for me occurring at the intersection of alienation, public policy, and social problems in the context of modern society. Finally, I greatly appreciate the willingness of Dr. William Park (Agricultural and Resource Economics) to join this venture at such late notice. Thank you for your insights on the dissertation and our shared experiences working together on this topic in our everyday life contexts. Others played earlier important roles that deserve mention. I am thankful to Dr. David Ostermeier (Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries) for his participation and contribution to this dissertation when I was establishing its foundations through my proposal defense. May you enjoy your retirement! To Dr. David L. Feldman (University of California-Irvine) I owe much gratitude for the research experience I gained while working with him and Bobby together in the Southeast Water Policy Initiative (SWPI) and its provision of funding to complete my master’s. As the original outside reader before moving to UC Irvine’s School of Ecology, Dave provided and mentored me through innumerable opportunities for developing my research capacities as I examined the human dimensions of social conflict and public support for meeting regional water supply needs. I continue to carry his generosity and kindness with me. In addition to the professional and scholarly communities supporting me, I could not have conducted this research and completed the dissertation without the support and sacrifices of my personal family. I am deeply grateful for the steadfast support of my parents, brothers, and sister-in-law. I also appreciate the ongoing encouragement of my wife’s family and parents, who know the right shade of orange. And my heartfelt thanks go to my three sons who were a iv part of this journey, willingly or not. Although mostly too young to realize it yet, the moments and memories we shared through these years have sustained me in this effort. Besides me, two other people were central to me finishing the dissertation. One is my doctoral advisor, Dr. Sherry Cable. Words again are inadequate for expressing my gratitude to her. From my first inquiry to the UT Department of Sociology about its master’s program and her overwhelmingly encouraging response, she embodies the grace, steadfastness, and generosity I aspire to offer others. Despite the frustration and cause I gave her for giving up on me, Sherry remained willing to work with me. I am extremely grateful for her guidance and thankful for the ongoing education she provided me in qualitative research. I persevered through her mentoring and friendship. The example of her conduct and support is one I hope to model. Finally, I am extraordinarily indebted and grateful to my partner in marriage Ginny. There is no one who has done more, with both professional and personal sacrifices, toward me obtaining this achievement than her. Recounting them would take pages more. She models to me dreaming big aspirations and what it means to give oneself for another. I only hope I can return this in kind for her ongoing flourishing and pursuit of her own ambitions. Thank you is shallow reflection of the depth of appreciation I have for her support. I dedicate this dissertation to the memory of my grandfather, Robert E. Routhe. v ABSTRACT Scholars identify an emerging religious social base to U.S. environmentalism and public concern about anthropogenic global climate change. Surveys also show religious and political conservatives express skepticism about this environmental problem and oppose environmental regulations addressing it. White conservative Protestants reflect this contrast by denying human activity causes it and opposing climate policy for mitigating anthropogenic effects on Earth’s atmosphere, while concern and activism for climate protection simultaneously increases among other environmental evangelical Christians. Decades of quantitative investigations reveal religion’s role in environmental concern remains murky. Little clarity