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03 Goddeeris.Pdf Van favoritisme naar e!a iteit "e Bel!is#$e to erantiedrempel voor po itieke activiteiten van 'a in!en, 1(30-1)14 *"+,B-L" G/""++R*,1 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"o#ent 1 2at$o ie&e 3niversiteit Le4ven Van a e #ate!orie5n nie46&omers he''en ba ingen 1 in de 6etens#$appe- i7&e iterat44r !edefinieer% a s mi!ranten die in hun !ast and het re!ime van hun t$uis an% bestri7den 8,hain, 2005, 7-13) 1 de meeste aanda#$t !e&re!en van histori#i. +ner<i7ds ma&en <i7 dee 4it van een politie&e of #4 t4re e e ite, en 6er% %ie tot voor enke e %e#ennia steevast over'e i#ht in de !es#hied- 6etens#hap. -nder<i7ds bestond er in Be !i5 een 'i7<ondere 'e angste ing voor ba ingen, omdat <i7 een nationa e m=the bevesti!den die het and voorste de a s een !astvri7 en iberaa toev 4#$tsoor% voor a 6ie e ders vervol!% 6erd. Re!e mati! vers#henen er studies over een pant$eon van ba ingen die in Be !i5 hebben ver' even, <oa s 2ar >arx, >i#$ai Ba&oenin, Vi#tor H4!o en @ierre-Aoseph @roudhon 8bv. @iBrar% C @ierson, 1932). "it 'ee % van Be gi5 a s een Terre d'Accueil ' eef nog ang verder bestaan. *n 1992 6er% rond dit t$ema een tentoonste ing !eor!aniseer% in %e 2onink i7&e Bi' iot$ee& 8Grisa=, s.d.). /ok ti7dens +4ropa ia Br4sse in 2000 6erd naar.%it ima!o ver6e<en: E"oor %e e?treme open$eid %ie ten !ron%s a! a! aan %e te&st van %e !ron%6et, ee& $et we a sof %e 7on!e Be !is#$e staat een para%i7s was voor a 6ie we!ens <i7n ra%i#ale of non-#onformistis#$e overtui!in!en 4it <i7n lan% wer% !e<et of voor wie 'e$oefte $a% aan po itie&e ref e#tie en %aarom even afstan% wi %e nemen van %e a te $ar%e rea iteit. "e aantre&&in!s&ra#$t van Be !ië wer% welli#$t no! !roter toen in 1(33 een wetsartike wer% !oe%!e&e4r% %at 4itleverin! voor een po itie& mis%rijf onmo!elij& maa&teE 8Bi en, 2000, 24;. Nochtans 6as %e Be !is#he !astvri7$ei% a ruim een de#ennium ang het voor6erp !e6eest van fe e &ritie& en fundamentee onder<oe&. Faar A. ,tengers in 1978 nog s#$reef datD E/n ne sa4rait par er %e Be !iG4e %4 XIXe siè# e sans BvoG4er sa rBp4tation, po4r les Btran!ers, %e Iterre %Ia##4ei ID es rBf4!iBs po itiq4es, les e?ilés = ont 'BnBfi#ié 1. Voor #orrespon%entie in ver'an% met %it arti&e , !e ieve #onta#t op te nemen met *%es'a % Go%%eeris, e-mai D i%es'a %.!o%%eerisJarts.&4 e4ven.'e BTNG | RBHC, XL, 2010, 3, pp. 313-344 %I4n rB!ime G4i, po4r I+4rope %4 temps, Btait parti#4liHrement li'Bra E 8,ten!ers, 1):(, :3;, bra#$t.-. More i dit bee % op een internationaa .#ongres in 1991 vol edi! aan het 6an&e en a s Etoute re ative, sinon m=tho ogiqueE 8>ore i, 1991, 119;. "etai st4%ies bevesti!%en haar uitspraa&. "e "uitser Herbert Reiter noemde in <i7n st4%ie over "4itse politie&e v 4#hte ingen vóór en ti7dens de revol4tie van 1848 het Be !is#$e v 4#hte ingenbe ei% restri#tief en Evor a lem von %em BemN$en !e&enn<ei#$net, so weni! O N#$tlin!en 6ie mP! ic$ in %as Lan% <4 lassenE 8Reiter, 1))2, 11:;. "e Gentse histori#a L. Vandersteene 'estudeer%e de !enese en de inhoud van de vreemde ingenwet!eving in de 7aren 1830 8Van%ersteene C ,#hiepers, 1994-1995; Vandersteene, 2000aQ 2000b;. Ri7 6ees erop dat %e 6et van oktober 1833 6aar C. Bi en naar ver6i7st en %ie de 4it evering van vreemde- ingen om6i e van po itie&e misdri7ven inderdaa% verbiedt, nog !een t6ee 7aar ater 6er% ongedaan !emaa&t door een nie46e 6et die toestond dat buitenlanders het and &onden uit!e6e<en 6orden a s <i7 in Be !i5 de openbare orde verstoorden. "e Br4sse se $istori#4s N. Coupain 82003) introduceerde een nie46e dimensie in het onder<oe&D de administratieve pra&ti7&. Ri7n st4die van %e ongeveer 340.000 vreemde ingen die uit Be !i5 <i7n !e<et in de ange ne!entiende ee46 86aarvan s e#hts 1190 voor politie&e re%enen) vertoont e#$ter en&e e <6a&ten: hi7 i7&t Vandersteene en een aanta andere Ne%er andsta i!e a4teurs niet te &ennen, ver iest 'e angri7&e !roepen ba ingen uit het oog en hanteert een & assie&e en voor de politie&e uit6i7<ingen be%enke i7&e.#hrono ogis#$e inde ing. Bovena #re5ert a dit onder<oe& het bee % van een 6aa&<aam en restri#tief Be !i5, 6aar !een enke e ba ing 6e &om 6as. "e<e rea#tie te!en de m=the van de !astvri7$ei% en to erantie i7&t e#$ter te ver te !aan en &an %e uiteinde i7& re5 e aanwe<i!hei% van ba ingen in Be !i5 niet ver& aren. *n eer%ere pub i#aties 8Goddeeris, 1)))Q 2000a; he' i& %aarom !epleit voor een nie46e positieve benaderin! 1 een fo#us op 6ie 6e naar Be !i5 &6am 1 en een be!ripsvers#huiving van !astvri7$ei% naar attra#tiviteit. Be !i5 be<at een <e&ere mate van aantre&&e i7&hei% a s !ast and voor ba in!en, a is het ook <o dat die ater m=thologis#he dimensies is toe'edee d. "e<e pul -fa#toren 6aren niet van po itie&e, maar van sociaa e#onomis#$e en !eografis#he aar%D Be !i5.6as.!oe%&oop, over6e!end Fransta i! en di#$t bi7.Orankri7&. K314L *. G/""++R*, "e<e pul -fa#toren $e''en betre&&ing tot migratiebewegingenD <i7 bepaa den 6aarom een mi!rant Be !i5 a s nie46e ver' i7fplaats uit&oos. *n dit arti&e 6i i& het<e fde positieve perspe#tief,.dat ook oog heeft voor 6ie &on ' i7ven en 6aarom, $anteren voor een onder<oe& naar de to erantie%rempe van de Be !is#he overhei% ten aan<ien van de politieke activiteiten van ba ingen in Be !i5. /o& over %e<e vraa! is %e iterat44r een%4i%i!. Vol!ens de 6et van 1835 mochten po itie&e v 4#hte ingen in Be !i5 ' i7ven a s <i7 %e openbare orde niet verstoor%en; vol!ens de 6etens#happe i7&e iterat4ur iet de vreemde ingenpolitie a een die 'a ingen met rust die E es pl4s #a mesE 8Coupain, 2003, 29) 6aren. Toc$ i7&t dit &ort %oor de bochtD er he'ben in Be !i5 hee 6at ba ingen politie& bedreven <onder uiteinde i7& het and uit!e<et te <i7n. Aoa#$im Le e6e bi7voorbee % 6oon%e van 1833 tot 1861 in Brusse en 6as BBn van de !rootste @oolse democratis#he ei%ers, %ie ook #onta#ten onder$ie % met Be !is#he en andere radi#a en. "at Ei n'exer#e pratiG4ement pl4s a4#4ne a#tivitB po itiGueE 8>ore i, 1987, 118; is een !rote onders#hatting. "it arti&e 6i proberen meer nuance te 'rengen in %e taxering van %e tolerantiedrempe en %4s 'epa en 6anneer Be !i5 politie&e a#tiviteiten van ba ingen 6B op <i7n !ron%!ebie% toe iet. Vers#$i %e het be ei% naar!e ang de nationa iteit van bepaa de v 4#hte ingen, en 6as Be !i5 bi7voorbee % toleranter ten aanzien van @olen en /ttomanen dan te!enover Oransen of "uitsersT Ferden & einere namen !ema&&e i7&er !eto ereer% dan fi!uren %ie de media haa %en? Fas er een vers#hi t4ssen de 6et en de pra&ti7&T Fer% het Be !is#he 'e ei% beUnv oe% door het internationa e politie&e & imaat of door.'4itenlandse dr4&T +volueerde dit in de ti7%T "e<e ana =se &an bogen op een he e resem !epubli#eerde studies, maar maa&t te!e i7& ook !ebrui& van nie46e 'ronnen. Vori!e on%er<oe&ers baseerden <i#$ voora op uit!e!even materiaa 8onder meer periodie&en) en op de a !emene dossiers van de vreemde in!enpolitie. *& nam ook vee indivi%4e e dossiers van %e vreemde ingenpolitie door, die tot nu toe a een voor be&ende individuen 6aren !e'r4i&t. "at i7&t onbe!onnen 6er&D !rote aanta en %ossiers <i7n ver oren !e!aan en %e rest is a een !eUnventariseer% via a fabetis#he stee&&aarten 8Caeste#&er, ,tr4''e, C Ta ier, 2009Q Caeste#&er C L4=#&x, in press;. >en &an e#$ter aan %e hand van de nummers van de dossiers, die 4iteraar% !roter 6or%en met de ti7% 8%ossier 100.000 is van een vroe!ere periode dan dossier 200.000), a e be6aar%e dossiers opvra!en van een bepaa de periode. *& he' dat !e%aan voor de 7aren 1863-1866 86aarin een nie46e @oolse v 4#hte in!engolf naar $et Festen V-N O-V/R*T*,>+ N-AR L+G-L*T+*T K319L trok; en $e' verhande in!en be!e ei% die %at voor de de#ennia voordien he'ben !edaan 8Caste e=n, 2002Q >aes, 2003; Van Campenhout, 2004; Van "=#&, 2003).
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