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HAVO), Island of Hawai’I PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report XXX Coastal Resources, Threats, Inventory, and Mapping of National Parks in Hawai’i: 6. Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO), Island of Hawai’i. Month 201_ Larry V. Basch, Ph.D1 1U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Pacific West Region 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Room 6-226, Honolulu, Hawai’i, 96850 Recommended Citation: Basch, L.V. 201_. Coastal Resources, Threats, Inventory and Mapping of National Parks in Hawai’i: 6. Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO), Island of Hawai’i. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report ___. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Botany. Honolulu, HI. __ pp. Key words: Coastal, intertidal, marine, resources, threats, inventory, mapping, algae, invertebrates, fishes Place key words: Hawai‘i, Island of Hawai‘i, Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) Acronyms: ALKA Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail CHIS Channel Islands National Park GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographic Information System HALE Haleakala National Park HAVO Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park I&M Inventory & Monitoring Program NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service PACN Pacific Island Network PUHE Pu‘ukoholā Heiau National Historic Site PUHO Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park SOP Standard Operating Procedure USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Universal Transverse Mercator i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... V ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 SURVEY LOCATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 SAFETY AND PLANNING .................................................................................................................................................... 5 GENERAL FIELD METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 6 SEGMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 GEOMORPHIC FEATURES .................................................................................................................................................. 7 PHYSICAL FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 12 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES .................................................................................................................................................. 13 DATA MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................... 17 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 GENERAL COASTAL FEATURES .......................................................................................................................................... 18 GEOMORPHOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 PHYSICAL FEATURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 28 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES .................................................................................................................................................. 38 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS ................................................................................................................................ 49 COASTAL GEOHAZARDS .................................................................................................................................................. 51 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ......................................................................................................................................... 52 ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS, CHANGES OR HISTORICAL IMPACTS ON COASTAL HABITAT AND RESOURCES ...................................... 52 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE .......................................................................................................................... 55 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 57 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX A: FIELD PROTOCOL FOR COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGIC, BIOTIC, PHYSICAL & ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................................ 63 SEGMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 63 GEOMORPHICAL FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................. 65 PHYSICAL FEATURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 67 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES .................................................................................................................................................. 68 OCEANFRONT CLIFF PROTOCOL........................................................................................................................................ 69 HELICOPTER SURVEY PROTOCOL ...................................................................................................................................... 69 ii APPENDIX B: FIELD DATA SHEETS FOR GEOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, ANTHROPOGENIC, AND BIOLOGICAL COASTAL FEATURES. ........................................................................................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX C: PACIFIC ISLANDS COASTAL SURVEY PROJECT SAFETY PROTOCOL. .................................................. 75 PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................................................... 75 GENERAL PREPARATION AND REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 75 SAFETY POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................... 77 FIELD TRIP PREPARATIONS AND EMERGENCY CONTACTS ........................................................................................................ 83 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................ 88 APPENDIX D. COASTAL INVENTORY DATABASE DOCUMENTATION ..................................................................... 89 APPENDIX E. COASTAL INVENTORY DATABASE USER GUIDE FOR END USERS .................................................... 109 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. MODIFIED WENTWORTH SCALE DESCRIBING SUBSTRATE TYPE AND SIZE. .............................................. 8 TABLE 2. COASTAL SUBSTRATE SURFACE COVERAGE CATEGORY DEFINITIONS. ..................................................... 8 TABLE 3. SUBSTRATE ANGULARITY
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