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Chemical Herbicides. Holmes, F.A.-Holmes Advisory Service

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Chemical Herbicides. Holmes, F.A.-Holmes Advisory Service Chemical herbicides. Holmes, F.A.-Holmes Advisory Service. There are over 100 basic chemicals currently registered for use as herbicides. These chemicals differ in their: mode of action; species controlled; methods and timing of applications; formula­ tions. A very practical classification of these herbicides is based on how the chemical is used in weed control. These classifications are: contact; foliar translocated; soil applied; aquatic. Contact herbicides. Contact herbicides are essentially "chemical mowers". They will burn down the vegetation that is present at the time of application and when moisture and tem­ perature are conducive to growth, the plants will grow. Chemicals classified as contact herbicides are: Acifluorfen (Blazer) Rohm & Haas Ammonium sulfamate (Ammate XNI) Du Pont Betazan (Basagran) BASF Bifenox (Mo down) Mobil Bromoxynil (Brominal, Union Carbide, Buctril) Rhone Poulenc Cacodylic Acid (Rad-E-Cate) Vineland Desmedipham (Betanex) Nor-Am Dichlofop (Hoelon) American Hoescht Difenzoquat (Avenge) American Cyan am ::..J. Dinoseb (Pr emerge etal) Dow, FMC Diquat (Diquat, Chevron ICI Rezlone) Endothall (Aquathol) Pennwalt Oxyfluoren (Goal ) Rohm & Haas Paraquat (Paraquat, Chevron ICI Gramoxone) Phenmedipham (Betanal) Nor-Am Propanil (Stam, Rohm & Haas, Rogue) Monsanto Weed Oils Foliar applied. Foliar translocated herbicides are the "weed killers". When sprayed on the foliage of plants, they are absorbed through the leaves and stems and translocated throughout the plant and those plants that are susceptible to the herbicide used are killed. Chemicals in this classification are: Amitrole (Amizol, Union Carbide, Cytrol) American Cyanamid Asulam (Asulox) Rhone-Poulenc Barban ( Carbyne) Velsicol 2,4-D (Several) Several 2,4-DB (Butoxone) Union Carbide, Rhone-Poulenc 2,4,5-T (Several) Several Dalapon ( Dowpon) Dow Dicamba (Banvel) Velsicol Dichlorprop ( Weedone DP) Union Carbide DSMA (Several) Several Fosamine (Krenite) Du Pont 63 Glyphosate (Roundup) Monsanto MCPA (Several) Several MCPR (Several) Several Mecoprop (Several) Several Picloram (Tordon, Dow, Amdon) Union Carbide Sil vex (Kuron, Dow, Weedone) Union Carbide Triclopyr ( Garlon) Dow Soil applied herbicjdes. Soil applied herbicides are the "weed preventers''· Generally, they are applied preemergence to the weeds and prevent them from becoming a problem. Some of the.soil applied herbicides are translocated from the roots throughout the plants and can result in the death of well-established plants. Soil applied herbicides must be in the root zone area to be effective in controlling weeds. Certain of these materials can be sprayed on the surface of the soil and be incorporated by subsequent rainfall or irrigation. Others must be mechanically ~ncorporated into the soil, many of them immediately after application, to be effective. These methods will be discussed later when specific uses are studied. Soil applied herbicides are: Alachlor (Lasso) Monsanto Ametryne (Evik) Ciba-Geigy Atrazine (Several) Several Benefin (Balan) Elanco Bensulide (Betasan, Stauffer Prefar) Bromacil (Hyvar X) Du Pont Bromacil + Diuron ( Krovar I ) Du Pont Butylate (Sutan) Stauffer CDAA ( Randox) Monsanto CDEC ( Vegadex) Monsanto Chloramben (Amiben) Union Carbide Chlorpropham (Choro,IPC, PPG Furloe) Chlorsulfuron (Glean) Du Pont Cyanazine (Bladex) Shell Cycloate ( Ro-neet) Stauffer DCPA ( Dacthal) Diamond Shamrock Diallate (Avadex) Monsanto Dichobenil ( Casaron) Thompson-Hayward Diphenamid ( Enide) Upjohn Diuron (Several ) Several EPTC ( Eptam) Stauffer Ethalfluralin ( Sonalon) Elanco Fenac ( Fenac) Union Carbide Fluchoralin ( Basalin) BASF Fluometron (Cotoran, Ciba-Geigy, Lanex) Nor-Am Hexazinone (Velpar) Du Pont Linuron ( Lorox) Du Pont Metolachlor ( Dual ) Ciba-Geigy 64 Metribuzin (Lexone, Du Pont, Sencor) Mobay Molinate (Or dram) Stauffer Monoborchlorates and mixtures Napropamide (Devrinol) Stauffer Naptalam (Alanap) Uniroyal Norflurazon (Solicam) Sandoz Oryzalin (Sur flan) Elanco Oxadiazon (Ronstar) Rhone-Poulenc Oxyfluorfen (Goal) Rhom & Haas Pebulate (Tillam) Stauffer Pendimethalin (Prowl) American Cyanamid Perfluidone (De stun) JM Co . ( disc n t 1 d ) Polyborchorates and mixtures Profluralin (Tolban) Ciba-Geigy Prometone (Pramitol) Ciba-Geigy Prometryne (Caparol) Ciba-Geigy Pronamide (Kerb) Rohm & Haas Propachlor (Ramrod, Monsanto, Berton) Dow Propazine (Milogard) Ciba-Geigy Prop ham (Chem Hoe) PPG Pyrazone (Pyramin) BASF Siduron (Tupersan) Du Pont Simazine (Several) Several Sodium chlorate and mixtures TCA (Sodium TCA) Hopkins Tebuthiuron (Spike) Elanco Terbacil ( Sinbar) Du Pont Thiobencarb (Bolero) Chevron Triallate (Far-go) Monsanto Trifluralin ( Treflan) Elanco Vernolate (Vernam) Stauffer i\.quatic herbicides. Aquatic herbicides are used for control of weeds in flowing irrigation and drainage ditches and water compounds. The chemicals that are currently registered for this use are: Acrolein (Aqualin) Shell Copper-ethylene ( Komeen) diamine Copper chelate Copper sulphate (Several) Ricetrine Applied biochemists Diquat Chevron Copper-triethanolamine (K-lox) Endothall (Hydrothal 191, Pennwalt Aquathol) 65 --- -- -------- Chemical classification of herbicides. A chemical class­ ification of herbicides may be helptul to understand the types of chemicals that can be and are used as herbicides. Chemical classificationsof commonly used herbicides and corresponding common names are: Inorganic herbicides AMS (Ammate) Borate (met a) (Several) Borate ( octa) ( Polybor) Borax (Several) Calcium cyanamide (Cyanamide) Copper chelate (Cutrine) Copper-ethylenediamine (Kormeen) Copper sulfate (Copper sulfate) Copper-triethanolamine (K-Lox) Sodium chlorate (Sodium chlorate) Organic herbicides Aliphatics Chlorinate acids Dalapon (Dowpon,Radapon) TCA (Sodium TCA) Organic arsenicals Cacodylic acid (Rad-E-Cate) DSMA (Several) Others Acrolein (Aqualin) Glyphosate (Roundup) Amides Chloroacetamides Alachlor (Lasso) CDAA (Randox) Metolachlor (Dual) Propachlor (Ramrod, Bexten) Others Diphenamid (Enide) Naproparnide (Devrinol) Naptalarn (Alanap) Pronamide (Kerb) Propanil (Starn) Benzoics Chlorarnben (Amiben) Dicamba (Banvel) Bipyridiliurns Diquat (Diquat, Rezlone) Paraquat (Paraquat) Carbarnates Asulam (Asulox) Barban (Carbyne) Chlorpropham (Chloro IPC) Desrnedipham (Betanex) Fosarnine (Krenite) Phenrnedipharn (Betanal) Propharn (Chern Hoe) 66 Dinitroanilines Benefin (Balan) Ethalfluralin (Sonalan) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Profluralin (Tolban) Trifluralin (Treflan) Diphenyl ethers Acifluorfen (Blazer) Bifenox (Modown) Diclofop (Hoelon) Oxyfluorfen (Goal) Nitriles Bromoxynil (Buctril, Brominal) Dichlobenil (Casoron) Phenoxies 2,4-D (Various) 2, 4-D.B (Various) 2, 4, 5-T (Various) MCPA (Various) MCPB (Several) Dichlorprop (Several) Mecoprop (Several) Silvex (Kuron, Weedone) Thiocarbamates Butylate (Sutan) CDEC ( Vegadex) Cycloate (Ro-Neet) Diallate (Avadex) EPTC (Eptam) Molinate (Ordram) Pebulate (Tillam) Thiobencarb (Bolero, Saturn) Triallate (Far-Go, Avadex BW) Vernolate (Vernam) Triazines Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine (AAtrex) Cyanazine (Bladex) Metribuzin (Lexone, Sencor) Prometon (Pramitol) Prometryn (Caparol) Propazine (Milogard) Simazine (Princep) Terbutryn (Igran) Uracils Bromacil (Hyvar) Terbacil (Sinbar) Ureas Di uron ( Karmex ) Fenuron TCA (Urab) Fluometuron (Cotoran) Linuron (Lorox) Monuron TCA (Urox) Siduron (Tupersan) Tebuthiuron (Spike) 67 Unclassified Amitrole (Amitrol) Fluridone (Brake) Bensulide (Betasan) Hexazinone (Velpar) Bentazon (Basagran) Norflurazon (Solicam) DCPA (Dacthal) Oxadiazon (Ronstar) Difenzoquat (Avenge) Perfluidone (Destun) Dinoseb (Several) Picloram (Tordon) Endothall (Several) Pyrazon (Pyramin) Fenac (Fenac) Triclopyr (Garlon) Formulations. Very few chemicals can be used as herbicides in their pure state. To be an effective tool in weed control, they must be formulated into a usable product. There are several types of formulations. Which formulation is used may depend on the chemical nature of the compound or it may be formulated for a specfic purpose. The basic types of formulations are: emulsions; solutions; wettable powders; granules; pellets. F.mulsions. An emulsion is one liquid dispersed in another liquid, eacn maintaining its own properties. When oil is added to water and shaken well, it is momentarily suspended as droplets in the water. If the mixture is allowed to stand, the oil and water will separate. In the formulation of herbicide emulsions, the herb­ icide is dissolved in an oil and an emulsifying agent is added to prevent the separation. When added to water, they have ap­ proximately the same viscosity as the water and the mixture will have a "milky" appearance. To reduce the drift hazards of some of the phenoxy com­ pounds, particularly in brush control near sensitive crops, the chemists have reversed the process to produce water in oil or invert emulsion. These have a consistency of mayonnaise and specialized equipment is needed for the application. Solu~ions. A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more suo~tances so that each particle or droplet on the product is exactly the same as the other. Many of the salts of technical compounds used as herbicides are soluble in water. These can readily be dissolved in the amount of water that is convenient to use in application. Wettable powders. Many herbicides, particularly the soil residua~ ~ype ma~erials are practically insoluble in water or oil. To provide a means of application of these materials, they must be finely ground and blended with conditioning and dispersing
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