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The Carpathians and Their Foreland: Geology and Hydrocarbon Resources: AAPG 1 Memoir 84, P Golonka, Jan, and Frank J. Picha, 2006, Introduction, in J. Golonka and F. J. Picha, The Carpathians and their foreland: Geology and hydrocarbon resources: AAPG 1 Memoir 84, p. 1 – 9. Introduction Jan Golonka AGH University of Science and Technology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Republic of Poland Frank J. Picha International Petroleum Consultant, Walnut Creek, California, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION former Soviet Union. It was Jan Golonka’s proposal to improve the worldwide visibility of the Carpathians The Carpathians represent the eastern extension of the by publishing an AAPG Memoir and Frank Picha’s European Alps (Figure 1), but unlike the well-known enthusiastic acceptance of the idea that started the hectic classical Alps of Western Europe, the Carpathians of process of submitting proposals, forming international Central and Eastern Europe remain less known and teams of authors, securing financial support, writing, are even somewhat mysterious to the outside world. and editing the manuscripts. It took 5 yr of intensive The tumultuous political history as well as the lan- work to complete the task of publishing this volume, guage barriers prevented ideas and information from which, as we hope, would make the interesting geology flowing freely through and outside the region. How- of the Carpathians better known to the outside world. ever, the area greatly contributed to the common knowl- The editors’ intention is to overcome some of the edge in science and technology. Enormous amounts communication problems and to provide the outside of geological work have been conducted, and thou- world with a comprehensive and understandable ac- sands of papers have been published on the geology count of the complex geology and hydrocarbon po- of the Carpathian region during the past 200 yr (see tential of the entire Carpathian system, including the references in various articles of the volume). Howev- thrust belt, its foreland, and the late orogenic intra- er, because of the language barriers and diverse con- Carpathian basins. Major attention is paid to petro- cepts and interpretations, it is not easy for students of leum systems and case studies of major oil and gas Carpathian geology and potential investors to cut fields in order to provide an insight into past and through all the information and to get a clear picture present exploration and production activities in the about the geology and the hydrocarbon potential of region. Seventeen years have passed since the pub- the region. This situation has been well known to the lication of the highly successful AAPG Memoir 45 editors of this volume, who both worked in the Car- on the Pannonian Basin edited by Royden and Horvath pathians and also spent a great deal of their careers (1988). Our ambition is to provide an equally well- in the American petroleum industry and had a chance balanced and well-written account on the entire Car- to see the Carpathians from the view of outside world. pathian system. In the early spring of 2000, they met in Krakow, where This publication is intended as a source of infor- Jan Golonka, after retiring from Mobil, had just begun mation to schools, governmental and private institu- his new career as a professor at the Jagiellonian Uni- tions, oil companies, and generally, to all geologists versity and Frank Picha, after retiring from Chevron, working both inside and outside the region. It should had completed his AAPG Distinguished Lecture tour also provide qualified information about the hydro- through the countries of Eastern Europe and the carbon resources of the Carpathian region and give Copyright n2006. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. DOI:10.1306/985605M843065 1 2 GOLONKA AND PICHA Figure 1. Index map of the Carpathians and the surrounding regions (modified after Picha, 1996). AU = Austria; BH = Bosnia and Herzegovina; BU = Bulgaria; CR = Croatia; CZ = Czech Republic; GE = Germany; HU = Hungary; IT = Italy; MO = Moldova; PL = Poland; RM = Romania; SK = Slovakia; SL = Slovenia; SM = Serbia and Montenegro; TB = Transylvanian basin; UK = Ukraine; VB = Vienna basin. potential investors some guidance in pursuing vari- complex history of scientific and technical endeavors ous opportunities both in the redevelopment of the in the field of earth sciences and petroleum industry. older fields and in the exploration for new reserves The Carpathian region is one of the classical territo- in the Carpathian thrust belt and its foreland. ries of the world, where some concepts of geology and petroleum geology were formulated and the pe- troleum industry was born. It was in the Carpathian region where, in 1853, the first oil well (Bobrka) was THE PAST AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE drilled; crude oil distillation was discovered by Luka- CARPATHIAN GEOLOGY siewicz in Galicia, presently Poland (Karnkowski, 1999); the first industrial production of hydrocarbons was The Carpathians extend over the territories of seven established in Romania in 1857 (e.g., Dicea, 1996); countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Figure 1), with and the organic origin of oil was proposed (Zuber, a complex political and economic history and equally 1918). Introduction 3 After the Second World War, for more than 40 yr, Structure and prospects of Alpine basins and forelands the countries of the Carpathian region were isolated (Ziegler and Horvath, 1996), are the most comprehen- from the rest of the Europe, and their geology evolved sive and informative. under different ideological and economic doctrines. The profound political changes that occurred in On the one hand, enormous money was spent in search Eastern Europe in the early 1900s have had a signifi- of mineral resources, including hydrocarbons. On the cant impact, both positive and negative, on the geo- other hand, the ideological constraits, utmost secrecy, logical activities in the Carpathian region. At the time and limited flow of information from the western of publishing this memoir, several nations in the Car- world led to theoretical and technological lagging in pathian realm are still undergoing political and eco- some areas of earth sciences. However, even during nomic transformation, and some of them have already this time, significant achievements in understanding been admitted into the European Union. Geological of Carpathian geology and hydrocarbon potential institutions, universities, and extraction industries have were accomplished. In the 1950s, the Carpathian Flysch been deeply affected by these changes. The geologists belt served as one of the main territories in which the of the strong postwar generation are retiring and are original concept of deep-water turbidites was for- not always replaced by younger colleagues. Large mulated (Ksiazkiewicz 1954; Dzulynski et al., 1959). amounts of knowledge and experience, especially in Thanks mainly to the Polish school (e.g., Dzulynski the area of regional geology and past hydrocarbon and Slaczka, 1958; Dzulynski, 1963, 1996; Dzulynski exploration, are in a danger of being lost. At the same and Walton, 1963, 1965), the Carpathian Flysch be- time, new technologies and concepts are being ap- came one of the best and thoroughly studied tur- plied both in the theoretical and applied sciences. It biditic facies exposed on land anywhere. It has com- is one of the intentions of this volume to bridge, at monly been compared with the deep-water sequences least partly, the gap between the past and present of the Apennines (e.g., Pescatore and Slaczka, 1984) concepts and developments. For that reason, both and the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Okla- senior traditional geologists and their younger tech- homa (e.g., Golonka and Slaczka, 2000). In many as- nologically oriented colleagues were selected to con- pects, the Carpathian Flysch, famous for its complexity tribute to this volume. Most of them have already and diversity, may serve as a model in exploration published significant articles on geology and hydro- of hydrocarbons in deep-water deposits both along carbon potential of the Carpathian region and pre- modern continental margins and in orogenic belts. sented their contributions at various conventions Likewise, thanks to an intensive exploration for hy- and conferences. The mixture of authors from uni- drocarbons and the publication of AAPG Memoir 45 versities, national geological surveys, and industry (Royden and Horvath 1988), the late orogenic Pan- should guarantee a balanced assembly of academic nonian Basin overlying the Alpine–Carpathian belt and industrial views. has become one of the best known back-arc exten- sional basins in the world. Numerous studies were also conducted on various aspects of the geodynamic evolution of the Carpathian region, the most com- THE STRUCTURE OF THE PUBLICATION prehensive version being published by Golonka et al. (2000), and on the kinematics of the Outer Carpa- The volume is not a mere assemblage of chapters thian foreland fold and thrust belt (e.g., Roure et al. dealing with selected topics of the Carpathian geology 1993). Since the early 1960s, growing attention was but rather an attempt to put together a comprehensive paid to the exploration for hydrocarbons underneath account of the entire spectrum of regional and applied the thin-skinned Outer Carpathian thrust belt. Nu- geology of the Carpathian realm (Figure 2). To accom- merous deep wells have been drilled, and valuable plish this goal, we have combined main regional ar- new resources of hydrocarbons have been found, ticles with contributions dealing with specific
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