DOCSLIB.ORG

Land Reform Is Basically a Class Issue”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Land Reform Is Basically a Class Issue” This land is my land! Motions and emotions around land reform in Namibia Erika von Wietersheim 1 This study and publication was supported by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Namibia Office. Copyright: FES 2021 Cover photo: Kristin Baalman/Shutterstock.com Cover design: Clara Mupopiwa-Schnack All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the written permission of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. First published 2008 Second extended edition 2021 Published by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Namibia Office P.O. Box 23652 Windhoek Namibia ISBN 978-99916-991-0-3 Printed by John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 5688 Windhoek / Namibia [email protected] 2 To all farmers in Namibia who love their land and take good care of it in honour of their ancestors and for the sake of their children 3 4 Acknowledgement I would like to thank the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation Windhoek, in particular its director Mr. Hubert Schillinger at the time of the first publication and Ms Freya Gruenhagen at the time of this extended second publication, as well as Sylvia Mundjindi, for generously supporting this study and thus making the publication of ‘This land is my land’ possible. Furthermore I thank Wolfgang Werner for adding valuable up-to-date information to this book about the development of land reform during the past 13 years. My special thanks go to all farmers who received me with an open heart and mind on their farms, patiently answered my numerous questions - and took me further with questions of their own - and those farmers and interview partners who contributed to this second edition their views on the progress of land reform until 2020. I wish them all well for the future. I am grateful to government ministers and officials, as well as representatives of farmers’ and farm workers’ unions, for their time and interest during interviews and discussions. I also thank Dr. Volker Winterfeldt of the Sociology Department of the University of Namibia and his students for their valuable input. I would furthermore like to express my deep gratitude to friends and colleagues who helped me along while I was doing research and writing this book: Jorge Machin Labayrade and my daughter Julia who to set up numerous interviews and provided highly appreciated technical support with tape recorders and cameras; Katharina, Ursula and Neshani who accompanied me on some of my trips and were wonderful friends and persons to talk with; Dr. Lucy Steinitz, Klaus Rennack, Helga Falk and my daughters Simone and Julia who have, at one stage or another, contributed towards the development of the text by critically reading through it and providing technical support; Dr. Matthias Rick, who provided honest and insightful criticism and much needed encouragement throughout the writing of this book; Vehaka Tjimune, Festus Tjikuua, the late Neshani Andreas, and the late Reimer Thiessen who patiently answered my never ending queue of questions and discussed controversial or difficult issues, sometimes until late at night; Steve Felton who partly edited the text; and my daughter Angela who spent many hours correcting the manuscript and who provided valuable comments. ---------------------------------------------- Erika von Wietersheim April 2021 5 6 Contents Preface to the first edition 2008 ................................................................................13 Preface to the second extended edition 2021..........................................................15 Author’s Note ..............................................................................................................17 PART 1: THIS LAND IS MY LAND! .............................................................................19 “For sure there are strong feelings” - This study: why and how........................... 21 “I am the owner of this farm”.........................................................................................21 Land inside out .............................................................................................................23 Stories instead of interviews .........................................................................................25 5,000 kilometres and 50 interviews ..............................................................................27 Nomenclature and bias.................................................................................................30 Land reform so far - Leaving the past behind .........................................................31 The heritage of the past................................................................................................31 Too much or too little history? .......................................................................................32 The two instruments of land reform ..............................................................................33 “We had animals, money and experience” - A model resettlement farm .....................35 “We all have one aim – and that is farming” - A model affirmative action farm ............41 Land reform so far ........................................................................................................44 Further developments of land reform since 2007 until 2021 ........................................46 The need to find a forward looking approach - The Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Claims of Ancestral Land Rights and Restitution .......................................55 Wounded by the past - Collective memory and ‘struggle think’ ............................65 The prime emotion........................................................................................................66 Double dispossession...................................................................................................68 Impressions of an artist ................................................................................................69 A hundred years of violence .........................................................................................70 “Because of the struggle” .............................................................................................72 The inflation of the meaning of land .............................................................................73 ‘Struggle think’ and collective emotions ........................................................................75 The yearning for ancestral land - Arguing with history ..........................................77 “We got democracy, but not the land” ...........................................................................78 Shattered hopes ...........................................................................................................79 7 Cattle, land and identity ................................................................................................82 Cattle and the humanness of a person.........................................................................83 Land and ancestral graves ..........................................................................................85 Symbolic occupation of land ........................................................................................86 German farmers on ancestral land ..............................................................................88 Attempts to understand ................................................................................................91 The logic of land rights .................................................................................................94 An end to tribal policies ................................................................................................95 White wounds and fears - A hundred years of gain and loss ................................99 Victims of changing politics ..........................................................................................99 The first land reform in Namibia .................................................................................101 Not another Zimbabwe! ..............................................................................................102 The fear of losing one’s ‘Heimat’ ................................................................................104 Living in uncertainty ...................................................................................................107 Coming to terms with expropriation ............................................................................109 Trust in the government ..............................................................................................110 Learning from the Zimbabwean experience ............................................................... 111 The fears of farm workers - Losers on all fronts ...................................................113 Content with a life without alternatives ......................................................................114 A fear with a difference ...............................................................................................116 Farm workers and land reform ...................................................................................117 The sensitive topic of nepotism ..................................................................................119 Moving beyond the black and white divide - Understanding and healing ..........121 Exactly the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Class Action Complaint
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK _____________________________________________x VEKUII RUKORO, Paramount Chief of the Ovaherero People and Representative of the Ovaherero Traditional Authority; DAVID FREDERICK, Chief and Chairman of the Nama Traditional Authorities Association, Civ. No. 17-0062 THE ASSOCIATION OF THE OVAHERERO GENOCIDE IN THE USA INC.; and BARNABAS VERAA KATUUO, CLASS ACTION Individually and as an Officer of The Association of the COMPLAINT Ovaherero Genocide in the USA, Inc., on behalf of themselves and all other Ovaherero and Nama indigenous peoples, Plaintiffs, Jury Trial Demanded -against- FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, Defendant. _____________________________________________x Plaintiffs, by and through their attorneys, McCallion & Associates LLP, bring this Class Action Complaint against Defendant Federal Republic of Germany as follows: SUMMARY OF THE COMPLAINT 1. Plaintiffs bring this action on behalf of all the Ovaherero and Nama peoples for damages resulting from the horrific genocide and unlawful taking of property in violation of international law by the German colonial authorities during the 1885 to 1909 period in what was formerly known as South West Africa, and is now Namibia. Plaintiffs also bring this action to, among other things, enjoin and restrain the Federal Republic of Germany from continuing to exclude plaintiffs and other lawful representatives of the Ovaherero and Nama people from participation in discussions and negotiations regarding the subject matter of this Complaint, in violation of plaintiffs’ rights under international law, including the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People to self-determination for all indigenous peoples and their right to participate and speak for themselves regarding all matters relating to the losses that they have suffered.
    [Show full text]
  • Missionary Perspectives and Experiences of 19Th and Early 20Th Century Droughts
    1 2 “Everything is scorched by the burning sun”: Missionary perspectives and 3 experiences of 19th and early 20th century droughts in semi-arid central 4 Namibia 5 6 Stefan Grab1, Tizian Zumthurm,2,3 7 8 1 School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the 9 Witwatersrand, South Africa 10 2 Institute of the History of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland 11 3 Centre for African Studies, University of Basel, Switzerland 12 13 Correspondence to: Stefan Grab ([email protected]) 14 15 Abstract. Limited research has focussed on historical droughts during the pre-instrumental 16 weather-recording period in semi-arid to arid human-inhabited environments. Here we describe 17 the unique nature of droughts over semi-arid central Namibia (southern Africa) between 1850 18 and 1920. More particularly, our intention is to establish temporal shifts of influence and 19 impact that historical droughts had on society and the environment during this period. This is 20 achieved through scrutinizing documentary records sourced from a variety of archives and 21 libraries. The primary source of information comes from missionary diaries, letters and reports. 22 These missionaries were based at a variety of stations across the central Namibian region and 23 thus collectively provide insight to sub-regional (or site specific) differences in hydro- 24 meteorological conditions, and drought impacts and responses. Earliest instrumental rainfall 25 records (1891-1913) from several missionary stations or settlements are used to quantify hydro- 26 meteorological conditions and compare with documentary sources. The work demonstrates 27 strong-sub-regional contrasts in drought conditions during some given drought events and the 28 dire implications of failed rain seasons, the consequences of which lasted many months to 29 several years.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 1:17-Cv-00062 Document 1 Filed 01/05/17 Page 1 of 22
    Case 1:17-cv-00062 Document 1 Filed 01/05/17 Page 1 of 22 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK _____________________________________________x VEKUII RUKORO, Paramount Chief of the Ovaherero People and Representative of the Ovaherero Traditional Authority; DAVID FREDERICK, Chief and Chairman of the Nama Traditional Authorities Association, Civ. No. THE ASSOCIATION OF THE OVAHERERO GENOCIDE IN THE USA INC.; and BARNABAS VERAA KATUUO, CLASS ACTION Individually and as an Officer of The Association of the COMPLAINT Ovaherero Genocide in the USA, Inc., on behalf of themselves and all other Ovaherero and Nama indigenous peoples, Plaintiffs, Jury Trial Demanded -against- FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, Defendant. _____________________________________________x Plaintiffs, by and through their attorneys, McCallion & Associates LLP, bring this Class Action Complaint against Defendant Federal Republic of Germany as follows: SUMMARY OF THE COMPLAINT 1. Plaintiffs bring this action on behalf of all the Ovaherero and Nama peoples for damages resulting from the horrific genocide and unlawful taking of property in violation of international law by the German colonial authorities during the 1885 to 1909 period in what was formerly known as South West Africa, and is now Namibia. Plaintiffs also bring this action to, among other things, enjoin and restrain the Federal Republic of Germany from continuing to exclude plaintiffs and other lawful representatives of the Ovaherero and Nama people from participation in discussions and negotiations regarding the subject matter of this Complaint, in Case 1:17-cv-00062 Document 1 Filed 01/05/17 Page 2 of 22 violation of plaintiffs’ rights under international law, including the U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Ssp
    Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. angolensis) Appendix 1: Historical and recent geographic range and population of Angolan Giraffe G. c. angolensis Geographic Range ANGOLA Historical range in Angola Giraffe formerly occurred in the mopane and acacia savannas of southern Angola (East 1999). According to Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005), the historic distribution of the species presented a discontinuous range with two, reputedly separated, populations. The western-most population extended from the upper course of the Curoca River through Otchinjau to the banks of the Kunene (synonymous Cunene) River, and through Cuamato and the Mupa area further north (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). The intention of protecting this western population of G. c. angolensis, led to the proclamation of Mupa National Park (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). The eastern population occurred between the Cuito and Cuando Rivers, with larger numbers of records from the southeast corner of the former Mucusso Game Reserve (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). By the late 1990s Giraffe were assumed to be extinct in Angola (East 1999). According to Kuedikuenda and Xavier (2009), a small population of Angolan Giraffe may still occur in Mupa National Park; however, no census data exist to substantiate this claim. As the Park was ravaged by poachers and refugees, it was generally accepted that Giraffe were locally extinct until recent re-introductions into southern Angola from Namibia (Kissama Foundation 2015, East 1999, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). BOTSWANA Current range in Botswana Recent genetic analyses have revealed that the population of Giraffe in the Central Kalahari and Khutse Game Reserves in central Botswana is from the subspecies G.
    [Show full text]
  • MISSION APOLOGETICS: the RHENISH MISSION from WARS and GENOCIDE to the NAZI REVOLUTION, 1904-1936 GLEN RYLAND MOUNT ROYAL UNIVERSITY [email protected]
    STORIES AND MISSION APOLOGETICS: THE RHENISH MISSION FROM WARS AND GENOCIDE TO THE NAZI REVOLUTION, 1904-1936 GLEN RYLAND MOUNT ROYAL UNIVERSITY [email protected] tories of a Herero woman, Uerieta Kaza- Some Germans even met her face-to-face when Shendike (1837-1936), have circulated for a she visited the Rhineland and Westphalia with century and a half among German Protestants in missionary Carl Hugo Hahn in 1859, a year the Upper Rhineland and Westphalian region. after her baptism.2 Other than a few elites, no Known to mission enthusiasts as Johanna other Herero received as much written attention Gertze, or more often “Black Johanna” from the missionaries as Uerieta did. Why was (Schwarze Johanna), Uerieta was the first her story of interest to missions-minded Protest- Herero convert of the Rhenish Mission Society. ants in Germany? By 1936, her life had spanned the entire period In 1936, missionary Heinrich Vedder again of the Herero mission she had served since her told her story, this time shaping her into an youth. Over the years, the mission society African heroine for the Rhenish Mission. In published multiple versions of her story Vedder’s presentation “Black Johanna” demon- together with drawings and photos of her.1 strated the mission’s success in the past and embodied a call for Germans in the new era of National Socialism to do their duty toward so- called inferior peoples. Vedder used Uerieta’s I am grateful to Dr. Doris L. Bergen, Chancellor Rose story to shape an apologetic for Protestant mis- and Ray Wolfe Professor of Holocaust Studies, Uni- sions within the new regime.
    [Show full text]
  • The Visual Archive of Colonialism: Germany and Namibia
    Photo-essay The Visual Archive of Colonialism: Germany and Namibia George Steinmetz and Julia Hell Colonial memories and images occupy a paradoxi- cal place in Germany. This is due in part to the peculiarities of German colo- nial history, but it also reflects another aspect of German exceptionalism — the legacy of Nazism and the Holocaust. In recent years German colonialism in Southwest Africa (Namibia) has been widely discussed, especially with respect to the attempted extermination of the Ovaherero people in 1904. For reasons explored in this article, these discussions of Germany’s involvement in Southwest Africa have created new and unexpected discursive connections that are reshap- ing colonial memories in both Germany and Namibia. One possible outcome could be a belated decolonization of the landscape of colonial memory in both countries. Postwar Germany was long preoccupied with its National Socialist prehistory; the German colonial past has only started to come into focus more recently.1 The years 2004 – 5 saw numerous commemorative events around the centenary of the 1904 German genocide of the Namibian Ovaherero people and the completion of the controversial Berlin Holocaust Memorial. On one level this is mere coinci- dence. At the same time, there is an increasing entanglement of these two central political topics. But little research has been done on the visual archive of German colonialism, in contrast to the extensive studies made of the public circulation of Thanks to Johannes von Moltke for helping us with the research into the November 2004 von Trotha – Maherero meeting. 1. For a discussion of the ways in which the formerly divided country’s Nazi past was thematized anew after 1989, see Julia Hell and Johannes von Moltke, “Unification Effects: Imaginary Land- scapes of the Berlin Republic,” in “The Cultural Logics of the Berlin Republic,” ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Geopolitics of Foreign Involvement in Namibia: a Mixed Methods Approach
    CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS OF FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT IN NAMIBIA: A MIXED METHODS APPROACH by MEREDITH JOY DEBOOM B.A., University of Iowa, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts Department of Geography 2013 This thesis entitled: Critical Geopolitics of Foreign Involvement in Namibia: A Mixed Methods Approach written by Meredith Joy DeBoom has been approved for the Department of Geography John O’Loughlin, Chair Joe Bryan, Committee Member Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii Abstract DeBoom, Meredith Joy (M.A., Geography) Critical Geopolitics of Foreign Involvement in Namibia: A Mixed Methods Approach Thesis directed by Professor John O’Loughlin In May 2011, Namibia’s Minister of Mines and Energy issued a controversial new policy requiring that all future extraction licenses for “strategic” minerals be issued only to state-owned companies. The public debate over this policy reflects rising concerns in southern Africa over who should benefit from globally-significant resources. The goal of this thesis is to apply a critical geopolitics approach to create space for the consideration of Namibian perspectives on this topic, rather than relying on Western geopolitical and political discourses. Using a mixed methods approach, I analyze Namibians’ opinions on foreign involvement, particularly involvement in natural resource extraction, from three sources: China, South Africa, and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 SEPTEMBER 1992 in 1990
    * TO.D~Y. : NE~T,' ROUND OF ~~LVIS TALKS * NEW T~~NSPORT DEAL * .DJANA TO.DIVORCE? *, Sealquotas leap past 42 000 mark Stays on hunger strike KATE BURLlNG despite Namibia's move IN what is bound to be shock news, the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources . yesterday an­ nounced that the number of seals to be culled this STAFF REPORTER season was up from 25 000 in 1991 to over·42 000. Though the figures were ciation's definition of 'pain­ RIGHT-WING extremist Leonard Veenendal described this week as "a less death': "If a blow of has linked his continuing hunger strike to the little higher" by the Minis­ sufficient force and accu­ fate of Daryl Stopforth, who also faces extradi­ try's permanent secretary racy is delivered to the skull tion to Namibia, according to a Sapa report Calle Schlettwein, they of an animal, immediate appear to represent a 68 per unconsciousness results". late yesterday. cent increase on last year's Since bullets ricocheting On Tuesday SA Foreign It has also emerged that official total. around the rocky outcrops Minister Pik Botha an­ South African church leader, According to a Ministry of a seal colony are, accord­ nounced that Veenendal, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, statement, the 1992 quota ing to the Ministry, "highly who has now spent 76 days. appealed to the the N amib­ at Cape Cross is 23 000 pups unnecessary and undesir­ on hunger strike, was to be ian Government to accept and 1 100 bulls, while the able", it deems "shooting of released frO!ll prison after the release of Veenendal.
    [Show full text]
  • National Parks of Namibia.Pdf
    Namibia’s National Parks “Our national parks are one of Namibia’s most valuable assets. They are our national treasures and their tourism potential should be harnessed for the benefi t of all people.” His Excellency Hifi kepunye Pohamba Republic of Namibia President of the Republic of Namibia Ministry of Environment and Tourism Exploring Namibia’s natural treasures Sparsely populated and covering a vast area of 823 680 km2, roughly three times the size of the United King- dom, Namibia is unquestionably one of Africa’s premier nature tourism destinations. There is also no doubt that the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is custodian to some of the biggest, oldest and most spectacular parks on our planet. Despite being the most arid country in sub-Saharan Af- rica, the range of habitats is incredibly diverse. Visitors can expect to encounter coastal lagoons dense with flamingos, towering sand-dunes, and volcanic plains carpeted with spring flowers, thick forests teeming with seasonal elephant herds up to 1 000 strong and lush sub-tropical wetlands that are home to crocodile, hippopotami and buffalo. The national protected area network of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism covers 140 394 km2, 17 per cent of the country, and while the century-old Etosha National and Namib-Naukluft parks are deservedly re- garded as the flagships of Namibia’s conservation suc- cess, all the country’s protected areas have something unique to offer. The formidable Waterberg Plateau holds on its summit an ecological ‘lost world’ cut off by geology from its surrounding plains for millennia. The Fish River Canyon is Africa’s grandest, second in size only to the American Grand Canyon.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation : Experiences from Namibia
    Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation: Experiences from Namibia Wolfgang Werner Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit Paper presented at the Conference on 4th and 5th June 2001 1. Land reform and poverty alleviation Redistributive land reform in Namibia is widely regarded as a prerequisite for successful rural development, and hence, poverty alleviation. It is significant, however, that neither the Poverty Reduction Strategy for Namibia, which was approved by Cabinet in 1998, nor the National Poverty Reduction Action Programme 2001-2005 which is based on it, deal with the issue of land reform and poverty reduction. On the contrary, these documents leave the distinct impression that little can be expected from land redistribution in terms of poverty alleviation in the long term. According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy, ‘the agricultural base is too weak to offer a sustainable basis for prosperity’. It foresees that in ‘a quarter century from now, the large majority of the country’s inhabitants…are likely to have moved into urban centres…’ (RoN 1998a :5). A World Bank study on poverty reduction concluded that the opportunities for developing cultivation on redistributed freehold farmland seemed limited and could at best achieve a ‘one-time gain for poverty reduction’ in those few areas where cultivation was possible on land presently farmed by extensive methods (World Bank 1997: 12). The very Cabinet which approved the Poverty Reduction Strategy in 1998 was quoted as having decided at the First Cabinet Retreat in December 2000 that ‘without achieving a breakthrough in the land reform programme, the fight against poverty would not succeed’. In the same breath, it was reported that members of the Cabinet had agreed ‘unanimously…that land reform is an imperative if Namibia is to maintain its peace and political and national and racial harmony’ (New Era 22.12.2000-1.1.2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Musical Rhetoric and Sonic Composing Processes Kyle D
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Musical Rhetoric and Sonic Composing Processes Kyle D. Stedman University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Music Commons, and the Rhetoric Commons Scholar Commons Citation Stedman, Kyle D., "Musical Rhetoric and Sonic Composing Processes" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4229 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Musical Rhetoric and Sonic Composing Processes by Kyle D. Stedman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Joseph M. Moxley, Ph.D. Trey Conner, Ph.D. Marc Santos, Ph.D. Meredith Zoetewey, Ph.D. Date of approval: June 12, 2012 Keywords: Music, Sound, Composition, Creativity, Aesthetics Copyright © 2012, Kyle D. Stedman DEDICATION I dedicate this project to Margo, who partnered with me through writing marathons, bad moods, cluttered desks, long conferences, and endless drives between Orlando and Tampa. She never stopped speaking truth into me and reminding me how good I am at this whole teacher/scholar thing. And she filled our home with music, the best writing support of all. I also owe a debt to the fifteen composers who took the time to talk to me about their work, as well as all the composers over the years who have translated their musical instincts into words through interviews.
    [Show full text]
  • Finland's Foreign Policy - Do Not Disturb!
    Finland's foreign policy - Do not disturb! http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.naip100040 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Finland's foreign policy - Do not disturb! Author/Creator Soiri, Iina; Peltola, Pekka Publisher Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (Uppsala) Date 1999 Resource type Articles Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Finland, Southern Africa (region) Source Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (Uppsala) Relation Soiri, Iina and Peltola, Pekka. Finland and national liberation in Southern Africa. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet,
    [Show full text]