Worldwide Cruise Ship Activity
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Worldwide Cruise Ship Activity Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM Copyright © 2003 World Tourism Organization Worldwide Cruise Ship Activity ISBN: 92-844-0610-2 Published by the World Tourism Organization Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the World Tourism Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsover on the part of the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Printed by the World Tourism Organization Madrid, Spain ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was drawn up by an outside consultant, Dr. Manuel Butler, Naval Engineer, currently Director of the Spanish Tourism Bureau in London, under the supervision of the WTO’s Market Intelligence and Promotion Section, which also contributed. A number of professionals working in the tourism and ocean cruise sectors have also contributed to the report, in particular the Director General of ANAVE, the Spanish Shipowners Association, Dr. Manuel Carlier de Lavalle, Naval Engineer. This report would not have been possible without consent to use their statistical information graciously pro- vided by the consulting firm GP Wild (International) Ltd., the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), and the Passenger Shipping Association (PSA). The Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization would like to express its thanks to all those who have helped prepare this report for their valuable cooperation. Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM 3 Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. .9 CONTENTS. .17 1 INTRODUCTION . .19 1.1.- The cruise as a tourist resort . .21 1.2.- Reference terms . .24 2 A STUDY OF THE DEMAND: CRUISE PASSENGE . .27 2.1.- Quantitative aspects . .27 2.1.1.- Geographical origin of US cruise passengers . .33 2.1.2.- Duration of trip . .34 2.2.- Qualitative aspects: socio-demographic profile of cruise passengers . .37 2.2.1.- United States and Canada . .38 2.2.2.- Europe . .43 2.2.3.- Asia-Pacific . .44 2.3.- Specific examples of niche markets . .45 2.3.1.- Cruises for American families . .45 2.3.2.- The European Union's senior citizen market . .46 2.3.3.- The Conferences and Incentives Segment . .47 2.3.4.- Theme cruises . .48 2.3.5.- Adventure cruises . .49 2.4.- Analysis of the supply and demand relationship . .49 3 A STUDY OF THE SUPPLY: BUSINESS STRUCTURE . .55 3.1.- Main Cruise Line Associations . .55 Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM 3.1.1.- United States of America and Canada: CLIA, ICCL and FCCA . .55 3.1.2.- Europe: PSA, Croisimer and VFF . .57 3.1.3.- Asia . .58 3.2.- Cruise classification . .59 3.3.- Main Groups . .61 3.3.1.- Carnival Corporation . .64 3.3.2.- P&O Princess Group . .72 3.3.3.- Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Group (RCC) . .76 3.3.4.- Star Cruises Group . .80 3.4.- Other cruise lines . .83 3.4.1.- Cruise lines in the US and Canadian source markets . .83 3.4.2.- Cruise lines operating in the European source market . .89 3.4.3.- Cruise lines operating in the Asian source market . .101 3.5.- Commercial middlemen in the cruise business . .104 3.5.1.- Cruise trip distribution channels . .104 5 3.5.2.- Other agents: independent ship mangers, shipping agents and ship brokers . .113 3.6.- Main conventions and special trade fairs . .115 3.6.1.- Seatrade Convention . .115 3.6.2.- Other Convention . .116 3.6.3.- Activities aimed at travel agencies . .116 4 THE PRODUCT: CRUISE PACKAGES . .119 4.1.- Creating the itinerary . .119 4.2.- Cruise package cost . .124 4.2.1.- Revenue generated on-board . .130 4.3.- Main regions of operation and destination . .131 4.3.1.- The Caribbean . .140 4.3.2.- Alaska . .145 4.3.3.- Atlantic Europe and the Baltic Sea . .147 4.3.4.- The Mediterranean . .150 4.3.5.- Asia-Pacific . .155 4.3.6.- Emerging regions . .158 5 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CRUISE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT . .161 5.1.- Financial implications of cruises on their destination . .161 5.1.1.- Definition of main services provided . .161 5.1.2.- Analysis of spending by ship managers, cruise passengers and crew .163 5.2.- Effects on marine life: sustainability . .165 5.3.- Safety aspects for cruise passengers . .168 6 MEDIUM-TERM TRENDS . .171 Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM 6.1.- Growth in European demand at higher levels than in the US . .171 6.1.1.- Evidence . .171 6.1.2.- Characteristics in the growth of European demand . .173 6.1.3.- Main consequences . .173 6.2.- Entry into service of greater tonnage vessels . .174 6.2.1.- Evidence . .174 6.2.2.- Characteristics of the process of bringing larger tonnage ships into operation . .177 6.2.3.- Main consequences . .177 6.3.- Cruise line horizontal business consolidation. .178 6.3.1.- Evolution . .179 6.3.2.- Characteristics of business centralization . .183 6.3.3.- Main consequences . .183 6 7 ANNEX I. SHIPPING TERMINOLOGY . .185 7.1.- Relative size of tourist cruise fleets . .185 7.1.1.- Sea cruises: scheduled or tramp traffic? . .186 7.1.2.- Financial agents . .187 7.1.3.- Tourist cruiser registration . .189 7.2.- Definitions and symbols used . .191 7.2.1.- Explanation of symbols and abbreviations used . .194 7.3.- Addresses and websites of interest . .196 7.3.1.- Associations . .196 7.3.2.- Main shipping companies: websites . .197 7.3.3.- Other websites of interest . .198 8 ANNEX II. NUMERIC STUDIES . .199 8.1.- Spending patterns in the Côte d'Azur (France) and in the Caribbean . .199 8.1.1.- Spending category grouped by type . .199 8.1.2.- Spending attributable to port services (SPORT) . .199 8.1.3.- On-land passenger spending (SON-LAND) . .210 8.1.4.- Other spending patterns in destinations on the French Côte d'Azur .203 8.2.- Forecast of cruise demand in the European Union and in the United States . .206 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .213 Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM 7 Delivered by http://www.e-unwto.org Georgios Drakopoulos (307-99-294) Wednesday, March 02, 2011 3:29:43 AM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization maintains a series of studies on dif- ferent segments of the tourism market. The present report examines cruise tourism activity. The concept The scope of this report is limited to ocean or sea cruises and does not cover river or coastal cruises. Modern.