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New record of Tulostoma squamosum (: ) from India based on morphological features and phylogenetic analysis

Arun Kumar Duta, Soumitra Paloi & Krishnendu Acharya

26 February 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 3 | Pages: 15375–15381 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5663.12.3.15375-15381

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2020 | 12(3): 15375–15381 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5663.12.3.15375-15381

#5663 | Received 28 December 2019 | Finally accepted 07 February 2020

S h o New record of Tulostoma squamosum (Agaricales: Basidiomycota) from r t India based on morphological features and phylogenetc analysis C o Arun Kumar Duta 1 , Soumitra Paloi 2 & Krishnendu Acharya 3 m m u 1 Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, North-24-Parganas, Barasat, West Bengal 700126, India. n 2,3 Molecular and Applied and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcuta, Kolkata, i West Bengal 700019, India. c 1 2 3 a [email protected] (corresponding author), [email protected], [email protected] t i o n Abstract: Tulostoma squamosum is reported for the frst tme from Hills. Geographically, Darjeeling Hills falls under the India. A comprehensive macro-morphological descripton, feld photographs along with microscopic observatons, and comparisons eastern Himalayan range and encompasses an area of 2 0 0 with morphologically similar and phylogenetcally related taxa are 524,190km (21.95–29.45 N & 82.70–100.31 E). The provided. Nucleotde sequence comparison and an estmaton of forest of the region is mostly dominated by plants like evolutonary divergence between Tulostoma squamosum sequences across diferent geographic origin are also provided. Castanopsis sp., Quercus sp., Cryptomeria japonica, Alnus sp., Magnolia campbellii, Lithocarpus sp., Abies Keywords: Evolutonary divergence, new record, nrDNA ITS, sp., and large Rhododendron spp. (State Forest Report phylogenetc analysis. 2011‒2012; Paloi et al. 2015). Currently, there are 24 reported species of Tulostoma from India, viz.: T. albiceps Long & S. Ahmad, The name Tulostoma was coined by the African T. albocretaceum Long & S. Ahmad, T. amnicola Long & mycologist Christaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801 for the S. Ahmad, T. balanoides Long & S. Ahmad, T. cineraceum taxa possessing characters like two layered peridium and Long, T. crassipes Long & S. Ahmad, T. evanescens Long a woody stalk. The genus is cosmopolitan in distributon & S. Ahmad, T. exitum Long & S. Ahmad, T. hygrophilum comprising of ca. 140 accepted species and mostly found Long & S. Ahmad, T. inonotum Long & S. Ahmad, T. across habitats like sandy soils, forests, pastures, on road membranaceum Long & S. Ahmad, T. mussooriense sides etc. (Wright 1987; Lima & Baseia 2018). Henn., T. operculatum Long & S. Ahmad, T. parvissimum During repeated feld trips by the authors for Long & S. Ahmad, T. perplexum Long & S. Ahmad, T. exploring the hidden macrofungal diversity of West pluriosteum Long & S. Ahmad, T. psilophilum Long Bengal across diferent geographical zones since last & S. Ahmad, T. punctculosum Long & S. Ahmad, T. two decades, a specimen was collected and identfed as pygmaeum Lloyd, T. sedimentcola Long & S. Ahmad, Tulostoma squamosum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers. from Darjeeling T. subsquamosum Long & S. Ahmad, T. volvulatum

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 February 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Duta, A.K., S. Paloi & K. Acharya (2020). New record of Tulostoma squamosum (Agaricales: Basidiomycota) from India based on morphological features and phylogenetc analysis. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(3): 15375–15381. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5663.12.3.15375-15381

Copyright: © Duta et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: Arun Kumar Duta acknowledges support from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, in the form of a DST-Inspire Faculty Fellowship (DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/001906, dated 24 July 2018). DST-FIST (Project No. SR/FST/LSI-630/2015) facility in Department of Botany is also duly acknowledged.

15375 J TT New record of Tulostoma squamosum from India Duta et al.

Borshchov var. volvulatum, T. vulgare Long & S. Ahmad, The newly generated sequence of T. squamosum and T. wighti Berk. (Wright 1987). The present study was then edited using BioEdit v7.0.5 sofware (Ibis reports Tulostoma squamosum for the frst tme from Therapeutcs, Carlsbad, CA) and used for a BLAST India based on morphological as well as molecular search in the NCBI database. Altogether 36 nrDNA data along with comparison of morphologically and ITS sequences of Tulostoma representng 28 species phylogenetcally related species. In additon, the were chosen for the phylogenetc analyses based on sequence of the Indian collecton was compared to the the BLAST search and the previous study of Jeppson sequences, deposited from other regions of the world, et al. (2017). Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. and Calvata to fnd out the changes of the nucleotde positons and gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd were selected as out-group taxa evolutonary divergence. for rootng purpose following Jeppson et al. (2017).

Materials And Methods Sequence alignment and phylogenetc analyses Morphological protocols The nrITS data set was aligned using MAFFT v.7.402 Fresh basidiomata were collected from Darjeeling (Katoh & Standley 2013) on XSEDE in the CIPRES web Hills of West Bengal, India during the month of July portal (htp://www.phylo.org/portal2/) (Miller et al. 2019. Field photographs of the fresh basidiomata were 2010). The aligned datasets were then imported to taken at the feld with Canon EOS 1200D (Canon, India) MEGA v.7.0 (Kumar et al. 2016) for additonal manual camera. For colour notatons, Kornerup & Wanscher adjustments. (1978) was followed. Collected basidiocarps were dried Statstcal selecton for the best ft model of with a feld drier at 50–60 °C. nucleotde substtuton for the dataset was performed For microscopic observatons, free-hand sectons by jModelTest2 (Darriba et al. 2012) on XSEDE using were prepared from the dried basidiomata and 5% KOH CIPRES web portal. For the given dataset, GTR+G soluton was used to revive those hand-made sectons. model was selected as the best ft model for the Afer staining with Congo red, and Melzer’s reagents, phylogenetc analyses based on the lowest BIC values of sectons were observed with Dewinter ‘crown’ trinocular 12712.992931. microscope (Dewinter Optcal Inc., New Delhi). Spores Maximum likelihood bootstrapping analyses were were measured with atleast 20 measurements from each performed with RAxML-HPC2 v. 8.2.12 (Stamatakis of the collected three basidiocarps. In spore statstcs, 2006), using the model parameters as suggested by values in parentheses represent minimum or maximum jModelTest2 on the CIPRES NSF XSEDE resource with

measured values; Xm denotes the mean of the spore bootstrap statstcs calculated from 1,000 bootstrap length by its width (± standard deviaton); Q represents replicates. range variaton of the quotent of length/ Bayesian inference (BI) of the phylogeny were carried

width rato in any one basidiospore; Qm, the mean of out using MrBayes v.3.2.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) using Q-values (± standard deviaton); and n, the total number metro-polis-coupled Markov chain monte carlo analyses of spores measured. For future reference, voucher (Geyer 1991). The general tme reversible (GTR) model specimens were deposited in the Calcuta University was employed with gamma-distributed substtuton Herbarium (CUH). rates. Markov chains were run for 106 generatons, saving a tree every 100th generaton. Default setngs in DNA extracton and PCR amplifcaton MrBayes were used for the incremental heatng scheme Genomic DNA was extracted from the dried fruitbodies for the chains (3 heated and 1 cold chain), branch lengths following Duta et al. (2018). PCR amplifcaton of the (unconstrained: exponental (10.0)), partton-specifc nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence rate multplier (fxed (1.0)), and uninformatve topology (nrITS) region was performed using fungal universal (uniform) priors. Afer burn in inital 25% trees, MrBayes primers pair ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) on an was used to compute a 50% majority rule consensus of Applied Biosystems 2720 automated thermal cycler the remaining trees to obtain estmates of the posterior using the thermal profle as described by Duta et al. probabilites (PPs) of the groups. Maximum likelihood (2018). Afer purifcaton by QIAquick® Gel Extracton bootstrap (MLBS) and Bayesian posterior probabilites Kit (QIAGEN, Germany), PCR products were subjected to (PP) values over 50% and 0.50 are reported in the automated DNA sequencing on ABI3730xl DNA Analyzer resultng tree. (Applied Biosystems, USA) using the same primer pairs used for the amplifcaton of rDNA ITS region.

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Nucleotde sequence comparison of T. squamosum Nucleotde sequence comparison across diferent geographic origins Comparison made from the alignment of an entre Based on the earlier published studies (Hussain et nrDNA ITS region of the Indian sequence of Tulostoma al. 2016, Jeppson et al. 2017), three well representatve squamosum along with the three deposited sequences sequences of Tulostoma squamosum, deposited based of the same taxon from France (KU519097), Pakistan on the collectons made from diferent geographic (KT285883), and Spain (KU519096) reveals that the regions, were procured from the NCBI GenBank Indian collecton difers from Pakistani collecton by nucleotde database and were aligned with the newly eight nucleotde positons, France and Spain collectons amplifed Indian collecton of T. squamosum using by fve nucleotde positons each (Table 1). MUSCLE (Edgar 2004). The nucleotde sequence Additon of two adenine nucleotdes were also comparison was accomplished from this alignment for observed at the 584 and 585 nucleotde positons for fnding out the positonal dissimilarites in the entre the Pakistani sample when compared to the present nrDNA ITS sequence. Indian as well as those of the France and Spain samples. Besides, the Indian collecton of T. squamosum shows Estmates of evolutonary divergence between inserton of Thymine nucleotde at the 486 nucleotde Tulostoma squamosum sequences positon when compared to that of the France, Spain, Estmaton of evolutonary divergence was performed and Pakistan collectons. between four sequences of T. squamosum, one from the present Indian collecton (this study) and the remaining Estmaton of evolutonary divergence between three from France (KU519097), Pakistan (KT285883), Tulostoma squamosum sequences and Spain (KU519096). Evolutonary divergence analysis Estmaton of Evolutonary Divergence of four was carried out in MEGA v.7.0 (Kumar et al. 2016) using sequences of Tulostoma squamosum from India (this the Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura 1980) where study, MN809136), France (KU519097), Pakistan all positons containing gaps and missing data were (KT285883) and Spain (KU519096) involved a total of eliminated. 301 positons in the fnal aligned dataset. The present Indian sequence of T. squamosum varies by 3.1% from Results the Pakistani sequence and by 2% from the sequences Phylogenetc analyses deposited from France and Spain respectvely (Table Sequencing product of the Indian collecton of 2). The Pakistani T. squamosum sequence, however, Tulostoma squamosum ranged 658 nucleotdes. ITS showed variaton of 1.7% each from France and Spain T. sequences were aligned and the ends trimmed to create squamosum sequences (Table 2). a dataset of 726 base pairs of which the fnal alignment had 420 distnct alignment paterns. Bayesian analyses reached a standard deviaton of split frequencies of Tulostoma squamosum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers., Syn. meth. 0.002 afer 106 generatons and the credible sets of trees fung. (Götngen) 1: 139 (1801) (Image 1) included 7,535 trees afer excluding the preliminary Spore-sac 20–30 mm diam., globose, smaller 25% trees as the burn-in. The trees generated using the compared to length of stalk. Exoperidium thin, ML and Bayesian analyses were identcal in topology. membranous, greyish-orange (5B3, 5B5-6) towards Therefore, only the phylogenetc tree generated using mouth, elsewhere yellowish-brown (5D5-6; 6E6- ML analysis (InL = -6084.179608) is shown in Figure 1. 8), smooth to obscurely retculate. Endoperidium

Table 1. Comparison of the entre nrDNA ITS sequences (641 nucleotdes) between the Indian collecton of Tulostoma squamosum (in bold front) and of three sequences of Tulostoma squamosum deposited in GenBank database from France, Pakistan and Spain.

Geographic Positons in the ITS 1+2 alignment (641 nucleotdes) Name of the taxon origin 448 502 503 505 556 610 614 615 635

T. squamosum (MN809136) India T T A T T C T T A

T. squamosum (KU519097) France C C A A T C T C G

T. squamosum (KT285883) Pakistan C T G A A A C C G

T. squamosum (KU519096) Spain C C A A T C T C G

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2020 | 12(3): 15375–15381 15377 J TT New record of Tulostoma squamosum from India Duta et al.

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree (InL = -6084.179608) generated using GTR+G model of nucleotde evoluton based on newly generated sequence of Tulostoma squamosum and acquired nrDNA ITS sequences based on the previous study of Jeppson et al. (2017). Lycoperdon perlatum and Calvata gigantea were selected as out-group taxa for rootng purpose following Jeppson et al. (2017). Numbers to the lef of / are ML bootstrap percentages (MLBS), and those to the right are Bayesian posterior probabilites (PP). MLBS values ≥ 50% and PP values ≥ 0.50 are shown above or below the nodes. Scale bar represents the expected changes per site.

slightly paler, smooth. Mouth prominent, 1mm diam., μm [Xm = 6.82 ± 0.8 × 5.8 ± 0.9 μm, Q = 1.1-1.25, Qm = somewhat tubular, peristome pale orange (6A3). Socket 1.18±0.04, n = 60 spores], yellowish-brown, globose to distnctly separated from stem. Gleba light ochraceous. subglobose, oil granules present when viewed with KOH, Stalk 100–120 × 3–6 mm, brown (7D8), sub-scaly to apiculus short, echinulate ornamentaton composed distnctly scaly, scales appressed, mycelial rhizo-morphs of low (up to 0.4µm) to high (up to 1.2µm) spines, present at base. apex obtuse, never retculate. Basidia not observed. Spores (6.0–)6.5–7.2(–8.0) × (4.8–)5.2–7.0(–7.2) Capillitum hyphae 4.0–8.0 µm broad, interwoven,

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Table 2. Genetc divergence matrix among four Tulostoma squamosum sequences based on nrDNA ITS sequences data.

GenBank accession Geographic MN809136 KU519097 KT285883 KU519096 no. region India France Pakistan Spain

MN809136 India -

KU519097 France 0.020 -

KT285883 Pakistan 0.031 0.017 -

KU519096 Spain 0.020 0.000 0.017 -

A

B C D

G

E F

Image 1. Tulostoma squamosum (CUH AM696): A—feld photograph of the basidiocarps | B—region of spore-sac atachment to the stem | C—detail of spore-sac showing tubular mouth | D—stalk surface | E—capillitum | F—spores | G—clamped hyphae (Scale: a = 20mm, b–c = 10mm, d = 20mm, e–f = 10μm, g = 20μm). © Arun Kumar Duta.

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hyaline, light yellow to brownish with KOH, septate, composed of small disperse verrucae (Wright 1987). branched, thick-walled, lumen visible to lacunar. Gleba Tulostoma dumetcola Long difers by having somewhat composed of more or less loosely arranged, 6.0–12.0 velvety exoperidium consistng of hyphae forming small µm broad, interwoven, branched, septate hyphae, tuberculate patches, circular mouth, and presence of lumen distnctly visible, hyphal end clavate to subclavate anastomosed spines on the spore surface forming almost or sometmes cylindrical, wall 0.4–0.8 µm thick. Stalk retculate appearance (Wright 1987). Tulostoma dennisii surface hyphae 6.0–9.0 µm broad, tghtly arranged, has globose-depressed spore-sac, scaly exoperidium, hyaline, septate, oil granules present when viewed with small bulbous stalk base, and presence of mycosclereids KOH, thin-walled. (Wright 1987). The South American species, T. bruchi Habit and habitat: Solitary, scatered, in dead and Speg. difers from T. suqamosum by its circular mouth, decomposed leaf liter mixed soil among Quercus rugose stalk surface, and large papillate spores (Wright vegetaton. 1987). Known distributon: Europe, North America, Germany Among phylogenetcally close taxa (Fig. 1), T. (Esqueda et al. 2004), Turkey (Sesli et al. 2000), Pakistan subsquamosum, earlier reported to occur in India, has (Hussain et al. 2016), and now India (this study). thin-scaly exoperidium, circular mouth, a socket that is Specimen examined: AKD 3/2019 (CUH AM696), separated from the stalk by a lacerated membrane, and 08.vii.2019, India: West Bengal, Darjeeling District, presence of longer spines (4.6–6.1 μm diam.) as spore beside Raj Bhavan, 27.0510N & 88.2620E, 2,105m ornamentaton (Wright 1987). Tulostoma ahmadii, elevaton, coll. A.K. Duta & S. Paloi. described from Pakistan in the recent past (Hussain et Remarks: Tulostoma squamosum is morphologically al. 2016), difers by its light olive brown exoperidium, characterized by the presence of a long, scaly stalk pinkish endoperidium, a socket that is composed of coloured reddish-brown, a spore sac (20–30 mm diam.) dentate and concentrically arranged membranes, with a prominent tubular mouth, spores with echinulate presence of a much smaller stalk (30–40 mm long vs. ornamentaton, membranous exoperidium and pale 100–120 mm long), and somewhat larger spores with an yellowish-brown endoperidium. Considering the average of 9.36 × 7.99 μm. membranous nature of the exoperidium and presence of tubular mouth, Tulostoma squamosum is categorized References under the Sect. Brumalia Pouzar (Pouzar 1958). Darriba, D., G.L. Taboada, R. Doallo & D. Posada (2012). “jModelTest Discussion 2: more models, new heuristcs and parallel computng”. Nat Methods 9(8): 772. Tulostoma squamosum was originally described Duta, A.K., V. Antonín, R. Barui & K. Acharya (2018). A new species based on the collecton made from Germany and later, of Clitocybula (Marasmiaceae) from West Bengal, India. Nova Hedwigia 107(1–2): 195–203. Persoon (1801) designated the lectotype of the taxon Edgar, R. (2004). MUSCLE: multple sequence alignment with high based on his collecton from Italy. The present Indian accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32(5): 1792– collecton of T. suqamosum, however, matches well with 1797. Esqueda, M., G. Moreno, E. Perez-Silva & A.A. Sanchez (2004). The that of the original descripton but, difers in having genus Tulostoma in Sonora, Mexico. Mycotaxon 90(2): 409–422. a larger basidiocarp with spore-sac measuring up to Geyer, C.J. (1991). Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood. In: 30mm diam. and stalk 110–120 mm long; and larger Keramidas EM (eds) Computng Science and Statstcs: Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium on the Interface. Fairfax Staton: Interface spores (6.0–8.0 × 5.2–7.2 μm vs. 5.4–6.5 × 4.7–5.8 um). Foundaton. 156–163. The phylogenetc analysis based on nrITS region Hussain, S., N. Yousaf, N.S. Afshan, A.R. Niazi, H. Ahmad & A.N. sequence data placed the present Indian collecton Khalid (2016). Tulostoma ahmadii sp. nov. and T. squamosum from Pakistan. Turkish Journal of Botany 40: 218–225. along with the sequence of the same taxon collected Jeppson, M., A. Altés, G. Moreno, R.H. Nilsson, Y. Loarce, A. de Bustos from Spain, France, and Pakistan with strong statstcal & E. Larsson (2017). Unexpected high species diversity among support values (98% BS, 1.00 PP; Fig. 1) suggestng all of European stalked pufalls - a contributon to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys 21: 33–88. them to be the morphotype of Tulostoma squamosum. Katoh, K. & D.M. Standley (2013). MAFFT multple sequence alignment Among morphologically related taxa: Tulostoma sofware version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. brumale Molecular Biology and Evoluton 30: 772–780. Pers. has an exoperidium coloured light Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estmatng evolutonary rate brownish to cinereous brown outside and whitsh inside, of base substtutons through comparatve studies of nucleotde shorter stalk measuring 14–45 × 1.5–4 mm, coloured sequences. Journal of Molecular Evoluton 16: 111–120. Kornerup, A. & J.H. Wanscher (1978). Methuen Handbook of Colour. straw yellow to light brown with a peculiar sheen, and 3rd Editon. Eyre Methuen Ltd. Reprint, UK. smaller spores with a mean of 5μm diam. with surface Kumar, S., G. Stecher & K. Tamuera (2016). MEGA7: Molecular

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Evolutonary Genetcs Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Sesli, E., J.E. Wright & I. Turkekul (2000). The Genus Tulostoma Pers.: Molecular Biology and Evoluton 33(7): 1870–1874. Pers. (Gasteromycetes) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 24: Lima, A.A. & I.G. Baseia (2018). Tulostoma retculatum (Agaricales, 269–272. Basidiomycota), a rare stalked pufall reported from the Brazilian Stamatakis, A. (2006). RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based Atlantc rainforest. Studies in Fungi 3(1): 121–125. phylogenetc analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Miller, M.A., W. Pfeifer & T. Schwartz (2010). Creatng the CIPRES Bioinformatcs 22(21): 2688–2690. Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetc trees, pp. 1–8. State Forest Report (2011–2012). Government of West Proceedings of the Gateway Computng Environments Workshop Bengal, Directorate of Forests, Kolkata. htp://www. (GCE), New Orleans, LA. indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/394360/west-bengal-state- Paloi, S., A.K. Duta & K. Acharya (2015). A new species of Russula forest-report-2011-2012/ (Accessed 3 December 2019). (Russulales) from eastern Himalaya, India. Phytotaxa 234(3): 255– White, T.J., T. Bruns, S. Lee & J.W. Taylor (1990). Amplifcaton and 262. direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetcs, Persoon, C.H. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum. Gotngae, pp. 315–322. In: Innis, M.A., D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Shinsky & T.J. White Germany. (Ed.) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applicatons. Academic Pouzar, Z. (1958). Tulostoma in PILAT. A. Flora CSR: Gasteromycetes, Press, San Diego. B: 589–613; 810–815. Prace Ceskoslovenské Akadeimie Ved. Praha. Wright, J.E. (1987). The genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes): a world Ronquist, F., M. Teslenko, P. van der Mark, D.L. Ayres, A. Darling, S. monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica 113: 1–338. Höhna, B. Larget, L. Liu, M.A. Suchard & J.P. Huelsenbeck (2012). MrBayes 3.2: efcient Bayesian phylogenetc inference and model choice across a large model space. Systems Biology 61(3): 539–42. Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2020 | 12(3): 15375–15381 15381 PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

February 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 3 | Pages: 15279–15406 Date of Publicaton: 26 February 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.3.15279-15406

Review New record of Tulostoma squamosum (Agaricales: Basidiomycota) from India based on morphological features and phylogenetc analysis Ramifcatons of reproductve diseases on the recovery of the – Arun Kumar Duta, Soumitra Paloi & Krishnendu Acharya , Pp. 15375– Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Mammalia: 15381 Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotdae) – Nan E. Schafer, Muhammad Agil & Zainal Z. Zainuddin, Pp. 15279–15288 Notes

Communicatons An account of a frst record of the Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatdae) Diet ecology of tgers and leopards in Chhatsgarh, central India in Bhutan – Krishnendu Basak, Moiz Ahmed, M. Suraj, B.V. Reddy, O.P. Yadav & – Sangay Nidup, Gyeltshen & Tshering Tobgay, Pp. 15382–15384 Krishnendu Mondal, Pp. 15289–15300 First record of the hawkmoth Theretra lycetus (Cramer, 1775) Building walls around open wells prevent Asiatc Lion Panthera leo persica (Sphingidae: Macroglossinae) from Bhutan (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) mortality in the Gir Lion Landscape, – Sangay Nidup & Jatshwor Singh Irungbam, Pp. 15385–15386 Gujarat, India – Tithi Kagathara & Erach Bharucha, Pp. 15301–15310 Occurrence and associaton of the Scarce Lilacfork Lethe dura gammiei (Moore, [1892]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Taxonomic and ecological notes on some poorly known bats Satyrinae) with Woolly-leaved Oak Quercus lanata Smith, 1819 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Meghalaya, India (Fabaceae) forest in the Kumaon region of the Indian Himalaya – Utam Saikia, AdoraThabah & Manuel Ruedi, Pp. 15311–15325 – Arun P. Singh & Tribhuwan Singh, Pp. 15387–15390

Angiosperm diversity in Bhadrak region of Odisha, India Additons to the Odonata (Insecta) fauna of Asansol-Durgapur – Taranisen Panda, Bikram Kumar Pradhan, Rabindra Kumar Mishra, Industrial Area, West Bengal, India Srust Dhar Rout & Raj Ballav Mohanty, Pp. 15326–15354 – Amar Kumar Nayak, Pp. 15391–15394

Gynochthodes cochinchinensis (DC.) Razafm. & B. Bremer (Morindeae: Short Communicatons Rubioideae: Rubiaceae): an additon to the woody climbers of India – Pradeep Kumar Kamila, Prabhat Kumar Das, Madhusmita Mallia, Sightng of Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) (Mammalia: Rodenta: Chinnamadasamy Kalidass, Jagayandat Pat & Pratap Chandra Panda, Sciuridae) on limestone hills in Merapoh, Malaysia Pp. 15395–15399 – Priscillia Miard, Mohd Nur Arifuddin, Izereen Mukri, Sit Syuhada Sapno, Hafz Yazid, Nadine Ruppert & Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran, Pp. 15355–15358 Record of Oldenlandia hygrophila Bremek. (Spermacoceae: Rubiaceae), a lesser known herb from Palghat Gap of Western Ghats, Kerala, India Molecular detecton of Murshidia linstowi in a free-ranging dead – Vadakkeveedu Jagadesh Aswani, Vasudevan Ambat Rekha, Pathiyil elephant calf Arabhi, Manjakulam Khadhersha Jabeena, Kunnamkumarath Jisha & – Sourabh Ranjan Hota, Sonali Sahoo, Manojita Dash, Avisek Pahari, Maya Chandrashekaran Nair, Pp. 15400–15404 Bijayendranath Mohanty & Niranjana Sahoo, Pp. 15359–15363

Parasite commonality at Swamp Deer (Mammalia: Artodactyla: Book Review Cervidae: Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii) and livestock interface – Animesh Talukdar, Bivash Pandav & Parag Nigam, Pp. 15364–15369 The State of Wildlife and Protected Areas in Maharashtra: News and Informaton from the Protected Area Update 1996-2015 Prevalence and seasonal variaton of gastrointestnal parasites – Reviewed by L.A.K. Singh, Pp. 15405–15406 among captve Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) – Phoebe Lalremruat & G.S. Solanki, Pp. 15370–15374 Publisher & Host

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