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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID EL NACIMIENTO DEL ESTADO EN LA ISLA DE CRETA Y EL PERÍODO PROTOPALACIAL EN MALIA Tesis Doctoral

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID EL NACIMIENTO DEL ESTADO EN LA ISLA DE CRETA Y EL PERÍODO PROTOPALACIAL EN MALIA Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Departamento de Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval, Paleografía y Diplomática EL NACIMIENTO DEL ESTADO EN LA ISLA DE CRETA Y EL PERÍODO PROTOPALACIAL EN MALIA Tesis Doctoral presentada por Dª Mª Soledad Milán Quiñones de León bajo la dirección del Prof. Dr. D. José Pascual González Madrid, 2008 ÍNDICE LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS 4-8 INTRODUCCIÓN 9-22 1. EL ORIGEN DEL ESTADO EN EL EGEO: LOS PRESUPUESTOS TEÓRICOS DEL ANÁLISIS 23-67 1.1. Teorías y reflexiones sobre el nacimiento del Estado 23 1.2. Los diferentes modelos para el estudio del origen del Estado en el Egeo 35 1.2.1. Los modelos de C.Renfrew 35 1.2.2. El enfoque Peer Polity Interaction (PPI) 41 1.2.3. Otros modelos 56 1.2.4. Conclusiones 65 2. LOS FACTORES MEDIOAMBIENTALES 68-100 2.1. El Egeo: sismicidad y climatología 68 2.2. El paisaje cretense 74 2.3. Las rutas cretenses 95 2.3.1. La zona oriental 96 2.3.2. Las rutas de Norte a Sur 98 2.3.3. La zona occidental 98 3. ANTECEDENTES DEL SISTEMA PALACIAL: CRETA EN EL BRONCE ANTIGUO. EL NACIMIENTO DEL ESTADO PALACIAL 101-136 3.1. Introducción: el Neolítico cretense. 101 3.2 El MA I (3500-2900). 105 3.3. Los períodos MA II (2900–2300) y MA III (2300-2000) 118 4. EL ESTADO MALIOTA 137-377 4.1. El territorio 137 4.1.1. Introducción: los métodos de análisis 137 4.1.2. Territorio estatal y delimitación de fronteras 147 4.1.3. Las áreas territoriales principales 156 4.2. El centro palacial 166 4.2.1. Introducción: la Ciudad de Malia 166 4.2.2. El Primer Palacio, centro de la administración estatal 170 4.2.3. La Cripta Hipóstila y el Ágora 211 4.2.4. El Barrio M 227 4.2.5. Los barrios, casas y villas. Los posibles puertos 247 4.2.6 Las necrópolis 275 4.2.7. El urbanismo maliota 295 2 4.3 . Los otros asentamientos 307 4.3.1. Karphi 308 4.3.2. Lasithi 310 4.3.3. Myrtos Phournou Koriphi 319 4.3.4. Myrtos Pyrgos 331 4.3.5. Gournia 339 4.3.6. Vasiliky 354 4.3.7. Pseira 360 4.3.8. Mochlos 364 4.3.9. Chamezi 374 5. ESTADO Y ESTRUCTURA PALACIAL 453-522 5.1. Las estructuras políticas 457 5.2. La Religión y las costumbres 464 5.3. Las estructuras económicas 477 5.4. Jerarquización y extensión territorial 493 CONCLUSIONES 444 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS 460 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 462 3 ABREVIATURAS Las citas abreviadas de las publicaciones siguen las normas de L'Année philologique salvo las que detallamos a continuación: AAA Athens Annals of Archaeology AEGAEUM 1 R. Laffineur (ed.) (1987): THANATOS. Les coutumes funéraires en Egée à l’âge du Bronze. Actes du colloque de Liège, 21-23 avril 1986. Universidad de Lieja, 21-23 abril 1986. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège Lieja. AEGAEUM 2 AA.VV.(1988) AEGAEUM 2. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 3 R. Laffineur (ed.) (1989): TRANSITION. Le monde égéen du Bronze moyen au Bronze récent. Actes de la 2e Rencontre égéenne internationale de l'Université de Liège, 18-20 avril 1988. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège Lieja. AEGAEUM 5 Th.G. Palaima (1990): Aegean Seals, Sealings and Administration. Proceedings of the NEH-Dickson Conference of the Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory of the Department of Classics, University of Texas at Austin, January 11-13, 1989. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège Lieja. AEGAEUM 6 AA.VV.(1990): AEGAEUM 6. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 7 R. Laffineur , L. Basch, (eds.) (1991): THALASSA. L'Egée préhistorique et la mer. Actes de la 3e Rencontre égéenne internationale de l'Université de Liège, Station de recherches sous-marines et océanographiques, Calvi, Corse, 23-25 avril 1990. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège Lieja. AEGAEUM 9 V. Fotou (1993): New Light on Gournia. Unknown Documents of the Excavation at Gournia and Other Sites on the Isthmus of Ierapetra by Harriet Ann Boyd. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège.Lieja. AEGAEUM 11 P. Rehak (ed.) (1995): The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of a Panel Discussion presented at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, New Orleans, Louisiana, 28 December 1992. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège Lieja. AEGAEUM 12 R. Laffineur, W.D. Niemeier (eds.) (1995): POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference 5e Rencontre égéenne internationale, University of Heidelberg, 4 Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April 1994. 2 vols. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 16 R. Laffineur, P. Betancourt (eds.)(1997): TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'âge du Bronze. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996.2 vols. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 18 E.H. Cline, D. Harris-Cline (eds.) (1998): The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium, Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, University of Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 19 R. Laffineur (ed.) (1999): POLEMOS. Le contexte guerrier en Égée à l'âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Université de Liège, 14-17 avril 1998. 2 vols. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 20 P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, W.D. Niemeier (eds.) (1999): MELETEMATA. Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters his 65th Year. 3 vols. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 23 J. Driessen, I. Schoep, R. Laffineur (2002): MONUMENTS OF MINOS. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. Proceedings of the International Workshop "Crete of the hundred Palaces?", Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, 14-15 December 2001. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 24 K. Polinger Foster, R. Laffineur (2003): METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 9th International Aegean Conference / 9e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Yale University, 18-21 April 2002, Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 25 R. Laffineur, E. Greco (2005): EMPORIA. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference / 10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Italian School of Archaeology in Athens, 14- 18 April 2004. 2 vols. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. AEGAEUM 26 I. Bradfer-Burdet, B. Detournay, R. Laffineur, (2005): KRHΣ TEXNITHΣ. L'artisan crétois. Recueil d'articles en l'honneur de Jean-Claude Poursat, publié à l'occasion des 40 ans de la découverte du Quartier Mu. Annales d’Archaéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège. Lieja. ArchDelt Archaiologikon Deltion AmerAnt American Antiquity 5 AnatSt Anatolian Studies BAR British Archaeological Reports Bronze Age N.H. Gale (ed.) (1991): Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Papers Trade presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford in Dec. 1989, 1991. SIMA XC. Jonsered. CAH The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge. Civilizaciones R. Treuil, P. Darcque, J-C. Poursat, G. Touchais (1992): Las Civilizaciones Egeas Egeas. Del Neolítico y de la Edad del Bronce. Barcelona. CMS Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel CurrAnthr Current Anthropology Ét.Crét. Études Crétoises. École Française d’Athènes. Atenas. Festos D. Levi, (1976-1988): Festos e la civiltà minoica, vol. I-II, Roma. Function R. Hägg, N. Marinatos (eds.), (1987): The Function of Minoan Palaces, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 10-16 June, 1984. Estocolmo. GORILA L. Godart, J.-P. Olivier (1976-1985) : Recueil des inscriptions en Linéaire A. Ét.Crét. XXI, vols. 1-5. París. KARPHI H.W.Pendlebury, J.D.S.Pendlebury, M.B.Money-Courts, ,(1937-38) : “Excavations in the Plain of Lasithi. III. Karphi. A City of Refuge of the Early Iron Age in Crete”, ABSA 38, 57-145. Mallia. Centre H. Van Effenterre, M. Van Effenterre (1969): Fouilles exécutées à Mallia. Le Politique I centre politique I :L’agora (1960-1966) (Ét.Crét., XVII). EFA. Atenas. Mallia. Centre M.-C. Amouretti (1970): Fouilles exécutées à Mallia. Le centre politique I :La Politique II crypte hypostyle (1957-1962) (Ét.Crét., XVIII). EFA. París. Mallia.Écritures F. Chapouthier (1930): Les écritures minoennes au Palais de Malia (Ét.Crét. II). EFA. París. Malia. Maisons, P. Demargne, H. Gallet de Santerre (1953) : Exploration des maisons et I quartiers d’habitation, Premier fascicule (Ét.Crét.IX). EFA. París. Malia. Maisons Deshayes, J-, Dessenne, A., (1959) : Exploration des maisons et quartiers II d’habitation (Ét.Crét. XI). EFA. París. Malia. Maisons Pelon, O. (1970): Fouilles exécutées à Mallia. Exploration des maisons et 6 III quartiers d’habitation (1963-1966). III. Le quartier E.(Ét.Crét.. XVI) . EFA. París. Malia. Maisons H&M Van Effenterre, M. Micheline (1976): Fouilles exécutées à Mallia. IV Exploration des maisons et quartiers d’habitation (1956-1960). IV. Le quartier Thêta.( Ét.Crét.. XXII). EFA. Atenas. Malia. Mu I J.-C. Poursat, L. Godart, J.-P. Olivier (1978) : Le Quartier Mu I. (Ét.Crét..XXIII).EFA. Atenas. Malia. Mu II B. Detournay, J.-C. Poursat, F. Vandenabeele (1980): Le Quartier Mu II. Vases de métal, vannerie, figurines et reliefs d’appliques, éléments de parure et de décoration, armes, sceaux et empreintes.
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