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Technologische Ontwikkelingen Van Muziekdistributie En Hun Impact

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Technologische Ontwikkelingen Van Muziekdistributie En Hun Impact Technologische ontwikkelingen van muziekdistributie en hun impact Yannick Van Nuffel Professionele Bachelor in de pop- en rockmuziek Afstudeerrichting Muziekmanagement Begeleider: Fréderic Busscher Academiejaar 2014-2015 VOORWOORD Mijn naam is Yannick Van Nuffel, student Muziekmanagement aan de PXL-Hogeschool in Hasselt. Dit onderzoek naar de technologische ontwikkelingen van muziekdistributie en hun impact maakt deel uit van mijn afstudeerproject. Het omvat dit onderzoek in combinatie met de website 'muziekentechnologie.be' en een seminarie waarin de belangrijkse conclusies van het onderzoek toegelicht worden. De interesse voor het onderwerp van het afstudeerproject is gebaseerd op de aandacht in de wereldwijde media op het moment van schrijven, de meningsverschillen binnen de muziekindustrie omtrent specifieke kwesties en de eindeloze debatten die daaruit voortgekomen zijn. Omdat het een actueel onderwerp is, was het onderzoeken zelf enorm interessant maar tegelijk moeilijk om bij te blijven vanwege de snelle veranderingen. Ik wil daarom zeker Fré Busscher bedanken voor zijn begeleiding, vooral bij het uitwerken van het projectidee en het afbakenen van het onderwerp, wat voor mij een moeilijk gegeven was. Verder wil ik ook enkele professionals uit de Belgische muziekindustrie bedanken voor hun bijdrage aan het onderzoek: Olivier Maeterlinck, algemeen directeur van BEA, Hendrik De Rycker van Rockoco, Martin Corlazzoli van N.E.W.S. en Sander Graumans van PIAS. Hun mening en visie over bepaalde onderwerpen hebben een absolute meerwaarde betekend voor dit onderzoek. 2 Inhoudsopgave 1. TECHNOLOGISCHE ONTWIKKELINGEN: MEER DAN 100 JAAR EVOLUTIE ..............................5 1.1 EVOLUTIE GELUIDSDRAGERS...........................................................................................................................5 1.2 EVOLUTIE DISTRIBUTIE......................................................................................................................................7 1.3 BELANG VAN TECHNOLOGISCHE TOEPASSINGEN IN DE HEDENDAAGSE MUZIEKDISTRIBUTIE...................................................................................................................................................9 2. PIRATERIJ: 20 JAAR OORLOG..............................................................................................................10 2.1 FYSIEKE PIRATERIJ.............................................................................................................................................10 2.2 ONLINE PIRATERIJ..............................................................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Web en FTP sites ...............................................................................................................................................11 2.2.2 P2P ..........................................................................................................................................................................11 2.3 REACTIE VAN DE MUZIEKINDUSTRIE........................................................................................................13 2.3.1 Procesvoering.....................................................................................................................................................13 2.3.2 Voorlichting van de consument..................................................................................................................13 2.3.3 Aangepast wettelijk kader............................................................................................................................14 2.3.4 ISP's en hun verantwoordelijkheid............................................................................................................16 2.3.5 Beveiliging ...........................................................................................................................................................18 2.4 IMPACT VAN PIRATERIJ....................................................................................................................................19 2.4.1 Impact op muziekdistributie........................................................................................................................19 2.4.2 Impact op livesector ........................................................................................................................................22 3. MUZIEKDISTRIBUTIE IN EEN DIGITALE WERELD........................................................................23 3.1 DOWNLOADS: ONLINE MUSIC STORES......................................................................................................23 3.1.1 Aggregators.........................................................................................................................................................24 3.1.2 iTunes Music Store ...........................................................................................................................................24 3.1.3 Einde opmars......................................................................................................................................................25 3.1.4 Alternatieven en belangrijkste verschillen ............................................................................................26 3.1.5 Rechten en licenties .........................................................................................................................................26 3.1.6 Bandcamp ............................................................................................................................................................27 3.2 STREAMING............................................................................................................................................................28 3.2.1 Online music lockers........................................................................................................................................29 3.2.2 Subscriptie streaming services....................................................................................................................30 3.2.3 Internet radio & non-interactive streaming .........................................................................................41 3.2.4 User-generated content .................................................................................................................................43 3.3 IMPACT OP DE MUZIEKINDUSTRIE.............................................................................................................53 3.3.1 Online music stores ..........................................................................................................................................53 3.3.2 Streaming.............................................................................................................................................................55 4. BELANG VAN TECHNOLOGISCHE TOEPASSINGEN IN DE HEDENDAAGSE MUZIEKDISTRIBUTIE.................................................................................................................................60 4.1 ALTERNATIEVE DISTRIBUTIEVORMEN....................................................................................................60 4.1.1 Initiatieven van artiesten..............................................................................................................................60 4.1.2 Crowdfunding.....................................................................................................................................................63 4.2 AUDIO FINGERPRINTING.................................................................................................................................64 4.2.1 Audio identificatie ............................................................................................................................................64 4.2.2 Filtertechnologie...............................................................................................................................................65 4.3 SOCIALE NETWERKEN......................................................................................................................................66 4.4 HET BELANG VAN DATA...................................................................................................................................67 5. MUZIEKDISTRIBUTIE IN HET HEDEN EN DE TOEKOMST, EEN BESLUIT ..............................69 5.1 HEDEN ......................................................................................................................................................................69 5.2 TOEKOMST .............................................................................................................................................................71 LITERATUURLIJST.......................................................................................................................................74 3 INLEIDING Het onderzoek behandelt, zoals de titel het zelf zegt, de technologische ontwikkelingen op vlak van muziekdistributie en de impact die ze hebben op de muziekindustrie. Al sinds de oprichting van de iTunes Music Store is er een constante verschuiving van een fysieke muziekmarkt naar een digitale. Nieuwe distributievormen zijn de dagelijkse muziekconsumptie beginnen domineren, al dan niet met de volledige en/of directe goedkeuring van de professionele muziekindustrie. Vooral
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