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Hydrogeology of Southern Ontario

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Hydrogeology of Southern Ontario Hydrogeology of Ontario Series (Report 1) THE HYDROGEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO SECOND EDITION By S.N. SINGER, C.K. CHENG, AND M.G. SCAFE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING BRANCH MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT TORONTO ONTARIO 2003 ii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The second edition of The Hydrogeology of Southern Ontario provides an opportunity to make changes and additions in light of new data and studies made since 1995. The text in this edition has been extensively revised, new maps have been added, statistics related to groundwater quality have been revised, and the description of the Provincial Drinking Water Standards and Objectives has been brought up to date. A new chapter on overburden aquifers has been added. The chapter describes 164 overburden aquifers within southern Ontario in terms of location, type (confined or unconfined), composition, thickness, elevation, depths to static water levels, and well yields. Toronto, April 2003 DISCLAIMER The Ontario Ministry of the Environment does not make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the ministry. iii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This report describes the hydrogeology of southern Ontario in terms of the hydraulic parameters of various bedrock and overburden units, and the geologic conditions under which groundwater flow systems operate. In addition, the report provides an assessment of the long-term groundwater recharge and discharge, and an evaluation of groundwater quality. The report is intended to provide basic hydrogeologic information that can be used for the wise management of the groundwater resources in southern Ontario. Toronto, June 1995 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 3 2.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ONTARIO'S GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 3 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF SCALE IN HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES 4 2.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5 2.4 LOCATION 5 2.5 RELEVANT INVESTIGATIONS 6 2.6 PREVIOUS HYDROGEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS 6 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 3. GEOGRAPHY 11 3.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY 11 3.2 DRAINAGE 12 3.3 CLIMATE 13 4. DATA AND METHODS USED IN THE STUDY 15 4.1 DATA USED IN THE STUDY 15 4.2 THE WATER WELL INFORMATION SYSTEM 15 4.3 THE GIS SYSTEMS USED IN THE STUDY 16 5. HYDROGEOLOGIC DEFINITIONS 18 5.1 GROUNDWATER 18 5.2 AQUIFERS 18 5.3 HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS 19 6. GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE IN THE BEDROCK 22 6.1 BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY 22 6.1.1 Dundalk Dome 23 6.1.2 Bedrock Valleys 23 6.2 PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS 23 6.2.1 Precambrian Hydrogeologic Unit 24 6.3 PALEOZOIC ROCKS 27 6.3.1 Early Cambrian Strata 27 6.3.2 Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician Strata 27 6.3.2.1 Nepean-March-Oxford Hydrogeologic Unit 28 6.3.3 Middle to Late Ordovician Strata 28 6.3.3.1 Rockcliffe Hydrogeologic Unit 29 6.3.3.2 Ottawa Group Hydrogeologic Unit 29 6.3.3.3 Simcoe Group Hydrogeologic Unit 30 6.3.4 Upper Ordovician Strata 30 6.3.4.1 Billings-Carlsbad-Queenston Hydrogeologic Unit 31 6.3.4.2 Blue Mountain-Georgian Bay Hydrogeologic Unit 31 6.3.4.3 Queenston Hydrogeologic Unit 32 6.3.5 Lower Silurian Strata 32 6.3.5.1 Cataract Group Hydrogeologic Unit 33 v Page 6.3.6 Middle Silurian Strata 33 6.3.6.1 Dyer-Wingfield-St. Edmund Hydrogeologic Unit 34 6.3.6.2 Clinton Group Hydrogeologic Unit 34 6.3.6.3 Amabel-Lockport-Guelph Hydrogeologic Unit 34 6.3.7 Upper Silurian Strata 36 6.3.7.1 Salina Hydrogeologic Unit 37 6.3.7.2 Bass Island Hydrogeologic Unit 37 6.3.8 Lower Devonian Strata 38 6.3.8.1 Bois Blanc Hydrogeologic Unit 38 6.3.9 Middle Devonian Strata 38 6.3.9.1 Detroit River Group Hydrogeologic Unit 39 6.3.9.2 Dundee Hydrogeologic Unit 40 6.3.9.3 Hamilton Group Hydrogeologic Unit 40 6.3.10 Upper Devonian and Mississippian Strata 40 6.3.10.1 Kettle Point Hydrogeologic Unit 41 6.4 A COMPARISON OF THE WATER-YIELDING CAPABILITIES AMONG VARIOUS BEDROCK HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS 41 7. GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE IN THE OVERBURDEN 43 7.1 OVERBURDEN THICKNESS 44 7.2 ILLINOIAN GLACIAL DEPOSITS 44 7.3 SANGAMONIAN INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS 44 7.4 EARLY WISCONSINAN DEPOSITS 44 7.5 MIDDLE WISCONSINAN DEPOSITS 45 7.6 LATE WISCONSINAN DEPOSITS 45 7.6.1 Nissouri Stadial Deposits 46 7.6.2 Erie Interstadial Deposits 46 7.6.3 Port Bruce Stadial Deposits 46 7.6.3.1 Deposits Associated with the Combined Erie-Ontario Lobe 46 7.6.3.2 Deposits Associated with the Combined Huron-Georgian Bay Lobe 47 7.6.3.3 Deposits Associated with the Georgian Bay Lobe 49 7.6.3.4 Deposits Associated with the Huron Lobe 49 7.6.3.5 Deposits Associated with the Simcoe Lobe 50 7.6.3.6 Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine Deposits Associated with the Port Bruce Stade 50 7.6.4 Mackinaw Interstadial Deposits 51 7.6.5 Port Huron Stadial Deposits 51 7.6.6 Two Creeks Interstadial Deposits 53 7.6.7 Greatlakean Stade Deposits 55 7.6.8 Glaciofluvial, Glaciolacustrine, Glaciomarine and Marine Deposits 55 7.6.8.1 Ice-Contact Deposits 56 7.6.8.2 Outwash Deposits 57 7.6.8.3 Sands and Gravels of Glaciolacustrine Origin 57 7.6.8.4 Sands and Gravels of Glaciomarine and Marine Origins 57 7.6.8.5 Silts and Clays of Glaciolacustrine Origin 58 7.6.8.6 Silts and Clays of Glaciomarine and Marine Origins 58 7.7 HOLOCENE (RECENT) DEPOSITS 58 vi Page 8. OVERBURDEN AQUIFERS 60 8.1 AQUIFERS IN THE EASTERN PART OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO 60 8.1.1 The Raisin Region Conservation Authority 60 8.1.2 The South Nation Conservation Authority 62 8.1. 3 The Rideau Valley Conservation Authority 66 8.1.4 The Mississippi Valley Conservation Authority 68 8.1.5 The Moira River Conservation Authority 69 8.2 AQUIFERS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO 72 8.2.1 The Oak Ridges Moraine 72 8.2.1.1 Characteristics of the Oak Ridges Moraine Hydrogeologic System 77 8.2.1.2 The Upland Aquifer Complex 78 8.2.1.3 The Lowland Aquifer Complex 79 8.2.1.4 The Bounded Channel Aquifers 80 8.2.1.5 The Basal Aquifers 81 8.2.2 The Trent River Drainage Basin 81 8.2.3 The Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority 85 8.2.4 The Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority 89 8.2.5 The Metro Toronto and Region Conservation Authority 93 8.2.6 The Credit Valley Conservation Authority 99 8.2.7 The Halton Region Conservation Authority 104 8.2.8 The Hamilton Region Conservation Authority 106 8.3 AQUIFERS IN AREAS DRAINING INTO LAKE SIMCOE AND GEORGIAN BAY 109 8.3.1 The Alliston Aquifer Complex 109 8.3.2 The Lake Simcoe Drainage Basin 110 8.3.3 The Severn Sound Drainage Area 117 8.3.4 The Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority 122 8.3.5 The Grey Sauble Conservation Authority 127 8.4 OVERBURDEN AQUIFERS IN AREAS DRAINING INTO LAKE HURON 130 8.4.1 The Saugeen Conservation Authority 130 8.4.2 The Maitland Valley Conservation Authority 134 8.4.3 The Ausable-Bayfield Conservation Authority 137 8.5 OVERBURDEN AQUIFERS IN AREAS DRAINING INTO LAKE ST. CLAIR 140 8.5.1 The St. Clair Region Conservation Authority 140 8.5.2 The Thames River Basin 143 8.6 OVERBURDEN AQUIFERS IN THE ESSEX REGION CONSERVATION AUTHORITY 147 8.7 OVERBURDEN AQUIFERS IN AREA DRAINING INTO LAKE ERIE 149 8.7.1 The Cattle and Catfish Creeks Drainage Area 149 8.7.2 The Long Point Region Conservation Authority 152 8.7.3 The Grand River Conservation Authority 156 8.8 OVERBURDEN AQUIFERS IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA CONSERVATION AUTHORITY 164 9. GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS 168 10. LONG-TERM GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE 170 vii Page 10.1 GROUNDWATER AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 170 10.2 SOIL MOISTURE AND GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 170 10.3 TIMING OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO 170 10.4 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM GROUND WATER DISCHARGE AND RECHARGE 171 11. GROUNDWATER QUALITY 173 11.1 GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE BEDROCK 175 11.1.1 Precambrian Hydrogeologic Unit 175 11.1.2 Nepean-March-Oxford Hydrogeologic Unit 176 11.1.3 Rockcliffe Hydrogeologic Unit 176 11.1.4 Ottawa Group Hydrogeologic Unit 176 11.1.5 Simcoe Group Hydrogeologic Unit 177 11.1.6 Billings-Carlsbad-Queenston Hydrogeologic Unit 177 11.1.7 Blue Mountain-Georgian Bay Hydrogeologic Unit 178 11.1.8 Queenston Hydrogeologic Unit 178 11.1.9 Clinton Group and Cataract Group Hydrogeologic Units 178 11.1.10 Amabel-Lockport-Guelph Hydrogeologic Unit 179 11.1.11 Salina Hydrogeologic Unit 180 11.1.12 Bass Island Hydrogeologic Unit 180 11.1.13 Bois Blanc Hydrogeologic Unit 181 11.1.14 Detroit River Group Hydrogeologic Unit 181 11.1.15 Dundee Hydrogeologic Unit 182 11.1.16 Hamilton Group Hydrogeologic Unit 182 11.1.17 Kettle Point Hydrogeologic Unit 183 11.2 GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE OVERBURDEN ` 183 11.2.1 Sodium 184 11.2.2 Iron 184 11.2.3 Chloride 184 11.2.4 Nitrate 184 11.2.5 Sulphate 184 11.2.6 Hardness 185 11.2.7 Total Dissolved Solids 185 11.2.8 Overburden Groundwater Types 185 11.3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY ENCOUNTERED IN BEDROCK AND OVERBURDEN WELLS 185 12.
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