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Police and Crime Commissioner Elections, 2016

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Police and Crime Commissioner Elections, 2016 BRIEFING PAPER Number CBP 07595, 19 May 2016 Police and Crime Commissioner Elections: By Noel Dempsey 2016 Inside: 1. Background 2. Parties 3. Candidates 4. Results 5. Turnout 6. Spoilt ballots 7. Appendix www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary Number CBP 07595, 19 May 2016 2 Contents Contents 2 Summary 3 1. Background 5 What are PCCs? 5 Why 40 PCC elections? 5 What do PCCs do? 5 Electoral Process and Timing 6 Who can stand? 6 2. Parties 7 Conservative 7 Labour 7 Plaid Cymru 9 United Kingdom Independence Party 9 Liberal Democrats 11 Green Party 11 Independents 13 3. Candidates 14 Candidates by party and gender 14 4. Results 16 Winners and second place by party 16 5. Turnout 18 6. Spoilt ballots 20 7. Appendix 21 Table 1: Summary of voting by police area 21 Table 2: Detailed voting by police area 22 Tables and underlying data in this briefing are available as Excel files via: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7595 Editor: Richard Keen Contributing Authors: Noel Dempsey, Sections 2,3,4,5,6,7 Pat Strickland, Section 1 Anna Moses, Maps Cover page image copyright: The Blue Lamp by Andy Aldridge. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 / image cropped. 3 Police and Crime Commissioner Elections, 2016 Summary On Thursday 5 May 2016 the second cycle of elections (2012 being the first) for Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) took place in England and Wales (excluding the Metropolitan Police, City of London and Greater Manchester). The 40 police areas each elected one PCC. The supplementary vote system was used for the elections. • The elections were contested by 188 candidates; 40 Conservative, 40 Labour, 4 Plaid Cymru, 34 UKIP, 30 Liberal Democrat, 7 Green, 25 Independents and 8 “others”. • There were 29 female candidates representing 15% of all candidates. This is a decrease of 3 percentage points on 2012 (includes Greater Manchester). • 20 Conservative, 15 Labour, 2 Plaid Cymru, and 3 Independent candidates were elected. The number of female PCC candidates elected was 8 (20%), an increase of 2 (5 percentage points). • Turnout averaged 26.6% across all 40 police areas (measured as valid first preference votes as a proportion of the electorate). This is an increase of 11.5 percentage points compared to 2012. • Over 311,000 ballots were rejected in the first round of voting at the PCC elections (3.4% of total ballots). This is an increase of 0.6 of a percentage point from the 2012 election. 2012 and 2016 PCC election comparisons: All 2012 figures (for turnout, vote share, spoilt ballot etc) have been adjusted to not include the results for Greater Manchester in 2012. This is to allow direct like for like comparisons. For full detail on the results of the 2012 PCC Election which includes Greater Manchester please refer to the House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 12/73 Police and Crime Commissioner Elections 2012. Results by party, May 2016 Total first % of all first preference preference Number of Number Party votes votes candidates elected Conservative 2,598,558 29.3% 40 20 Labour 3,047,428 34.3% 40 15 Plaid Cymru 228,334 2.6% 4 2 UK Independence Party 1,216,127 13.7% 34 0 Liberal Democrat 763,901 8.6% 30 0 Green 113,957 1.3% 7 0 Independent 721,190 8.1% 25 3 Other 191,545 2.2% 8 0 of which: English Democrats 54,680 0.6% 4 0 Lincolnshire Independents 18,497 0.2% 1 0 Zero Tolerance Policing 118,368 1.3% 3 0 Totals 8,881,040 100% 188 40 Note: In some Police Areas there were more than one Independent. 5 Police and Crime Commissioner Elections, 2016 1. Background What are PCCs? Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) are directly elected individuals. Their main purpose is set the strategy for the police force, and hold it to account. They can hire and, if necessary, fire chief constables. PCCs were created by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 to replace Police Authorities in England and Wales. The first elections were held in 41 police force areas in November 2012. On 5 May 2016, the second elections for Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) took place in 40 police force areas in England and Wales. Further information on PCCs is given in Commons Library Briefing Paper 6104, Police and Crime Commissioners. Why 40 PCC elections? There are 43 geographic police forces across England and Wales. In London, the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime took over from the Metropolitan Police Authority in January 2012, while the City of London Police retained a police authority. Plans are underway as part of the devolution deal for Greater Manchester for the elected mayor there to take over the PCC’s functions from 2017. As a result, there was no PCC election in Greater Manchester in May 2016. 2012 and 2016 PCC election comparisons: All 2012 figures (for turnout, vote share, spoilt ballot etc) have been adjusted to not include the results for Greater Manchester in 2012. This is to allow direct like for like comparisons. For full detail on the results of the 2012 PCC Election which includes Greater Manchester please refer to the House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 12/73 Police and Crime Commissioner Elections 2012. What do PCCs do? The core functions of a PCC are: • Holding the chief constable to account; • Making sure the force is efficient and effective; • Appointing the chief constable; • If necessary, suspending the chief constable or calling on them to retire or resign; • Setting out a 5 year Police and Crime Plan (in consultation with the chief constable) determining local policing priorities; and • Setting the annual local precept and annual force budget. Since PCCs have been introduced, their remit has expanded. For example, since 1 October 2014, PCCs have been responsible for commissioning the majority of victims’ services. The Conservative Party Manifesto 2015 promised to develop the role further. The Policing and Number CBP 07595, 19 May 2016 6 Crime Bill1 would enable police and crime commissioners to take on responsibility for fire and rescue services where a local case is made. It would also give PCCs a much greater role in the police complaints system. Further information is in Commons Library Briefing Paper 7499, Policing and Crime Bill 2015-16. Electoral Process and Timing PCC elections take place every four years. People who are registered to vote at local government elections are entitled to vote for the PCC in that area. The Supplementary Vote system is used; the same system is used for directly elected mayors in England, including the Mayor of London. There are two columns on a ballot paper. Voters can mark an X in the first column for their first choice candidate and another X in the second column for their second choice. A candidate who receives more than 50% of the first preference votes on the first count is elected. If no candidate reaches 50% in the first round, the two candidates with the highest number of votes are retained. The ballot papers showing a first preference for eliminated candidates are checked for their second preference. Any second preference votes for the two remaining candidates are then added to the candidates' first preference votes. The candidate with the most votes then wins. Who can stand? Candidates must be: • at least 18 years old on the day of nomination; • a British citizen, an eligible Commonwealth citizen or a citizen of any other member state of the European Union; and • registered as a local government elector in a local council area that is within the police area in which the candidate wishes to stand, both at the time of nomination and on polling day. There are a number of disqualifications. For example, individuals cannot stand If they: • are a police officer or are directly or indirectly employed by the police; • have ever been convicted of an imprisonable offence; or • are the subject of a bankruptcy restrictions order.2 1 The Policing and Crime Bill is a carry-over Bill currently going through Parliament 2 Sections 64-69, Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, as amended. See also Electoral Commission , Police and Crime Commissioner Elections in England and Wales Guidance for Candidates and Agents Part 1of 6: Can you stand for election? Conservative • The Conservatives won Summary: 2016 and changes 2012-2016 20 PCC seats, half of all PCCs won First preference votes available. % pts • The Conservatives won Number Change Number % change 29.3% of the first England & Wales 20 +4 2,598,558 29.3% +0.9% preference vote in England England 20 +5 2,387,676 30.2% +1.2% Wales 0 -1 210,882 21.9% +1.0% & Wales, an increase of Note: Excludes Greater Manchester; - indicates did not stand for election/unable to calculate change in vote 0.9 of a percentage point. • The Conservatives performed best in Highest share and largest change of votes: 2016 Wiltshire (46.2%) and Highest share of first preference Largest increases in share of vote worst in South Yorkshire vote from 2012 (% pts) 1 Wiltshire 46.2% Gwent +19.6% (10.7%). England & 2 Suffolk 43.7% Durham +13.7% • The biggest increase of Wales 3 Hertfordshire 42.3% Lincolnshire +11.5% vote share occurred in Gwent (19.6 percentage 1 Wiltshire 46.2% Durham +13.7% points) and the largest England 2 Suffolk 43.7% Lincolnshire +11.5% drop in Dyfed-Powys (25.7 3 Hertfordshire 42.3% Northamptonshire +10.4% percentage points).
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