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Crataegus L. Spp.) Taxa Natural Distributed in the Western Anatolia Part of Turkey

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Crataegus L. Spp.) Taxa Natural Distributed in the Western Anatolia Part of Turkey International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473 Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) : Received : 16/12/2015 | Accepted on : 23/12/2015 | Published : 28/12/2015 Some Botanical Properties of Hawthorn (Crataegus L. spp.) Taxa Natural Distributed in the Western Anatolia Part of Turkey Sevgin ÖZDER İN Hüseyin FAK İR Mu ğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry, Truffle Application and Research Center, 48000, Mu ğla/Turkey Department of Forest Engineering, 32260 Isparta/Turkey Email: [email protected] Abstract – In this study, some botanical properties of increased owing to the two-way migration of plants Howthorn ( Crataegus L. spp.) taxa which natural spread in between the two continents. On the other hand, Turkey has the western Anatolia, were determined. Data were obtained such a rich plant cover as it is located within the from 13 experimental sites that situated İzmit, Sakarya, European-Siberian Phytogeographical Zone in the Balıkesir, zmir, Kütahya, Mu la and Isparta province where İ ğ Northern Anatolia Region; Mediterranean Zone in the most distribution are exist of howthorn in the western Anatolia. Lenght, width, stalk and lobe number of leaves; Western and Southern Anatolia Region; and Iran-Turanian flowering periods and width, lenght, fruit seed weight and Zone in the Central, Eastern and Southern Anatolia number of fruits were calculated and results were given. Regions [7]. According to results, the largest taxon for leaf and petiole is The genus Crataegus L. which is one of the most Crateagus pentagyna (7 cm lenght, 3,8 cm widht and stalk is 3 important genera of Rosaceae family has around 200 cm). The smallest taxon for leaf is C. monogyna var. species on the earth. Some features of this genus including lasiocarpa (0,8 cm lenght and 1,1 cm widht). C. pentagyna the leave and seed morphology, seed number and fruit subsp. pentagyna is producing a maximum of flowers in a colour are polymorphic. Polymorphism and hybridization flower taxa installation up to 50 and C. azarolus has at least are the reasons why Crataegus species have so many the third. Most early blooming taxa are C. monogyna var. monogyna and C. pentagyna subsp. pentagyna by in April, synonyms. The number of hawthorn taxa in Turkey is and also flowers of C. tanacetifolia opened by July at the currently twenty eight [8]. The rate of endemism is 37%. It latest. C. orientalis subsp. orientalis has the biggest fruit (2,8 is an extremely complex species in terms of systematic cm lenght and 2,5 cm widht). C. tanacetifolia has the heaviest botanics. Many species in this genus are polyploid. fruit (6,78 g) and the lighest is C. monogyna var. monogyna Several factors such as climate, latitude, elevation, habitat (0,26 g). variety, life cycle, reproduction system, hybridization, cell It is determined that howthorn is spreading in sparse, size, chromosome size, chromosome structure, sex opening in forest, steep, rocky slopes and edge of fields. chromosome mechanism and genotype have been Productivity of flower and fruit occur in South and south- demonstrated to be associated with polyploidy character. west aspects in experimental sites. The slopes of selected experimental sites vary between 5% and 35 %. It determined There are many different habitats in different regions example areas that howthorn spread between 250 and 2131 across Turkey with respect to climate, latitude and meters altitude. Example areas become significant difference elevation. in elevation and also depending on the difference in Hawthorn is a winter-deciduous woody species elevation; the some botanical characteristics of taxa are belonging to the genus Crataegus L. in the form of semi- varied. evergreen shrub or small tree. It usually has thorns [9,10]. It is characterized by dark red fruits and greenish calyx. Keywords – Crataegus , Botanical Properties, Western Another distinctive feature is its hairy cover, leave shape Anatolia, Turkey. and thorns on the leaves [11]. Leaves are multiple row coils, simple, lobed, or virtually (telex), leaf edge is I. INTRODUCTION straight or toothed. Flower board is pseudo-umbrellu. Each flower has 5 calyxes and petals. Flowers do not have upper Turkey is very rich in wild plant species. It has a calyx. Hypanthium is attached to the fruit flowers. Petals substantial amount of flora with around 11.000 plant are white and pinkish, and usually longer than the calyxes. species compared to the rest of the World [1-4]. Although It has 5-25 anthers. There are 1-5 fruit leaves. The fruit of the continental Europe is nearly 12 times larger than hawthorn looks similar to plum, and it’s yellowish, Turkey, the biological diversity of Turkey is remarkable reddish, blackish purple or black, and usually fleshy. Each considering that it accommodates around 11.000 species fruit has 1-5 seeds and the seeds are hard [8,11,12]. [5]. Furthermore, the flora of Turkey is interesting not Since the existence of humankind, they have been using only due to the high number of species but also because it the natural plants to meet their needs (especially as food, has so many endemic species [6]. The reasons why and for disease treatment etc.). Information relating to Turkey’s flora is so rich include its geological and various properties of plants, their medicinal use and their geomorphological structure and thus several different use as edible foods has been transferred to the next microclimates as well as so many diverse soil types. generations [13]. Hawthorn is such a plant and its different Turkey is a bridge between Europe and Asia due to its parts (leaves, flowers, fruits, stems) were traditionally geographical location. The number of plant species has used for the treatment of various diseases. Dried flowers Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved 567 International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473 and fruits of hawthorn are brewed as tea and consumed for C. orientalis Pall. ex M.Bieb. subsp. szovitsii (Pojark.) the treatment of throat infection, cough, poor cardiac K.I.Chr., C. tanacetifolia (Lam.)Pers., C. monogyna var. activity, cardiac pain, tachycardia, renal diseases, lasiocarpa (Lange) K.I.Christ, , C. monogyna Jacq. var. atherosclerosis and hepatic pain, haemorrhoid, cancer and monogyna , C. azarolus L. var. aronia that are distributed diabetes [14-16]. Although it has been used most in the Western Anatolia, 50 fruit measurements were commonly for cardiovascular diseases, it has also been performed for each taxon with the help of a digital calibre traditionally used for the treatment of pulmonary diseases gauge; while 50 fruit measurements were performed for and diarrhoea in China, renal calculi in Czechoslovakia, each taxon with a digital scale to determine the stoned and jaundice in Hungary, and gout in France. In all European stoneless fruit weights. The width and height of 50 leave countries and China; therapeutic drugs are gradually samples from each taxon were measured, while the leaf becoming more important and serious steps are taken to stalk length, number of lobes on the leaves were produce drugs. These countries produce pharmaceutical determined. Then, the arithmetic average of the preparations and medicinal herbal teas that contain measurements was calculated. hawthorn extracts [17]. Table 1: Location and elevation values of the plant taxa Hawthorn is mainly used in the food industry whereas it research materials can also be used for landscaping purposes. The bark Plant Taxa Location and elevation colour, canopy form, flowers and fruits are have a very C. pentagyna İzmit-Ta ş Köprü forest depot province, aesthetic appearance; therefore, it has an important place subsp. pentagyna 456 m. in the landscape arrangements. As it can grow in shallow, C. orientalis subsp. Sakarya-Taraklı; Karagöl U ğurlu yaylası dry, sandy and stony soils; it can contribute to the erosion orientalis province, 1385 m. control efforts, it can be used as rootstock for some stone Balıkesir-Dursunbeyli, Aktuzla province, fruit species; moreover, it is one of the important bonsai 1510m. materials due to its long life, ability to develop under İzmir-Kemal Pa şa, Ayrancı province, scarce conditions, and flower and trunk properties [18]. 820 m. İzmir-Ödemi ş, Gölcük province 1120 m. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS Kütahya-Emet, Tahtalı province, 1120 m. In order to determine the botanical characteristics of the C. orientalis subsp. Kütahya- Emet, Alıç province, 1450 m hawthorn taxa distributed in the Western Anatolia; field szovitsii studies were conducted in İzmit, Sakarya, Balıkesir, C. tanacetifolia Kütahya-Emet, Çomar province, 1450 m. Kütahya, Mu ğla, İzmir and Isparta provinces from 2012 to Sakarya-Taraklı, Esenyurt Yaylası, 1227 2014 (Table 1, Figure 1). Thirteen sampling plots of 20 x m. 20 with an area of 400 m 2 were created in areas where the hawthorn taxa widely distributed in the Western Anatolia C. azarolus Mu ğla-Yara ş village, Akyaka province, are most densely distributed. Field studies were conducted var. aronia 812 m. in these sampling areas during the blooming period (May- Isparta Kovada Lake province, 933 m. June) and fruit ripening period (September- October) of C. monogyna Balıkesir-Dursunbeyli, Aktuzla province, Crataegus taxa that were research materials; three var. lasiocarpa 1510 m. herbarium samples were taken from each hawthorn taxon C. monogyna Mu ğla-Ula, Çiçekli province, 250m. and from the accompanying species of these hawthorn var. monogyna taxa. The plant samples that were recorded and collected were stored at the forest Botanic Laboratory of Forestry Faculty of Süleyman Demirel University (SDU) to be dried and preserved according to the herbarium techniques. The plants were diagnosed in the herbarium of SDU Forestry Faculty, SDU Faculty of Science Letters, Department of Biology and in the herbarium of Hacettepe University’s Faculty of Science.
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