Universidade De Passo Fundo Faculdade De Educação Doutorado Em Educação

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Universidade De Passo Fundo Faculdade De Educação Doutorado Em Educação UNIVERSIDADE DE PASSO FUNDO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO DOUTORADO EM EDUCAÇÃO Rosana Cristina Kohls ENSINO SUPERIOR, CRISE DAS HUMANIDADES E A FRAGILIDADE DEMOCRÁTICA - INQUIETAÇÕES, DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES A PARTIR DO PENSAMENTO DE MARTHA NUSSBAUM Passo Fundo 2019 ii Rosana Cristina Kohls ENSINO SUPERIOR, CRISE DAS HUMANIDADES E A FRAGILIDADE DEMOCRÁTICA - INQUIETAÇÕES, DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES A PARTIR DO PENSAMENTO DE MARTHA NUSSBAUM Tese apresentada ao curso de Doutorado em Educação, do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, da Faculdade de Educação, da Universidade de Passo Fundo, como requisito parcial para a obtenção de grau de Doutora em Educação, sob a orientação da Prof. Dr. Eldon Henrique Mühl. Passo Fundo 2019 iii “Se o verdadeiro choque de civilizações reside, como eu penso, na alma de cada indivíduo, onde a ganância e o narcisismo lutam contra o respeito e o amor, todas as sociedades modernas estão perdendo a batalha em um ritmo acelerado, pois não estão alimentando as forças, que impulsionam a cultura de igualdade e respeito. Se não insistirmos na importância fundamental das artes e humanidades, elas desaparecerão, porque não servem para ganhar dinheiro. Eles só servem para algo muito mais valioso: formar um mundo em que vale a pena viver, com pessoas capazes de ver outros seres humanos como entidades em si, que mereçam respeito e empatia, que tenham seus próprios pensamentos e sentimentos, e também com nações capazes de superar o medo e a desconfiança em favor de um debate marcado pela razão e pela compaixão”. Nussabum (2010; tradução nossa) iv Com todo amor para Leonardo e Vitória, Cúmplices das lutas... Parceiros nas buscas... Companheiros dos encontros e desencontros dessa vida! v AGRADECIMENTOS A trajetória em nível de doutorado, se diferencia de todas as demais etapas de nossa formação acadêmica. Ao final, temos muito a agradecer, pois, apesar da construção solitária e independente, que este processo nos impõe, são muitos, os que ficam nas proximidades, sem os quais, não daríamos conta de chegar ao final. Meu agradecimento primeiro, dirijo a Deus.Energia pura, que nos sustenta, que nos mantém vivos e que nos liga ao eterno em laços de acolhimento e fortalecimento, especialmente naqueles momentos em que a vida cotidiana, parece sem sentido e, por vezes, revestida de crueldade e desumanidade. Deus é uma questão de fé, de foro íntimo e está em nossa subjetividade, resulta das inúmeras experiências, a que a vida nos submete. Cada um o concebe à sua maneira. Para mim, essa força divina é algo real, que se materializa em coragem, persistência, determinação e ousadia. Objetivamente, muitas coisas inusitadas aconteceram, nessa trajetória, testando nossa resiliência e de outra forma nos servindo de amparo. Nessa seara, agradeço, em especial a minha mãe, Eermogenes Terezinha Kohls, pelo simples fato de ter se mantido viva, por ter vencido as dores, as dúvidas, a incerteza e nos permitir desfrutar juntas, esse tempo precioso que ainda nos resta. A meu pai querido, Edmundo Kohls, com seu gênio forte, sempre foi um exemplo de integridade, de ética, de honestidade e simplicidade. Aos meus irmãos e sobrinhos, Dóris, Mariângela e Mateus; Gabriela, Marina, Tiago e Elisa, que mesmo a distância, não estiveram ausentes, pelo simples fato de que suas existências, são um aconchego à alma, pela certeza de sempre estarem “ali”. Aos amigos, não os denomino, para não pecar em esquecimento, os quais insistenentemente me faziam acreditar no meu potencial, e, assim, me impulsionaram a confiantemente, apesar dos infortúnios, concluir essa etapa. Infortunios esses que foram amenizados pelo carinho, companheirismo e presença cuidadosa da nossa querida “vó Nide”, que ficará para sempre em nossos corações em sentimentos de reconhecimento de quão preciosa é sua presença em nossas vidas. Entre as contribuições significativas, desse período, ficam as lembranças da turma 2015, do PPGEDU-UPF, grupo seleto, onde podemos criar vínculos de afeto, amizade e companheirismo que nos acompanharão daqui para diante, até o final, Ricardo, Rosenei, Ivana e Flávia, em Especial. Ao programa em si, e ao grupo de pesquisa NUPEFE, que com sua estrutura organizativa, dotado de uma política de acolhimento e humanização, somando-se aos magníficos professores, fizeram desta uma experiência muito significativa. Entre esses, destaco vi o Prof. Dr. Eldon Mühl, meu orientador, o qual com sua calma, serenidade e sabedoria, soube conduzir o processo de orientação com sensibilidade e profissionalismo, permitindo que nossa travessia fosse equilibrada. Ao Governo do Estado de SC, por oportunizar uma Bolsa de Estudos do Programa UNIEDU, demonstrando que este estado se sente comprometido com a Educação e investe no seu povo. Agradeço sobretudo, pela existência de meus amados Leonardo e Vitória, filhos queridos, que tem sido a razão de ser de todas as coisas e nossa motivação para lutar por um mundo mais humanizado, resistindo a toda forma de opresssão, violência e injustiça. vii RESUMO A presente tese tem como objetivo principal abordar a questão das humanidades no atual momento histórico e esclarecer as razões da difícil situação em que elas se encontram na educação superior e suas implicações à formação humana. Nossa tese se volta ao fato de atualmente estar ocorrendo um crescente distanciamento entre a formação técnica e as humanidades nas universidades e instituições de ensino superior. Esse distanciamento faz com que as humanidades sejam progressivamente eliminadas ou subjugadas aos ditames das necessidades da formação técnica e dos interesses mercadológicos, sendo vistas como “ornamentos inúteis” e, portanto, dispensáveis. Tal atitude não apenas restringe a qualidade da formação do educando, como também coloca em risco a possibilidade de efetivação de um projeto emancipador e democrático de sociedade. A pesquisa está situada na linha de Fundamentos da Educação, na área da Filosofia da Educação, e desenvolveu-se a partir de uma perspectiva Hermenêutica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e os textos clássicos serviram de instrumento de análise, possibilitando uma produção de caráter reflexivo e compreensivo, com base nos três conceitos fundamentais da Hermenêutica: sentido, compreensão e interpretação. O problema de pesquisa é formulado da seguinte maneira: Quais são os aspectos que tem promovido o processo de desumanização das pessoas, como isso se reflete na educação e quais são as perspectivas para que se desenvolva, na educação superior, uma formação profissional humanizada capaz de promover uma forma de vida democrática? A tese estrutura- se em três passos. No primeiro, elucidam-se os aspectos que caracterizam uma verdadeira saga das humanidades no contexto contemporâneo, envolvendo a questão da dignidade humana, da ética, do novo ethos do mundo do trabalho e a influência das novas tecnologias de comunicação que levam o ser humano a uma espécie de perda da sua alma e a uma condição de servidão voluntária. No segundo desenvolve-se um mapeamento da trajetória histórica das universidades em uma tentativa de apreender o “espírito” que nelas se desenvolveu, situando posteriormente o processo de mercantilização e o crescimento da visão utilitarista da educação superior, bem como seus reflexos na formação profissional. No terceiro tomando-se como base de sustentação teórica as ideias de Martha Nussbaum, sobretudo sua “Pedagogia socrática”, aborda-se as possibilidades do cultivo das Humanidades na educação superior e o “lugar” dessa formação na educação, os caminhos possíveis, as condições e os espaços necessários para o desenvolvimento de experiências formativas humanizadoras. Concluí-se que se faz necessário ir além da criação de cursos específicos em Humanidades, mas que deve-se incorporar nos currículos de todos os cursos, especialmente em nível de graduação, os componentes das humanidades, sendo que as capacidades podem constituir-se em referenciais na elaboração de conteúdos, ementários e disciplinas. Constata-se a necessidade de encontrar-se alternativas metodológicas para que se ampliem o espaço das humanidades na Educação Superior, apesar do momento atual se mostrar completamente desfavorável ao seu desenvolvimento. Palavras-chave: Educação superior. Universidades. Humanidades. Vida Democrática. Cultura. viii ABSTRACT This doctoral dissertation has as main approach the question of the humanities in the current historical moment and seeks to clarify the reasons of the difficult situation in which they find themselves in the present higher education and their implications to human formation. Our thesis indicates that there is a currently growing detachment between technical training and the humanities in universities and higher education institutions. This detachment does the humanities to be progressively eliminated or subjugated to the dictates of the needs of technical training and market interests, being seen as “useless ornaments” and therefore dispensable. This attitude not only restricts the quality of the student's formation, but also puts at risk the possibility of realization of an emancipating and democratic project of society. The research is situated at the Fundamentals of Education’s line, in the area of Philosophy of Education, and developed from a Hermeneutic perspective. This is a bibliographical research and the classic texts served as an instrument of analysis, enabling a reflective and comprehensive production based on the three fundamental concepts of Hermeneutics: meaning, understanding and interpretation. The research problem is formulated
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