Mathematics Education in Iran from Ancient to Modern
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Education and Emigration: the Case of the Iranian-American Community
Education and Emigration: The case of the Iranian-American community Sina M. Mossayeb Teachers College, Columbia University Roozbeh Shirazi Teachers College, Columbia University Abstract This paper explores the plausibility of a hypothesis that puts forth perceived educational opportunity as a significant pull factor influencing Iranians' decisions to immigrate to the United States. Drawing on various literatures, including research on educational policy in Iran, government policy papers, and figures from recent studies and census data, the authors establish a case for investigating the correlation between perceived educational opportunity (or lack thereof) and immigration. Empirical findings presented here from a preliminary survey of 101 Iranian-born individuals living in the U.S. suggest that such a correlation may indeed exist, thus providing compelling grounds for further research in this area. The paper expands on existing literature by extending prevailing accounts of unfavorable conditions in Iran as push factors for emigration, to include the draw of perceived educational opportunity, as a coexisting and influential pull factor for immigration to the U.S. Introduction Popular discourse about Iranian immigration to the United States focuses on the social and political freedoms associated with relocation. The prevailing literature on Iranian immigration explains why people leave Iran, but accounts remain limited to a unilateral force--namely, unfavorable conditions in Iran. Drawing on existing studies of Iranian educational policies and their consequences, we propose an extension to this thesis. We hypothesize that perceived educational opportunity is a significant attraction for Iranians in considering immigration to the U.S. To establish a foundation for our research, we provide a background on Iran's sociopolitical climate after the 1978/1979 revolution and examine salient literature on Iran's higher education policy. -
The Life and Works of Sadid Al-Din Kazeroni: an Iranian Physician and Anatomist
ORerimgiinnaisl cAernticcele Middle East Journal of Cancer; JOuclyto 2b0e1r 52 061(38);: 9(4): 323-327 The Life and Works of Sadid al-Din Kazeroni: An Iranian Physician and Anatomist Seyyed Alireza Golshani* ♦, Seyyed Ehsan Golshan**, Mohammad Ebrahim Zohalinezhad*** *Department of History, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran **Department of Foreign Languages, Marvdasht Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran ***Assistant Professor, Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Eessence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abstract Background: One of the great physicians in Iran who had expertise in medicine, surgery, and pharmacy was Sadid al-Din Kazeroni. He was a 14 th century physician. No information is available on his birth and death – only “Al-Mughni”, a book, has been left to make him famous in surgical and medical knowledge. Methods: We used desk and historical research methods in this research, with a historical approach. This commonly used research method in human sciences was used to criticize and study the birthplace and works of Sadid al-Din Kazeroni. Results and Conclusion: Sadid al-Din Kazeroni discussed the exact issues in the field of anatomy, surgery, and gynecology. He was fluent in pharmacology. In his pharmacology book, for the first time, he named drugs considered necessary before and after surgery. In this study, we reviewed the biography and introduction of the works and reviewed “Al-Mughni”, a book on breast cancer. Keywords: Sadid al-Din Kazeroni, Breast cancer, Anatomical illustration, Al-Mughni, Persian medicine ♦Corresponding Author: Seyyed Alireza Golshani, PhD Student Introduction the Nobel Prize in Math. -
Arxiv:2009.11923V1 [Math.GT] 24 Sep 2020 Manifolds One Is Interested in Studying
A MODEL FOR RANDOM THREE{MANIFOLDS BRAM PETRI AND JEAN RAIMBAULT Abstract. We study compact three-manifolds with boundary obtained by randomly gluing together truncated tetrahedra along their faces. We prove that, asymptotically almost surely as the number of tetrahedra tends to infinity, these manifolds are connected and have a single boundary component. We prove a law of large numbers for the genus of this boundary component, we show that the Heegaard genus of these manifolds is linear in the number of tetrahedra and we bound their first Betti number. We also show that, asymptotically almost surely as the number of tetrahedra tends to infinity, our manifolds admit a unique hyperbolic metric with totally geodesic boundary. We prove a law of large numbers for the volume of this metric, prove that the associated Laplacian has a uniform spectral gap and show that the diameter of our manifolds is logarithmic as a function of their volume. Finally, we determine the Benjamini{Schramm limit of our sequence of random manifolds. 1. Introduction 1.1. Context. Random constructions of compact manifolds can be seen as an analogue of the well-established theory of random graphs and serve similar purposes. First of all, they make the notion of a \typical" manifold rigorous. Secondly, they can be used as a testing ground for conjectures of which the proof is still out of reach. Finally, there is what is often called the probabilistic method { using probability theory to prove the existence of objects with extremal properties. In this paper we are mostly interested in the first aspect. -
2012 National History Bee National Championships Round 1: (Early Non-US History)
2012 National History Bee National Championships Round 1: (Early Non-US History) 2012 NATIONAL HISTORY BEE NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS ROUND 1: (EARLY NON-US HISTORY) 1. This man's claim to the throne was enabled by Richard II’s Letters Patent in 1397, legitimizing the offspring of Katherine Swynford. Thus the claim from his mother, Lady Margaret Beauford, who was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, was accepted even though the Portuguese and Spanish royal families had better claims. To help end the War of the Roses, he married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV’s daughter. For the point, name this first Tudor monarch who gained command of England after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. ANSWER: Henry VII [prompt on Henry] 147-12-58-19101 2. This emperor sent Pliny the Younger to investigate corruption among the administrators of Bithynia. This man renovated the road that connected Bostra to the Red Sea, the King's Highway. Parthia's decision over the new king of Armenia provoked this man to sack Ctesiphon. This man was unable to conceive a child with his wife, Pompeia Plotina. He also commissioned a large bridge near the Iron Gates while fighting in the Danube region. Under his reign, the Roman Empire expanded as far eastward as the Persian Gulf, thereby reaching its farthest extent in 117 CE. For the point, identify this second of the Five Good Emperors who commemorated his victory in the Dacian War by building a namesake column in Rome. ANSWER: Trajan [or Marcus Ulpius Traianus] 064-12-58-19102 3. -
Historical Evolution of Education in Iran 14
CHAPTER II HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN IRAN 14 CHAPTER II fflSTORICAL EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN IRAN Title Page No. 2.1 Education in Iran 15 2.2 Iran - education system 20 2.2.1 School education 20 2.3 Structure of school system 21 2.3.1 Primary 21 2.3.2 Lower secondary 21 2.3.3 Upper secondary 22 2.4 higher educations 24 2.4.1 Non-university level 25 2.4.2 University level studies 25 2.4.3 University level third stage: doctorate (doctora) 26 2.5 Teacher education 26 2.5.1 Training of pre-primary and primary school teachers 26 2.5.2 Training of secondary school teachers 27 2.5.3 Trainingofhigher education teachers 27 2.6 Non-traditional studies 27 2.6.1 Distance higher education 27 2.7 Education overview 27 2.7.1 Administration and finance 28 2.7.2 Size 28 2.7.3 Structure 28 2.7.4 Higher education in Iran 28 2.7.4.1 Public sector 29 2.7.4.2 Private sector 30 2.7.5 Academic year 31 2.7.6 Teacher education 31 2.8 The Islamic revolution and education in Iran 31 References 35 15 2.1 EDUCATION IN IRAN HISTORY Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, it was traditional in Iran for education to be associated with religious institutions. The clergy, both shia and non-shia, assumed responsibility for instructing youth in basic literacy and the fundamentals of religion. Knowledge of reading and writing was not considered necessary for all the population, and thus education generally was restricted to the sons of the economic and political elite. -
The Historical Relationship Between Women's Education and Women's
The Historical Relationship between Women’s Education and Women’s Activism in Iran Somayyeh Mottaghi The University of York, UK Abstract This paper focuses on the historical relationship between women’s education and women’s activism in Iran. The available literature shows that education is consid- ered to be one important factor for Iranian women’s activism. The historical anal- ysis of women’s demand for education helps us to gain an understanding of the past in order to relate it to the future. This paper analyzes Iranian women’s active participation in education throughout the Safavid period (1501-1722) and the Qajar period (1794-1925). Women’s demand for education continued into the twentieth century and by the time of the constitutional revolution (1905-1911), during which Iranian women participated immensely in political affairs, the alliance of elite and non-elite women was clearly visible around educational issues. Women’s demand for education gained particular visibility; however, the focus shifted from modernization based on Westernization during the Pahlavi period (1925-1979), towards Islamization from 1979 onwards. This paper analyzes the ways in which, during different eras, women have been treated differently regard- ing their rights to education and at some points they faced difficulties even in exercising them; therefore, they had to constantly express their demands. Key words Iran, Education, Women’s movement, Historical perspective Introduction The historical analysis of women’s activism in Iran shows that educa- tion has always been considered an important factor for Iranian women and something that they have always demanded. The right to education is non-negotiable, embedded in the teaching of Islam as well as in hu- ㅣ4 ❙ Somayyeh Mottaghi man rights provisions. -
Interview with Research Fellow Maryam Mirzakhani
Profile Interview with Research Fellow Maryam Mirzakhani Could you talk about your mathematical education? What experiences and people were especially influential? I was very lucky in many ways. The war ended when I finished elementary school; I couldn’t have had the great opportunities that I had if I had been born ten years earlier. I went to a great high school in Tehran, Farzanegan, and had very good teachers. I met my friend Roya Beheshti the first week after entering middle school. It is invaluable to have a friend who shares your interests, and helps you stay motivated. Our school was close to a street full of bookstores in Tehran. I remember how walking along this crowded street, and going to the bookstores, was so exciting for us. We couldn’t skim through the books like people usually do here in a bookstore, so we would end up buying a lot of random books. Maryam Mirzakhani, a native of Iran, is currently a professor of mathematics at Stanford. She Also, our school principal was a strong-willed completed her Ph.D. at Harvard in 2004 under the woman who was willing to go a long way to provide direction of Curtis T. McMullen. In her thesis she us with the same opportunities as the boys’ school. showed how to compute the Weil-Petersson volume Later, I got involved in Math Olympiads that made of the moduli space of bordered Riemann surfaces. me think about harder problems. As a teenager, I Her research interests include Teichmüller theory, enjoyed the challenge. -
Number-Theory Prodigy Among Winners of Coveted Maths Prize Fields Medals Awarded to Researchers in Number Theory, Geometry and Differential Equations
NEWS IN FOCUS nature means these states are resistant to topological states. But in 2017, Andrei Bernevig, Bernevig and his colleagues also used their change, and thus stable to temperature fluctua- a physicist at Princeton University in New Jersey, method to create a new topological catalogue. tions and physical distortion — features that and Ashvin Vishwanath, at Harvard University His team used the Inorganic Crystal Structure could make them useful in devices. in Cambridge, Massachusetts, separately pio- Database, filtering its 184,270 materials to find Physicists have been investigating one class, neered approaches6,7 that speed up the process. 5,797 “high-quality” topological materials. The known as topological insulators, since the prop- The techniques use algorithms to sort materi- researchers plan to add the ability to check a erty was first seen experimentally in 2D in a thin als automatically into material’s topology, and certain related fea- sheet of mercury telluride4 in 2007 and in 3D in “It’s up to databases on the basis tures, to the popular Bilbao Crystallographic bismuth antimony a year later5. Topological insu- experimentalists of their chemistry and Server. A third group — including Vishwa- lators consist mostly of insulating material, yet to uncover properties that result nath — also found hundreds of topological their surfaces are great conductors. And because new exciting from symmetries in materials. currents on the surface can be controlled using physical their structure. The Experimentalists have their work cut out. magnetic fields, physicists think the materials phenomena.” symmetries can be Researchers will be able to comb the databases could find uses in energy-efficient ‘spintronic’ used to predict how to find new topological materials to explore. -
Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian)
Coor din ates: 3 2 °N 5 3 °E Iran Irān [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known اﯾﺮان :Iran (Persian [11] [12] Islamic Republic of Iran as Persia (/ˈpɜːrʒə/), officially the Islamic (Persian) ﺟﻣﮫوری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾران Jomhuri-ye ﺟﻤﮭﻮری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان :Republic of Iran (Persian Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen)),[13] is a sovereign state in Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān Western Asia.[14][15] With over 81 million inhabitants,[7] Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country.[16] Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,37 2 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17 th-largest in the world. Iran is Flag Emblem bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan,[a] to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the Motto: اﺳﺗﻘﻼل، آزادی، ﺟﻣﮫوری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan Esteqlāl, Āzādi, Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf ("Independence, freedom, the Islamic of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The Republic") [1] country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, (de facto) and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it Anthem: ﺳرود ﻣﻠﯽ ﺟﻣﮫوری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾران geostrategic importance.[17] Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ("National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran") and cultural center. 0:00 MENU Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations,[18][19] beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. -
Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements
Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Volume 9 | Issue 2 July 2019 Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements Juan Matías Sepulcre University of Alicante Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Sepulcre, J. "Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements," Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, Volume 9 Issue 2 (July 2019), pages 93-129. DOI: 10.5642/ jhummath.201902.08 . Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol9/iss2/8 ©2019 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. JHM is an open access bi-annual journal sponsored by the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences and published by the Claremont Colleges Library | ISSN 2159-8118 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/ The editorial staff of JHM works hard to make sure the scholarship disseminated in JHM is accurate and upholds professional ethical guidelines. However the views and opinions expressed in each published manuscript belong exclusively to the individual contributor(s). The publisher and the editors do not endorse or accept responsibility for them. See https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/policies.html for more information. Public Recognition and Media Coverage of Mathematical Achievements Juan Matías Sepulcre Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, SPAIN [email protected] Synopsis This report aims to convince readers that there are clear indications that society is increasingly taking a greater interest in science and particularly in mathemat- ics, and thus society in general has come to recognise, through different awards, privileges, and distinctions, the work of many mathematicians. -
Sociedade Internacional Para a História Da Otorrinolaringologia Robert J
Sociedade Internacional Para a História da Otorrinolaringologia Robert J. Ruben Introdução As doenças otológicas sempre existiram, mas foram apreciadas de maneiras muito diferentes ao longo do tempo e do local. Como parte de um projeto em andamento, surgiu a questão de qual era o estado da Otologia na época, chamada antiguidade tardia1 de 200 a 600, da Crise do Império Romano no Terceiro Sécu- lo2 (235-284) para, no Oriente, o período do início do Islã (séculos VII-IX), após as conquistas muçulmanas em meados do século VII? Foi realizada uma pesquisa e análise sistemática usando-se 15 (quinze) palavras de pesquisa das traduções originais do material para este período. A antiguidade tardia é considerada como um período de pouco avanço inte- lectual e acadêmico e de agitação social, política e militar. Houve poucos avanços no que consideramos a Europa. Existe a tradição de São Cadoc3, 497 - 580 d.C., do País de Gales, que se acreditava ser capaz de prevenir ou restaurar a perda auditiva. Vários santuários em todo o País de Gales e Bretanha foram dedicados a ele. Estes se encontravam geralmente perto da água, do mar ou de uma fonte. Um exemplo é encontrado na Igreja de São Cadoc, no estuário de Etel, no sul da Bretanha, que é chamado de ‘cama de St. Cadoc’, uma grande estrutura de pedra com uma pequena cavidade em um lado no qual o suplicante aperta a cabeça e pressiona o ouvido afetado contra o leito. Outras intervenções eram derramar água, mel, etc. no ou- vido afetado e oferecer as orações apropriadas4. -
GOTHIC Michelucci Alessandro All Is Light Intelligent Design GOTHIC - All Is Light - Intelligent Design
GOTHIC Michelucci Alessandro All is Light Intelligent Design GOTHIC GOTHIC - All is light - intelligent design - intelligent - All is light Alessandro Michelucci EOTI This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA Publication: EOTI Composition and typesetting: EOTI Published in Berlin - Germany ISBN 978-3-00-061246-6 EOTI - European Organization of Translators and Interpreters® Internet presence: www.eoti.eu e-mail: [email protected] EOTI - Heidenfeldstraße 8 10249 - Berlin “The reasons for using the Garamond typefaces rather than Gothic typefaces do not lie in the Antiqua-Fraktur dispute, but rather in the desire to recall the French Renaissance form.” “Sigillum burgensium de berlin sum” (Ich bin das Siegel der Bürger von Berlin) GOTHIC All is Light Intelligent Design Written by Alessandro Michelucci EOTI vi INDEX PREFACE ............................................................................................................ viii I. LIGHT AS “THEOLOGICAL SYMBOL”.................................................................. 1 II. LIGHT AS “CONCEPT OF MERE VISION”........................................................ 13 III. ALL IS LIGHT ............................................................................................... 24 IV. A NEW POLITICAL VISION ...........................................................................