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Feeding Relationships to Make Food Chains Or Food

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Feeding Relationships to Make Food Chains Or Food Last Updated 2019 FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS TO MAKE FOOD CHAINS OR FOOD WEB This is a collection of information that may help to put together food chain examples in the Habitats and Food Chains Program. (See the notes by Barbara Wallach on how to prepare for the program.) The examples and the table of eating relationships are meant to be used as a reference. Just pick what you may find useful in your walk. Source: TP Docent Training Manual, Children’s Program visuals, Wikipedia. Some terms The terms here are just in case that they may come up. Usually they are not part of the Children’s Program presentation. In simple terms a keystone species is one that is crucial in regulating or maintaining the populations of other species in an ecosystem. Most common examples are top predators, or what are called apex predators. Some examples: • Mountain lion. Or in its absence, coyote. • Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus, woodpecker family) • Sharks in the ocean • Starfish in tide pools (the term keystone species was coined in a research on tide pools) Umbrella species are those that if we protect them will help to protect many other species in the habitat as well. They do not necessarily be keystone species. Torrey pine is one example. A foundation species is one that plays a strong role in shaping or structuring the biological community, that is the species provides the foundation of a habitat. The California sagebrush is a foundation species of the coastal sage habitat. Decomposers include fungi, bacteria, insects/invertebrates (FBI) Food web – a collection of interconnected food chains (see illustration below) Most consumers are not specialized; they eat what they can find easily, meaning the more abundant preys depending on the season or climate. They are what we call generalists or opportunists. So a consumer can appear (participate) in more than one food chain, such that if we put a collection of food chains together, we find that the food chains are interconnected. These interconnected food chains form a food web. ________ 1 Sample food chains The plant and animal tags of the Children’s Program can be a good way to make food chains with the students. The easiest is just to ask them what are producers or consumers. So let’s put these tags in categories first. (What follows are based on what are available. We’ll update the lists when new tags are made.) Producers Any plant tag will do if we ask students what are producers. Something more specific to help make food chains: Seeds – Black sage, California Buckwheat, Torrey pine (the pine nuts in the seeds) Berries/fruits – Laurel sumac, Manzanita, Prickly-Pear, Scrub oak (acorn), Toyon Primary consumers Ant Hummingbird Rabbit Woodrat Secondary consumers Antlion larvae Lizard Raven Spider Wrentit Predators, secondary or tertiary consumers Bobcat Coyote Gopher snake Rattlesnake Red-tailed hawk Omnivorous Coyote Raven Wrentit 2 Now, some examples to string the tags together to make food chains. The food chains listed below are not meant to be exhaustive, but just some ideas. Seeds → Ant → Lizard → Birds → Hawk Seeds → Ant → Lizard → Snakes → Coyote Seeds → Ant → Lizard → Raven Seeds → Ant → Antlion larva → Birds → Hawk Seeds → Birds → Hawk Seeds → Birds → Snakes → Coyote or Hawk Seeds → Woodrat → Bobcat or Coyote Berries → Birds → Hawk Berries → Raven → (the young or eggs) by Coyote or Great horn owl Berries → Coyote Berries → Woodrat → Bobcat or Coyote Berries → Woodrat → Snakes → Hawk Cactus → Rabbit → Bobcat or Coyote Cactus → Rabbit → Snakes → Hawk Cactus → Woodrat → Bobcat or Coyote Cactus → Woodrat → Snakes → Hawk (Insects, if a tag is available → ) Spider → Wrentit → Hawk ________ 3 Mammals (secondary and tertiary consumers; many are omnivorous, so primary consumers too) Caution: On many websites, what they say are small rodents are better be rephrased as small mammals. On these websites, rodents refer to mice, rats, voles, etc. A telltale sign is that they list squirrels separately. But biologically speaking, rodents (order Rodentia) include squirrels, marmot, prairie dogs, gopher, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs, and hamsters. But shrews and moles are not rodents. So the safest thing is just use “small mammals” in a walk. Eats Eaten by Bobcat Small mammals including woodrats, squirrels, Coyote and mountain lion, the top predators. rabbits, and also gophers and moles. Also birds, Hawks, owls, and large snakes. Adult male bobcats fish, insects, and carrion. prey on the young. Coyote Omnivorous and opportunistic; eats almost Mountain lion, (wolf in the past); killed by humans. anything, from small mammals to birds, snakes, At the apex if without the mountain lion lizards and insects, to berries and grasses. Also carrion. Gray fox Omnivorous. Gophers, mice, woodrats, and Coyote and mountain lion. (Probably by birds of gophers. Manzanita and toyon berries. prey too.) Opossum Omnivorous; a wide range of plants and animals Coyote and mountain lion. (Probably by birds of such as fruits, insects, snakes, and rodents. prey too.) Raccoon Most omnivorous animal, but prefers prey that is Coyote and mountain lion. (Probably by birds of easy to catch, specifically bird eggs, fish, prey too.) amphibians, and crustaceans. Also seeds and berries. Skunk Omnivorous and opportunistic: insects and larvae, Coyote and mountain lion. (Probably by birds of earthworms, grubs, small rodents, lizards, prey too.) salamanders, frogs, snakes, birds, moles and eggs. Also berries, roots, leaves, grasses, fungi and nuts. Weasel Mice, rats, rabbits; occasionally birds, bird eggs, Coyote and mountain lion. (Probably by birds of reptiles, amphibians, fish. prey too.) 4 Birds (secondary and tertiary consumers; most are predatory; raptors are the falcon and hawks) Smaller secondary consumers are in another table below. Eats Eaten by Osprey Fish. But if need to, birds, snakes, small rodents. Raccoon and snakes raid their nests for eggs. Great horned owl Mainly on small mammals, esp. rodents. But Fox, coyote, raccoon, raven, and raptors can raid opportunistic, so also on larger mammals including their nests for eggs and hatchlings. skunks. Eggs and hatchlings of predatory birds. Small birds (e.g. scrub jay), reptiles and amphibians. Even fish and insects if need to. Pelican, Brown Fish. Also amphibians, crustaceans (and Gulls, bobcat and skunk on their eggs and occasionally birds) hatchlings. Peregrine falcon Birds, including pigeons, songbirds, gulls, [allaboutbirds.org] Gyrfalcons, eagles, other waterfowl, shorebirds. If need to, they also hunt bats peregrines. And great horned owl on their eggs. and pirate rodents and fish from other raptors. Raven Omnivorous and highly opportunistic. Small Coyote (elsewhere wolf and mountain lion; also mammals, birds and eggs, amphibians, reptiles, and golden eagle). Great horned owl and other ravens even insects. Berries and fruit. Even as scavengers. can raid their nests for eggs. Red-tailed hawk Very opportunistic. Mainly small mammals like Raccoon, great horned owl can raid their nests for woodrats and other rodents, rabbits, shrews. Also eggs and hatchlings. small birds (including shorebirds), bats, lizards, snakes (including rattlesnakes). Even fish, crustaceans, insects, and carrion. Roadrunner Lizards, snakes (including rattlesnakes, gopher Coyote, raccoon, bobcat, skunk, and hawks. snakes), scorpions (including venomous ones). Also insects, spiders, and small rodents. If need to fruit (esp. tuna from cactus), berries and seeds. 5 Snakes (secondary and tertiary consumers) Eats Eaten by Gopher snake Gophers, ground squirrels and other rodents. Predatory birds, esp. red-tailed hawk. Roadrunner. Rabbits. Bird eggs. Lizards and snakes smaller than Coyote, (elsewhere, kit fox). Snakes bigger than itself. itself. Pacific rattlesnake Birds, bird eggs, small mammals from rodents to Roadrunner, red-tailed hawk. California kingsnake. rabbits. Small reptiles and amphibians. The Snakes bigger than itself (including gopher, striped juveniles eat insects. racer) Striped racer Lizards. But also rodents, birds, insects. Snakes [No confirmed source yet. Probably be eaten like smaller than itself. gopher snakes.] Lizards (secondary consumers) Eats Eaten by Horned lizard Harvester ants Snakes, hawks, roadrunner, coyote and fox. Western fence lizard Insects (beetles, flies, caterpillars, ants, etc.), Roadrunner and other birds, snakes. Can also be by spiders, and scorpions; occasionally small lizards coyote and foxes. including its own. Birds (including insectivores, secondary consumers) Eats Eaten by Bushtit Insects, including spittlebugs. Predatory birds (e.g. hawks), snakes. California Thrasher Insects (ants, wasps, bees, beetles, caterpillars, Raptors. coyote, raccoon, bobcat. Eggs by scrub jay. moths, etc.). Also spiders and centipedes. Small fruit and berries, but also seeds, acorns. California towhee Mainly seeds. Also berries such as elderberry and Eggs eaten by snakes and raccoon (probably by poison oak. May also eat insects, including spiders others too). Predatory birds (e.g. hawks), mammals and millipedes. (e.g. coyote and bobcat) 6 Scrub jay Insects, fruits, nuts, berries and seeds and Raptors, ravens, owls, snakes. occasionally small animals. Known planters of acorns. Pine nuts. Also lizards, eggs and nestling birds. Wrentit Insects, spiders, caterpillars, fruit, and seeds with Known nest predators (eggs or nestlings) include more emphasis on seeds in winter. Seeds of poison scrub jay and snakes. Adults probably ditto other oak (Toxicodendron diversilobium) are especially small
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