E D R molesta “giant salvinia” SALVINACEAE R • Habit: free floating aquatic fern Complete infestation of pond • Foliage: born in 3s, appear distichous (third resembling roots), rounded to broadly elliptic, 1.5-3 cm long and wide, often folded along the midrib, base cordate, hairy on both surfaces, papilla on upper surface with 4 distal hairs joined at the tips (resembling an egg beater) • : no flowers, produces • Fruits: no fruits, sporangia among roots Free-floating with roots for absorption • Habitat: standing water of canals, ponds, lakes and connected waterways • Similar : (water spangles)-FLEPPC Cat. 1 • Control: Diquat, Glyphosate, Imazapyr

HI Adult bearing FLEPPC Unranked Water spangles sporangia ‘Egg-beater’ hairs on top leaf surface E D R Agave sisalana “ hemp” AGAVACEAE Monocot R •Habit: large stiff to 2m , large taproot Infestation in coastal •Foliage: 10cm wide and up to 1.5m long, sharp dark brown spine at end, grey-green in color •Flowers: A branched forms atop a stalk 7-9m tall, yellowish-green flowers to 7cm wide.; monocarpic Spine tip of leaf •Fruits: Dry oblong capsule, black seeds; also producing sterile pups or plantlets; •Habitat Coastal uplands, scrub, scrubby flatwoods, Flowers pine rockland, disturbed sites •Similar species: Yucca spp. (native); Mauritius Fruits hemp (non-native, Watch sp.) •Control: 2,4-D; 20% Garlon 4, repeat treatments may be needed due to biomass belowground Flowering stalk Note ‘strings’

HI, PR, VI

FLEPPC Cat 2 Yucca filamentosa (Adam’s needle) Plantlet on flower stalk Adult E D R aquatica “water-spinach” Dicot R • Habit: emergent to submerged floating Note variation in flower color, white common in Florida herbaceous vine, stems hollow, white sap • Foliage: alternate, simple, with smooth petioles 3-14cm long; leaf blades arrowhead shaped but variable, smooth, to 17 cm long, tips pointed; blades held above water when stems floating

• Flowers: white to light to dark pink Leaves and stems, hollow cross-sections • Fruits: an oval or spherical capsule, woody at maturity, about 1cm wide, 1-4 grayish seeds, these often short-hairy • Habitat: shallow water (ponds, lakes, rivers, canals) Seeds • Similar species: Ipomoea sagittata -glades morning-glory (native) • Control: 2,4-D amine, Glyphosate, Diquat

HI, PR

FLEPPC Cat 1 Glades morning-glory Vines form monoculture, crowds out other vegetation E D R Adenanthera pavonina “red beadtree” FABACEAE Dicot R • Habit: deciduous tree to 20m, buttressed trunk and reddish flaky bark • Foliage: twice compound, alternate, to 40cm long, glabrous to whitish-green below • Flowers: fragrant pale yellow-orange, not pea- shaped, on stalks from leaf axils • Fruits: long, narrow green pod, maturing black, Flowers on stalks from leaf base twisted; shiny red seed • Habitat: prairie hammock, rockland hammock, Habit disturbed sites • Similar species: Albizia lebbeck-woman’s tongue (Cat. 1) • Control: Glyphosate, triclopyr Twice compound leaf Young & mature pods w/ seeds Woman’s tongue

HI, PR, VI

FLEPPC Cat 1 Seeds E D R Eucalyptus grandis “grand eucalyptus” MYRTACEAE Dicot R

• Habit: evergreen tree to 55m, smooth white to Capsules blue-gray trunk (30m in south Florida) • Foliage: dark green above, paler below, to 20cm long, lance-linear, curving, aromatic Flowers • Flowers: cream colored flowers, stamens exerted, urn-shaped corolla Leaves • Fruits: brown urn-shaped capsule, 7-10mm long • Habitat: disturbed sites, planted areas Bark only at base • Similar species: red gum (non-native)-leaves skinnier, some curving, some straight • Control: Hack-n-squirt glyphosate, 2,4-D at high concentrations (>50%)

Red gum

FLEPPC Unranked Habit, showing smooth trunk E D R Corymbia torelliana “Cadaga eucalyptus” MYRTACEAE Dicot R •Habit: evergreen tree to 30m, bark rough grey to black on lower trunk, smooth gray-green above •Foliage: ovate, 20cm long, 11cm wide at base, green above, paler below, irritating hairs, blunt-tipped, aromatic • Flowers: small creamy white flowers in clusters with numerous stamens • Fruits: brown globe-shaped capsule, 8mm wide, in tight clusters •Habitat: disturbed sites, planted areas Capsules •Similar species: rainbow eucalyptus (non-native)-not aromatic, has tipped leaf

•Control: : Hack-n-squirt glyphosate, 2,4-D at high Greenish color higher up concentrations (>50%)

Flowers Rainbow eucalyptus

FLEPPC Unranked Irritating red hairs Leaves Habit E Habit D R Cestrum nocturnum “night-blooming jasmine” SOLANACEAE Dicot R • Habit: semi-woody shrub, to 5m tall • Foliage: stalked, ovate-oblong, 7-20cm long • Flowers: fragrant greenish-white, night-blooming in clusters, 5-pointed corolla lip • Fruits: white berry, 8-10mm long Flowers • Habitat: seeds dispersed by birds into coastal and tropical habitats • Similar species: dayflowering jasmine- Cestrum Leaves diurnum (Cat. 2) • Control: Basal bark-20% triclopyr 4, cut‐stump triclopyr 3A Size of specimen for sale Fruits

Seeds

HI, PR, VI

FLEPPC Unranked Dayflowering jasmine Habit, note fence for scale Watch

Furcraea foetida “Mauritius hemp” AGAVACEAE Monocot

• Habit: large shrub to 3.5m wide, may be on stem up to 1m tall, monocarpic; no taproot like sisal • Foliage: leaves linear‐lanceolate, green & fleshy, with blunt spines on edge & tip • Flowers: fragrant white flowers on terminal panicles, 2.5-3.3cm long • Fruits: flowers develop into plantlets, no seed

• Habitat: Dry, disturbed sites, coastal uplands, margin along spines leaf Blunt Variegated form at left, adult size at right rockland hammock, scrub • Similar species: Yucca spp. (native); sisal hemp (Cat. 2) • Control: Foliar 2,4‐D or triclopyr 3A/4; likely easier to control than sisal since no taproot

Flowers with close-up at left

HI plantlet developed

- Well FLEPPC Unranked Infestation in open grass-shrub habitat Fruits developing into plantlets Watch

Cryptocoryne walker “water-trumpet” ARACEAE Monocot

• Habit: Perennial, rhizomatous, submerged aquatic herb to emergent aquatic plant • Foliage: Leaves basal, hairless, ovate, 3-9cm long, upper surface green to brown, sometimes marbled, lower surface red to brown, veins often reddish • Flowers: separate male & female flowers inside 4-12cm greenish brown spathe • Fruits: Rarely seen Habit-red and green leaf colors • Habitat: Freshwater springs, creeks, (canals?) Habit • Similar species: Hypgrophila polysperma (dwarf hygro)-Cat. 1 • Control: Diquat? Literature search difficult for ‘Cryptocoryne’ or ‘water trumpet’ due to aquarium webpages

Red and green leaf colors ♂

HI, PR, VI ♀ FLEPPC Unranked Hygrophila polysperma Spadix (flower & spathe) Monoculture in spring run Watch

Cyperus alopecuroides “foxtail flatsedge” CYPERACEAE Monocot

• Habit: Large, perennial, rhizomatous, stems triangular, glabrous, to Habit 3.5m tall • Foliage: broad to 1.5m tall, margins serrated & sharp (like sawgrass) • Flowers: Inflorescence branched with densely clustered spikes (golden brown) surrounded by broad bracts up to 2m long, flowers in summer • Fruits: Achenes (seeds) dark brown, sessile, biconvex with 2 stigmas Seeds* Size relative to person • Habitat: Wet disturbed sites • Similar species: Umbrella sedge- Cyperus involucratus (Cat. 2) • Control: Glyphosate-multiple treatments needed due to belowground biomass and seed bank A few, long bracts

FLEPPC Unranked Umbrella sedge Variable length of individual Watch

Cyperus entrerianus “deep-rooted flatsedge” CYPERACEAE Monocot

• Habit: large, perennial rhizomatous sedge to 1m tall, stems A few bracts triangular, wetlands • Foliage: leaves glossy with purple-black bases • Flowers: inflorescence terminal with 5-11 greenish-white spikes, gold-tan hues possible • Fruits: seeds triagonal (not biconvex), brownish-grey

• Habitat: wet disturbed sites Inflorescences short on variable length stalks

• Similar species: swamp flatsedge- Cyperus distinctus (native); Habit bracts much shorter than C. alopecuroides • Control: Foliar 2% glyphosate (2 qts/acre) is expected to achieve 98% control; follow-up likely required

PR

FLEPPC Unranked Swamp flatsedge Seeds Habit Spikelets Watch

Dianella ensifolia “cerulean flaxlily” HEMEROCALLIDACEAE Monocot

Fruits Fruits maturingblue cerulean • Habit: perennial herb, rhizomatous, lily-like www.NatureLoveYou.sg ©

• Foliage: leaves basal, 50-80cm long, very finely Variable flower color serrated, basal sheath purple • Flowers: inflorescence a panicle 10-15cm tall with near white-light blue flowers, petals reflexed • Fruits: fruits succulent, violet‐blue berry with shiny,

black seeds

• Habitat: scrub, wet prairie, moist hammock, mostly in disturbed areas • Similar species: Solanum spp.- esp. Solanum americanum (native) American black nightshade Seeds • Control: biannual foliar treatment imazapyr (1%,), Habit metsulfuron (0.08 g/L). Must follow‐up regularly with spot treatments

FLEPPC Unranked Am. black nightshade Habit Watch

Eichhornia azurea “anchored water-hyacinth” PONTEREDIACEAE Monocot

• Habit: rooted perennial aquatic, rooting at leaf nodes along stem Habitat • Foliage: leaves alternate, submersed leaves sessile, emersed leaves stalked, the leaf stalk not inflated, leaf blade rounded • Flowers: showy light purple flowers above water surface on erect stems, 7-50 flowers per stalk, flowers summer through fall • Fruits: capsules with seeds • Habitat: coastal rivers, lakes, canals(?) Habit • Similar species: distinguished from the more common E. crassipes (water-hyacinth) by not having inflated stalks on emergent leaves • Control: There are several available for the control of E. crassipes, e.g., 2,4-D & glyphosate, which are only effective on small populations – but none are currently registered for E. azurea Seeds

Flower spike Elongated stem rooting at nodes

PR

FLEPPC Unranked Water-hyacinth Watch

Lumnitzera racemosa “black mangrove” COMBRETACEAE Dicot

• Habit: evergreen, much-branched tree, to 10m tall; above-ground Habit breathing roots normally absent, but small looping lateral roots may develop in moist habitats; bark gray, fissured longitudinally in older trees • Foliage: leaves simple, alternate, 3-7cm long, 2-3cm wide, succulent, obovate, indentation at the tip, leaf margin is slightly wavy • Flowers: inflorescence an axillary spike, 2-3cm long; flowers small, erect with green tube-like calyx, divided into five lobes at the tip; 5 white petals, stamens 10 in 2 whorls • Fruits: fruit vase-shaped, pale green, corky, 1-2cm long; • Habitat: Mangrove swamps Flowers • Similar species: white mangrove Laguncularia racemose (native)-lvs opposite, symmetrically oval, fruits are similar though • Control: Foliar glyphosate (0.5-2%)

Maturing fruits w/ persistent style Underside of White managrove (opposite lvs) FLEPPC Cat 1 leaf, notched tip Watch

Cuscuta japonica “Japanese dodder” CONVOLVULACEAE Dicot

• Habit: leafless, annual parasitic vine, 1-3 mm in diameter, Capsules* Flowers yellow-gold with red striations, spreading over shrubs & trees, spaghetti-like stems thicker than native dodder species • Foliage: leafless, lacks chlorophyll, grows up to 15cm a day • Flowers: flowers are small, pale yellow, on short dense spikes • Fruits*: rarely flowers, but capsules contain 1-3 seeds; seeds viable for 20 years or more (*photo of C. lupuliformis) Habit • Habitat: disturbed sites, city & surbaban landscapes, citrus-CA • Similar species: 7 native Cuscuta spp. in our CISMA; look for yellow-green-gold C. japonica, native Cuscuta bright orange, C. japonica has thicker vines than natives • Control: likely mechanical control, diligent recovery of tissues, careful application so as not to damage host plant Native Cuscuta sp.

FLEPPC Unranked Close-up of leafless vines Watch

Dalechampia scandens “spurgecreeper” EUPHORIBACEAE Dicot

• Habit: slender, clambering vine, to 5m long, with stinging hairs • Foliage: stalked 3-lobed leaves, hirsute, 6-12cm long, no tendrils • Flowers: stalked inflorescences with showy white to green bracts that have white stinging hairs • Fruits: small 3-lobed, explosively dehiscent capsule Flowers • Habitat: disturbed forests, cypress forests • Similar species: purple passionflower Passiflora incarnata (native)-no stinging hairs, pungent, has tendrils to attach to other vegetation • Control: no established control methods • Caution: this plant has stinging capability similar to tread softly-it hurts!

Flower and 3-lobed leaf Habit

Native to PR, VI

FLEPPC Unranked Purple passionflower Leaves and twining vine Watch

Dichrostachys cinerea ssp. africanus “sickle pod” FABACEAE Dicot

• Habit: tree to 7m tall; bark brown, fissured, except on new growth Bicolored flowers where it is green & hairy; spines up to 8cm long, slightly recurved, almost at right angle, may bear leaves at base of thorn • Foliage: leaves twice compound, dark green above, pale below, leaflets and stalks hairy, 5-15 (19) pairs of pinnae; each pinnae bear (9) 12-22 (41) pairs of leaflets; terminal pair of pinnae shorter • Flowers: hanging bicolored cylindrical spikes, 6-9cm long , fragrant; lower flowers hermaphroditic, 1 pistil &10 yellow stamens each; upper Pods flowers sterile, pale purple, protruding filaments with attractive effect • Fruits: pods narrow, yellow or brown; generally twisted or spiraled, Seeds 10cm x 1.5cm, in dense, stalked, intertwined clusters, indehiscent; about 4 black seeds per pod, each with a flat spot at one end • Habitat: hydric hammock; perhaps sloughs, cypress strands • Similar species: Earleaf acacia (Cat 1)-similar fruits • Control: no established control methods

FLEPPC Unranked Earleaf acacia-simple lvs, no thorns Leaves and thorn Habit Watch

Phyllanthus fluitans “red-root floater” PHYLANTHACEAE Dicot

• Habit: Perennial, emergent aquatic herb with shoots floating on the Leaves from stem water surface, stems brittle, 1-1.5mm in diameter, up to 13cm long; clusters of brown and pink roots at nodes • Foliage: leaves distichously arranged, 9-17mm long, circular, dense with short hairs, entire, base cordate, tip notched, light blue-green color; peculiar elliptical pocket on each side of the midrib, proturberant above, concave below, folds on the leaf surface; older leaves have red tints • Flowers: axillary, white, minute, 2-4mm wide • Fruits: 3mm wide, depressed globose capsule • Habitat: canal, river; sluggish open water? • Similar species: mosquito fern (native); water spangles (Cat 1) • Control: foliar-aquatic labeled diquat dibromide; likely introduced from Infesting canal aquarium trade; eradication being attempted in Peace River

Habit

Flowers Water spangles

FLEPPC Unranked Mosquito fern Habit Watch

Limnophila indica var. indica “Indian marshweed” Dicot

• Habit: Perennial herbaceous aquatic herb, variable depending on Flowers habitat; rooted terrestrially-slender plant to 5cm tall growing in mud; aquatic submersed-highly branched, branching stems to 1m long; aquatic emergent-stem simple or branched to 14cm • Foliage: aerial leaves variable, usually whorled, dissected 4-12mm long; submersed leaves whorled, to 30mm long • Flowers: axillary from aerial leaves, solitary, stalked, pink, 8-12mm long • Fruits*: capsules, ellipsoid, 3.5-5.5 mm long, green-brown when submersed, dark brown when emersed (*for L. sessiliflora-Cat. 1) • Habitat: ponds, lakes, ditches, marshes, swamps • Similar species: sessiliflora Asian marshweed (Cat. 1) • Control*: (*for L. sessiliflora) registered aquatic herbicides provide very limited control of this species (Mahler 1980); however, high dose 2-4,D Aerial leaves reportedly kills this plant (Mahler 1980); otherwise, there is almost no literature; both Limnophila species are popular in aquarium trade

FLEPPC Unranked Asian marshweed Habit Submersed habit Watch

Paederia cruddasiana “sewervine” RUBIACEAE Dicot

• Habit: semi‐woody vine , climbing by twining, or prostrate and rooting Flowers* at the nodes, sometimes shrublike • Foliage: leaves opposite, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, 16cm long, 10cm wide, margins entire, bases rounded to cordate, triangular stipules conspicuous, petioles to 10cm long, leaves and stems with fetid odor • Flowers*: inflorescence showy, elongate, many branched, leafy, to 50cm long; flowers stalked, corolla tubular, 5-lobed, pinkish-pale lilac with a purple throat, outer surface pubescent (*P. foetida shown) • Fruits*: laterally compressed, orange to yellow, papery capsule, to Leaves 1.1cm in diameter; seeds 2, black, winged, elliptic (*P. foetida shown) • Habitat: Pine rockland, rockland hammock, mesic hammock • Similar species: skunk vine-Paederia foetida (Cat. 1) • Control: foliar (3%‐5% glyphosate), basal bark (10% triclopyr ester). Within 2‐4 weeks retreat the area with basal bark 10% triclopyr ester. Second treatment can be time‐consuming, as many underground runners sprout. The area should continue to be monitored (IFAS).

FLEPPC Cat 1 Skunkvine Fruits* Habit