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Representing Power Shifts in BR-UK Political Discourse 1847-1984

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Representing Power Shifts in BR-UK Political Discourse 1847-1984 Representing Power Shifts in BR-UK Political Discourse 1847-1984 PhD in English Language and Applied Linguistics Department of English Language and Linguistics Siti Badriyah Haji Mohamad Yusof September 2019 i Declaration of Original Authorship I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has bee properly and fully acknowledged. Siti Badriyah Haji Mohamad Yusof ii Abstract Intrigued by the intricacy of power relations within Brunei and Britain within its Protector- protected settings and how it internalizes into institutionalized discourses such as Treaties or Agreements, this dissertation is set out to map 1/ how shifts or dynamics of BR-UK power relations are represented in eight BR-UK agreements produced between 1847 to 1984; 2/ using discursive indicators such as verbs and nouns, particularly in maintaining, negotiating and resisting powers exercised by each other. It is also anticipated that the culmination of these representations will pave way for the 3/ formulation of a protectorate discourse in Southeast Asia. At its core, this dissertation is maximizing the merits of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to understand the intricacies and dynamics of BR-UK power relations within a selected timeframe. It is looking at eight agreements, signed between Brunei Darussalam (BR) and Great Britain (UK) during Brunei’s protectorate period, i.e. 1847-1984. Selection of these documents is based on each document’s significance in contributing to the major political shifts or political turns in BR- UK political relations, Brunei’s internal and external governance, state defense and national security, as well as its sovereignty as an Islamic monarchical institution in Southeast Asia. As it is contextually woven into the tapestry of Brunei-British History and Southeast Asian Politics, this dissertation is framed within the domain of Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) which triangulates the context, discursive elements, and means of realizations to yield a better understanding on the dynamics of BR-UK power relations at the macro, meso, and micro level of analysis. Insights from the findings reinforces that power and its representations are not static entities, and that they are multidimensional. They are dialectically related and has a bearing force towards each other in and across discourses. As explored by DHA and SAA particularly at the meso and micro level, the interchangeable representations of social actions resulting from the interaction between agencies and semantic categories reflects political shifts or changes in BR-UK power relations during the selected period. This symbiotic interaction also manifests how BR-UK power balance is maintained and negotiated over time, reflecting the multidimensional nature of power relations from a linguistic perspective, as well as the role of agencies in shaping discourses and power balance that anchor these discourses. In addition, use of triangulation has also gives valuable insight on how analysis at the three different levels can be simultaneously conducted to yield holistic results. Such usage is not only beneficial in formulating BR-UK political discourse in Brunei’s iii protectorate era but is also providing an alternative interpretation to Brunei History and politics of Southeast Asia in the 1900s. iv Acknowledgements My foremost gratitude to Allah the most Merciful, Benevolence, and Majestic, that without His permission and mercy, I would not be able to, in my atomic fragment of imagination, complete this dissertation. Firmly gripping to His promise that He would not leave His servant alone, it is mainly full reliance to Him alone (tawakkul) and hope (yaqeen) that keeps me going through the long nights and strive in the darkest yet quiet hours. I am deeply indebted to my supervisors Assoc Prof. Melani Schroeter and to an extent, Assoc Prof Sylvia Jaworska who have provided me with infinite intellectual input, moral and emotional support, as well as mentorship and guidance for me to navigate my course throughout this journey. A big shout-out to all my PhD comrades, especially Chimwemwe, Lubna, Ghadah, and Zeyneb, for being an awesome supporting circle throughout this rollercoaster ride; my better brain, Mr Khan, for consistently engaging me with unconventional intellectual conversations and critical insights on the many aspects of research. Across the oceans, my biggest appreciation goes to my home institution, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, especially Pg Dr Mohamed, Dr Mardina, Pg Ashrol, Dr Asiyah, Prof Amin Aziz, and Dr Kathrina for being a great support system and facilitate my study during the four enduring years. And lastly, this academic adventure will not be possible without the love and support of my family, who have shared their sweat, blood and tears throughout the journey; my ride or die, Shaiful Bakhrin, who have provided me with the out-of-the-world, endless support as a husband, and a father to the two World Wonders- ‘Auf al-Khwarizmi and Nadhrah ar- Rumaisha’; my mother, Mahani Ibrahim, who have reminded me incessantly to ‘just own it and keep going no matter what’; and my father, Wahab Rais, who have been my source of strength and joy in the most ridiculous times throughout the journey. v Table of Contents Declaration of Original Authorship .................................................................................................. ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... v Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Contextual Background ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Research Objectives ............................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Significant of Thesis ............................................................................................................. 4 1.4. Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Illuminating the Trinity in Unity: Power Relations, BR-UK Political Discourse of 1847- 1984, and Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................. 8 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Power and its Dimensions: An Overview ............................................................................. 9 2.3. Political Climate in 1900s Southeast Asia .......................................................................... 12 2.4. Brunei Darussalam ............................................................................................................. 15 2.5. Brunei-British (BR-UK) political relations ........................................................................... 16 1.1.1. Phase One: The ambiguous nature of BR-UK relations .......................................... 17 2.5.1. Phase Two: Regaining power via the Constitution ..................................................... 18 2.5.2. Phase Three: Efforts towards achieving independence.............................................. 19 2.6. Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................................................. 20 2.6.1. Research domains and Approaches ............................................................................ 21 2.6.2. Power Relations in Political Discourses ....................................................................... 22 2.6.3. CDA at work in Southeast Asian Political Discourses .................................................. 27 2.7. Formulation of Research Questions .................................................................................. 29 vi 2.8. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 29 Chapter 3. From DHA to Triangulation: A Kaleidoscope of Methodological Framework ............ 30 3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) in brief .................................................................... 31 3.2.1. Situating DHA: Some Theoretical Underpinnings ....................................................... 32 3.3. Research Design: Insights from DHA’s Modus Operandi ................................................... 34 3.3.1. Consultation of preceding theoretical knowledge...................................................... 34 3.3.2. Systematic collection of data followed by the gradual focusing on data ................... 35 3.3.3. Formulation of assumption or hypothesis .................................................................. 37 3.3.4. Formulation of methodology ...................................................................................... 37 3.3.5. Conducting pilot analysis
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