February 1991

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

The Future of APS and Physiology

Shu Chien

In the August 1990 issue of The Physiologist (33:73, 1990), moments to complete the form on page 12 and give us your I reported on the new happenings in the American Physio- valuable opinions. logical Society. Now I would like to share with you the thoughts of APS Council and its committees, as well as my The Science and the Images of Physiology personal reflections, regarding the future directions of APS. The actions taken by APS will have an impact on physiology as a discipline and affect all of us who are interested The LRPC White Paper pointed out that, although Ameri- in physiology. can physiology and APS are thriving, a deep malaiseperme- The Long Range Planning Committee (LRPC) was ates the physiological community regarding the future of the charged with planning for the future of APS. As a result science and of the institutions that represent it. The report of the committee’s deliberations during the past three years, also noted that this malaise has been extant since the found- including discussions with many physiologists, LRPC Chair- ing of the APS more than a century ago. Although the long man Ernst Knobil presented to the Council a “White Paper history of the malaise tends to lessen our anxiety, we must on the Future of Physiology and the Role of the American make every effort to identify the root of the malaiseand en- Physiological Society in It.” This thoughtful report entitled deavor to eliminate it. We must not be complacent, because “What’s Past is Prologue” was accepted by Council at its Oc- the malaiseis more intensetoday and the symptomsare more tober 1990 Meeting. The full report and Council’s actions evident than ever before. As pointed out in the White Paper, were published in the December 1990 issue of The Physiol- an important problem we face is that there is a perception ogist (33:161, 1990). I would like to take this opportunity to that physiology no longer representsthe cutting edgeof bio- discuss the major points raised in the report and to invite logical scienceand that APS no longer representsthe most your participation in charting the future of the Society. There active scientific community. I emphasize the word percep- is a questionnaire included with this issue. Please take a few tion becauseI do not believe this is the case,but at the same time I agree that the perception really does exist and that it has affected the institutions where physiology is taught and researched. Some departments of physiology have Inside l l l changed their names and many are recruiting scientistswith “60 Minutes” Tapes Orlando Meeting, p. 9 no training background in physiology. To alter this percep- Future of Physiology Questionnaire, p. 12 tion and its consequences,we must work hard to ensurethat physiology and APS are at the forefront of biomedical 1991 APS Conference, p. 13 sciencesand transmit the right image to the scientific com- High Court to Review Silver Spring Monkey Issue, p. 16 munity, including university administrators and young Research in Physiology NIDCD, p. 18 scientists-to-be. There is an urgency to theseefforts because (continued on page 3)

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 1 CONTENTS Posters Supporting Animal Research PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE The Futureof APS andPhysiology. Available from Vision Research Group S. Chien 1 APS NEWS The Association for Research in ARVO, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, 1990Speciality ConferenceA Re- Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) MD 20814-3991.Tel: 301-571-1844;Fax: soundingSuccess. M. Bernstein 7 has developedtwo postersdepicting the 301-571-8311.@ ScholanderAward Winners 8 impact of using animals in eye and “60 Minutes” TapesOrlando vision research. Meeting 9 The posters were developed with the HERMDlWE(30MESEHOMRlRTH NIDDK Travel Fellowships 9 idea that ophthalmologists, optom- HERWOPLFROMM~RDEARCK Introducing Luis Reussand Roger etrists, academicians, and other in- 11 Green terestedindividuals would display them Sections1991 Special Functions 11 to initiate discussions with patients, Futureof PhysiologyQuestionnaire 12 students, and colleagueson the impor- 1991APS Conference 13 tance of using animals in research. Senior PhysiologistsNews 14 One poster showsa premature infant Ohio PhysiologicalSociety 15 with retinal eye diseaseand has the caption: “Eye DiseaseComes From Birth. PUBLIC AFFAIRS Her Hope, From Animal Research.” High Courtsto HearAnimal Activ- The other poster shows a protester itiesArguments. W. M. Samuels 16 holding a sign saying “Stop Animal NIH Conflict of Interest Meeting 16 Research”and has the caption: “Short- British ScientistsSupport Animal sightedness.One Vision Problem Even ResearchDeclaration 17 We Can’t Help.” NIH EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH The posters were designed by David Wojdyla, who created the award win- Researchin Physiology, NIDCD 18 ning posters for the Foundation for PEOPLE AND PLACES 21 Biomedical Research.Copies are available to non-ARVO members for $5.00 POSITIONS AVAILABLE 22 each, $20.00 for six posters, and $1.00 BOOKS RECEIVED 22 each for 25 or more. To order, contact

BOOK REVIEW 23 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. The Physiologist PublicationsCommittee: Chairman, John S. Publishedbimonthly and Cook; Members,Melvin J. Fregly,Loring R. The IEEE-USA PrecollegeEducation distributed by Rowe&James A. Schaferand Charles M. Tip- Committee has created a Directory of The American PhysiologicalSociety ton. PublicationsManager, Brenda B. Rauner; Volunteer Opportunities in Precollege EditorialStafj LorraineTucker. 9650Rockville Pike Subscriptions:Distributed to membersas part Mathematics and ScienceEducation for Bethesda,Maryland 20814 of theirmembership; nonmembers and institu- Engineers and Scientists, a guide to ISSN 0031-9376 tions,$25.00 per year in the UnitedStates; else- education-relatedprograms that aim to im- where,$35.00. Single copies and back issues when prove math, science,and technologyedu- Martin Frank, Editor and available,$5.00 each; single copies and back is- Executive Director suesof Fall Abstractsissue when available, cation at the precollegelevel. The programs $20.00.In 1990,subscribers to The Physiologist listedare established,ongoing efforts that Shu Chien, President will receiveit andthe abstractsof the Fall Meet- are nationally coordinatedbut operatelo- Vernon S. Bishop, Past President ingof the AmericanPhysiological Society. The cally in different cities.They areheavily de- Norman C. Staub, President-Elect AmericanPhysiological Society assumes no re- pendentupon volunteersat the locallevel. sponsibilityfor the statementsand opinions ad- Councillors vancedby contributorsto The Physiologist. IEEE believesthat technicalprofessionals Deadlinefor submissionof materialfor pub- arewell equipped to makethe kind of posi- Beverly Bishop, Allen W. Cowley, Jr., lication:Dec. 5, Februaryissue; Feb. 5, April is- tive contributionsthat helpto diminishthe Brian Duling, David J. Ramsay, Stanley G. sue; April 5, Juneissue; June 5, Augustissue; crisisin precollegeeducation. Volunteering Schultz, and Peter D. Wagner Aug. 5, Octoberissue; Oct. 5, Decemberissue. can be a satisfying and enjoyableex- If you change your address or telephone num- Ex Officio ber, please notify the central office as soon as perience.Single copies of the brochuremay possible. be obtained from IEEE-USA, 1828 L Norman R. Alpert, John S. Cook, Carl V. Headquartersphone: (301) 530-7164. TELE- Street, N.W. Suite 1202,Washington, DC Gisolfi, Leonard S. Jefferson, and W. S. FAX: (301)571-1814. Spietman 20036-5104.Tel: 202-785-0017.

2 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

(continued from page 1) tained through the use of the different concepts and meth- the century-old malaise has been reinforced by dramatic ad- odologies at our disposal, from molecular biology to systems vances in molecular and cell biology and the erroneous no- physiology, from comparative physiology to human patho- tions by some that the so-called “new biology” is unrelated physiology. If we do this, the perception by others will auto- to physiology. matically change and physiology will once again be in the A characteristic strength of physiologists is their ability center stage of biomedical science. to make use of new technological and conceptual advances For over 100 years we have not been able to shake the as they become available. Past examples include the uses of malaise, and yet somehow we have managed to grow steadily. radioactive isotopes, electrophysiological techniques, electron Perhaps the strong impact provided by the explosive develop- microscopy, bioengineering analysis, new biochemical ment of molecular and cell biology is exactly what is needed methods, and many others. The newly developed concepts to jolt physiology and APS out of its doldrums. We are and techniques in cell and molecular biology are no excep- already making some progress, but we need to redouble our tions; they are being increasingly used by physiologists as effort at this critical junction in the evolution of biological part of their research arsenal. This is evident in the papers sciences. published in physiological journals such as the American Journal ofPhysiology and in the presentations at APS meetings, e.g., at the APS-sponsored symposia in the 1991 FASEB APS Conferences meeting. In applying “new biology” to physiology, it should be While the most important element in the future of phys- stressed that the research goal of physiologists is to solve iology resides in the research work done by physiologists, physiological problems of interest, and we can use molecular APS can play a significant role in fostering such activities. and cell biological approaches among others as the tools, In this regard, the recommendation by the LRPC coincides i.e., as the means rather than the end. Molecular biology by with Council’s plan to organize superlative meetings on itself tends to be reductionistic in its approach. Molecular specific topics at the forefront of research. These meetings biologists, however, are becoming increasingly aware of the will be known as “APS Conferences.” They will provide a need to apply the knowledge they have gained to elucidate forum for scientific exchange among researchers at the cut- physiological functions. It is only through such application ting edge of physiological sciences. The aim is to make these that the physiological significance of molecular and cellular conferences the best there is on the chosen topics. Two such biological research can be established. We must not think conferences have already been organized for the fall of 1992: of molecular biology and physiology in terms of an either-or “Integrative Biology of Exercise” (organized by Peter Wagner, situation. We should, instead, aim at integrating these and September 22-26, Colorado Springs, CO) and “The Cellular other scientific disciplines to understand how the body func- and Molecular Biology of Membrane Transport” (organized tions as a whole. by Lazaro Mandel, Douglas Eaton, and William Agnew, Physiologists are in an ideal position to undertake such November 4-8, Orlando, FL). The organization of these interdisciplinary studies and to lead the next revolution of meetings is well under way and there is every indication that biomedical research, i.e., to integrate the knowledge of both will be of superb scientific quality. We will maintain molecular and cell biology into the study of organismic func- and improve the high standards expected for these two meet- tions. To me, this is what is meant by the recommendation ings and make these conferences internationally recognized in the White Paper that we define physiology as integrative and respected. We will use our resources to invite the most biology, the biology of the future. Thus, the aim is to empha- active scientists to present their latest findings. It is our hope size the role of physiology in integrating heterogeneous ap- that the conferences will be the flagships of the APS and proaches in many disciplines ranging from molecules to man, will be attractive to all scientists, especially the young ones. with the ultimate goal of understanding how organisms func- To fulfill our goals, we need the input from as many people tion at all levels, including molecules, cells, tissues, and as possible/in planning and organizing the APS Conferences. organs. I sincerely hope that the APS Sections and Special Interest As pointed out in the White Paper, “In the final analysis, Groups, as well as individual APS members, will generate the perception of physiology departments by their academic ideas for the scientific programs of these conferences. The communities and their success in attracting new generations proposals will be rigorously reviewed and evaluated by the of young scientists will depend on the impact of their re- Program Committee, and possibly another suitably consti- search efforts and not on that of their labels.” Therefore a tuted body, to ensure that we attain the highest standards simple definition of physiology as integrative biology would of excellence and fulfill the objectives of the program. Be- not do very much by itself. In this connection, I would like cause of the need to reserve meeting places and to make other to stress that Council has no intention of changing the name preparations, it is necessary to plan these meetings at least of the American Physiological Society, although it feels that two years in advance. Therefore, we welcome your sugges- the definition as recommended by the LRPC is a useful one. tions for APS Conferences from 1993 and onward. The cur- What is really needed is for all of us working in physiologi- rent plan is to have two conferences per year until 1995. Based cal research to aim for the same goal: an understanding of on evaluations of the meetings, changes will be made in how the body functions by integrating all the knowledge ob- future years, including frequency. I am very excited by the

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 3 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE prospect of these APS Conferences, which will meet the sci- APS Governance entific needs of the biomedical research community, improve the image and perception of APS, and promote physiology In recent years, APS has undergone a continuous evolution as a discipline. Your input will be much appreciated. of its structure and function in response to the changing time. The governance of the Society has been strengthened by the establishment of Sections. With the aim of broadening its APS Membership representation, Council has undergone significant changes in the way it is constituted. The number of Councillors has been increased from four to six, and the nomination proce- For APS to be truly representative of physiology, we need dure has been modified so that each Section would have no the participation of all active physiologists. For APS to con- more than two seats. In order to further broaden the repre- tinue moving ahead with vigor, we need young scientists to sentation of the Council and streamline the governance of join the Society. While APS membership has continued to the Society, Council accepted the recommendation of the grow, reaching 7,000 for the first time this year, there are still LRPC that the Section Advisory Committee, which is com- many faculty members of departments of physiology who posed of the chairs of the individual Sections, become the are not APS members. The best way to recruit new members Council. Currently, there are twelve Sections and six coun- is to make APS membership attractive to the prospective cillors. It probably is not practical to increase the number candidates through better programs and activities, such as of Councillors to twelve because with the President, the APS Conferences mentioned above. There are, however, President-Elect, Past President, and ex officio members, the ancillary factors that may affect the decisions of individuals size of the Council would exceed the workable range. Council to join. To facilitate the membership application process, the has appointed a Task Force on Governance to consider the Membership Committee is considering a number of changes process and implications of implementing the recommen- designed to simplify the preparation of an application dation that the Section Advisory Committee become the without compromising the evaluation process. I recently Council and to develop the procedures by fall 1991. Again, wrote a membership-drive letter to the chairmen of depart- input by the membership will be very valuable. ments of physiology, outlining the programs and activities of APS, listing the benefits of membership, and asking them to each propose one or more new members from their non- APS and FASEB member faculty. I would like to invite every APS member to help in recruiting new members, especially young scien- In the August 1990 Editorial I reported on the relation- tists and students. It should be noted that APS has decided ship between APS and the Federation of American Socie- to waive the first-year dues for new student members. Mem- ties for Experimental Biology (FASEB). As indicated in the bership application forms are available from the APS Mem- White Paper, over the last few decades, APS had been in- bership Office. I sincerely hope you will help in this mem- creasingly dissatisifed with its relationship with FASEB, es- bership drive. pecially with regard to the monetary assessment, the lack The White Paper suggested the establishment of a new of flexibility in the spring meeting and the noninclusion of category of membership to be named “The Fellows of the many biomedical research societies. Upon the recommenda- American Physiological Society,” with the aim of recogniz- tion of LRPC, Council passed a resolution in June 1989 that, ing distinguished accomplishments by the most active in order for APS to remain a member of the Federation, workers in physiological research. An important intent of FASEB must develop a plan to essentially eliminate the as- this proposal is to induce non-APS members who have been sessment and to become more broadly representative of the engaged in physiological research of high distinction and are biomedical research community. In response to the APS reso- in the prime of their careers to join APS. Although the in- lution and the deepening dissatisfaction of the American tention is excellent, putting it into practice may be difficult. Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), We might be successful in inducing a limited number of Fel- the FASEB Board revised the Constitution and Bylaws ef- lows to join but cause disenchantment in a larger number fective July 1, 1990. Fundamental changes were made in the of existing members who may be equally qualified but are structure and operation of FASEB, with the aims of broaden- not so recognized. In view of these potential problems, Coun- ing its representation of the biomedical research community cil has referred the LRPC proposal on “Fellows” to the Mem- and better serving the needs of the constituent societies. bership Committee for its consideration and recommenda- During the past few months, FASEB has been rapidly tion. Your input on this proposal will be much appreciated. moving in the direction planned. The new FASEB Execu- One possible alternative that I personally propose is to pro- tive Director, Michael Jackson, has worked closely with the vide nonmember invited speakers at APS Conferences and Executive Officers Advisory Committee (composed of the APS-sponsored symposia with a one-year free membership Executive Officers of the constituent societies) to evaluate (the application would still be processed by the Membership all FASEB departments. There has been a significant stream- Committee). In this way, we may help to attract outstanding lining of the administrative operation. Steps are being taken nonmember scientists interested in physiology to join our to make all FASEB functions (except for administrative Society. office and public affairs) self-sufficient. The assessment to

4 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

constituent societies has been changed to a dues structure rangements well in advance of the meeting year. A subcom- that will be progressively reduced to $10-15 per member by mittee has been formed to develop procedures for these 1994. To make it easier for new member societies to join, ettorts. they will be charged annual dues of $10 per member from the beginning. Relations with Other Medical Research The revitalization of FASEB faced a serious problem when ASBMB Council passed a resolution in June 1990 that Advocacy Groups ASBMB planned to inform FASEB in writing in November 1990 of its intention to withdraw from FASEB by November The White Paper pointed out that the Council of Aca- 1991 if FASEB did not become a looser confederation and demic Societies (CAS) of the Association of American Med- attract other organizations such as the American Society for ical Colleges (AAMC) is very effective in lobbying and in- Cell Biology (ASCB) and The Biophysical Society. The with- fluencing legislation benefiting the biomedical sciences and drawal of ASBMB would have dealt a severe blow to the new recommended that the APS representatives to CAS be mem- FASEB, and greatly hindered the recruitment of new socie- bers of the APS Council. This recommendation was adopted ties. APS has worked hard, in concert with FASEB, to keep by Council. ASBMB in FASEB and to recruit new member societies. In dealing with various advocacy groups for medical During the APS meeting in Orlando in October 1990, Coun- research funding, however, we must be cognizant of their pri- cil invited ASBMB President, Dan Lane, and several mem- orities. A case in point is the report released last fall by the bers of their Council to discuss this issue; the exchange was Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of very fruitful. On December 1, 1990, I was invited to meet Science. The report stated that the trend of federal support with the ASBMB Council, as were FASEB President Thomas of biomedical research during the last 20 years has favored Edgington and Michael Jackson. It was most gratifying that research grants over training and facilities and recommended our efforts bore fruit and ASBMB decided to stay in FASEB. that this “imbalance” be corrected by switching substantial On December 9, 1990, Tom Edgington, Dan Lane, funds from the primary conduct of research to training and ASBMB Past President Bill Lennarz, ASBMB Executive facilities. FASEB and APS disagreed with the premise of the Director Chuck Hancock, American Association of Pathol- report that there is such an imbalance. We opposed the IOM ogists President Dorothy Bainton, and I were invited to meet recommendations, because adequate funding of research not with ASCB Council. We all expressed the view that the new only is essential for the advance of biomedical knowledge FASEB is indeed a Federation that serves its constituent but also plays an indispensible role in the training and recruit- members and that it is important to have this organization ment of new scientific investigators. APS has gone on record to provide a strong voice for the biomedical research com- to express its view on this matter. Another example is the munity. It is especially noteworthy that the Biochemists spoke position taken by the Association of American Universities extremely positively about this. ASCB Council will consider (AAU) on indirect costs, a position that is primarily from the invitation to join FASEB during this Meeting and at their the viewpoint of institutional administrators and is at vari- next Council Meeting in Spring 1991. By recruiting new soci- ance with that of the bench scientists. eties we can make FASEB an organization truly belonging About one year ago, ASCB, ASBMB, and The Biophysical to the biological research scientists and a federation repre- Society decided to hire a lobbyist to promote research fund- senting us with unity and visibility on the Hill and elsewhere. ing, with a primary focus on investigator-initiated grants. In- Thus, at the time of the writing of this editorial (December itially APS was not certain whether this might detract from 11, 1990), things are beginning to look up for the future of the efforts of FASEB. There is now indication that this new FASEB and the unity of the biomedical research community. approach has contributed to the recent increase in the NIH I hope we will have more good news next spring. budget for the funding of new and competing renewal grants. Therefore, it is apparent that the use of multiple approaches can have synergistic effects, as long as the goals are the same. Spring Meetings In the final analysis, investigator-initiated research is the backbone of the entire biomedical research program. If there As a result of the restructuring of FASEB, scientific meet- were no such research activities and their principal investi- ings will be initiated by Member Societies rather than by gators, there would be no training programs and there would FASEB. From 1991 to 1997, APS is already committed to be no need for physical facilities. The entire biomedical hold our spring meetings with several other societies in research community should band together to demand an in- FASEB. We are exploring the possibility that some non- craese in the total funding for biomedical research, with ap- FASEB member societies may wish to meet jointly with APS propriate apportioning of the increase according to priori- during these years. APS is actively pursuing the possibility ties set by the biomedical research community, especially the of meeting with other societies either within or outside the bench scientists. APS is working with FASEB and other so- FASEB framework in 1998 and onward. It is to be noted that, cieties to achieve this goal. It is hoped that the entire bio- because of the necessity to book meeting sites many years medical research community can work together on this, in advance, many societies have already scheduled their meet- rather than undermining investigator-initiated research in ings through 1999. For this reason, we must start these ar- favor of other purposes. Only by cooperation can we have

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 5 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE a sufficiently strong voice and enough influence to secure adequate support for biomedical research.

Planning for the Future

As the American Physiological Society enters into its second century, it is in critical need of thoughtful and fore- sighted planning of its future. At this time of dynamic change in the content, opportunity, and climate of biomedical sciences, we must use our resources wisely to enhance our existing strengths and to initiate new programs for our continued growth and development. Therefore, planning for the future is a high-priority item for APS. As a first step, the Council has asked the chairpersons of the various committees and of the Sections to participate in the next phase of our long-range planning process by suggesting new and expanded programs to be undertaken to enhance the image of the Society and the discipline of physiology. The vitally important process of planning for the future requires the active participation by all Society members. Please fill out the questionnaire and send in your ideas, so that the Council can be guided by a broad cross-section of opinions. It should be noted that this article is written to address the points raised in the LRPC White Paper. There are other important issues that warrant further discussions, such as publications, minority programs, education, and the use of animals in research. Your opinions on these other issues will also be appreciated. It is my firm belief that, by working together to plan for our future, we can make physiology and APS healthy and strong. @

APS Council

Row 1 (L-R) Stanley Schultz, Norman Staub, Shu Chien, Vernon Bishop, Leonard Jefferson, David Ramsey. Row 2 (L-R) John Cook, Peter Wagner, Brian Duling, Beverly Bishop, Norman Alpert, Ernst Knobil, Allen Cowley, Carl Gisolfi. Comparative Physiology Banquet

6 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

1990 Specialty Conference A Resounding Success

Comments overheard in Orlando: “Great meeting!” “Best get-together in memory!” The meeting’s praises were also found in letters received in the APS office. According to John Pappenheimer, “The Orlando Meeting was TOPS, and I cannot remember a more enjoyable large meeting of this kind.” Knut Schmidt-Nielsen commented, “the program was uni- formly of very high quality and it was among the most interesting meetings I have ever attended.” Arthur DuBois wrote, “The theme of Comparative Physiology brought together a group of people with common interests, to exchange ideas and look for common denominators. It worked.” Many will long remember the 1990 APS Meeting as among the most enjoyable of their careers. Seasoned veterans min- gled with young colleagues in an informal atmosphere of conviviality to share results, ideas, and methods. The Soci- John R. Pappenheimer, Banquet Speaker ety, and especially the Comparative Physiology Section, owe Larry Crawshaw (and his organizing commitee representing APS), the American Society of Zoologists, the Canadian Society of Zoologists, the Comparative Respiratory Society, and the Society of Experimental Biology (UK) a strong vote of thanks for their superb efforts in bringing about the success of the meeting. Many features fostered interaction and discussion. Even- ing debates and lectures, along with tutorials, workshops, symposia, and plenary presentations, stimulated much interesting dialogue among attendees. For the first time, all contributed papers were posters, with topics ranging from the ecological to the molecular, in forms from bacteria to whales. An air of enthusiasm reigned in the exhibit hall, and spon- taneous, animated caucuses were continually observed. The large contingent of young investigators attested to the health and promising future of comparative physiology. It Albert Bennett, Chairperson, Comparative Physiology Section was especially gratifying that the Scholander Award com- petition attracted no less than 42 contestants, all of whom showed outstanding creativity and professionalism in their research and presentations. Fourteen young, minority scientists were selected from a national pool to receive travel awards from APS and NIDDK. Paired with mentors selected from the APS membership, these young scientists were made welcome at an evening reception, introduced around, and encouraged to attend tutorials on obtaining grants and pub- lishing, as well as all other activities. Marvin Bernstein, Secretary Comparative Physiology Section

Larry Crawshaw, Chairperson, Organizing Committee

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 APS NEWS

1990 Scholander Award Winners

At the Spring 1990 FASEB Meeting in Washington, Com- parative Physiology Section Chairman Albert Bennett presented the Scholander Award for best paper by a young investigator, and a check for $100, to Robert Furilla of New Mexico State University. Furilla earned his PhD at the University of British Columbia, then moved to Dartmouth Medical School where he carried out his prize-winning work on “The Influence of Venous COZ on Ventilation in Garter Snakes.” Congratulations to Furilla from the entire Section membership, and thanks to all the Scholander Award contestants at FASEB 1990 for their participation! Accompany- ing presentation of the award, John B. West of the University of California, San Diego, reminisced about Pete Scholander, for which the Section conveys its thanks. Selecting the Scholander Award recipient at the Fall 1990 APS meeting in Orlando was a tough call. An unprecedented 42 presentations were judged by a representative panel of Albert Bennett and Agnes M. A. Lacombe judges, who collectively spent dozens of hours viewing posters and interviewing authors. The posters’ excellence made the job harder but more gratifying. At the Scholander Award banquet, Al Bennett presented the award and a $100 check to Jon F. Harrison of the University of British Colum- bia for his poster, “Ammonium, Total Urate, and Titratible Acid Excretion in Acid-Loaded Locusts.” A first runner-up certificate was also presented to Agnes M. A. Lacombe, also of the University of British Columbia, for her poster, “Roles of Adrenal Catecholamines during Forced Submergence in Pekin Ducks.” The entire Section congratulates Harrison and Lacombe and thanks all the contestants for entering and for contributing to the high quality of the scientific program. After the awards presentation, the membership was treated to a talk by John Pappenheimer in remembrance of the late Hermann Rahn and Pete Scholander. As befits a postpran- dial presentation, Pappenheimer also summarized some of his recent interesting work on intestinal glucose transport. Albert Bennett and Jon F. Harrison The Section thanks Pappenheimer for sharing his reminis- cences and results.

Robert Furilla Scholander Award Poster Presentations

8 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

“60 Minutes” Tapes Segment At APS Specialty Meeting

Morley Safer and a CBS crew from the television show “60 Minutes” spent a day at the APS specialty meeting in Orlando taping environmental shots for a future program segment discussing possible effects on humans of mercury used in dental amalgam. The research of Maurice Vimy, a dentist, Fritz Lorscheider, a physiologist and member of APS, and Anne Summers, a microbial geneticist, resulted in new evidence of possible damaging effects on the body, rekindling the 150-year-old controversy on the possible dangers of using silver dental fillings. Vimy and Lorscheider, members of the medical faculty Morley Safer and Maurice Vimy are briefed by “60 Minutes” program at the University of Calgary, and Summers, who is at the producer Patti Hassler (partially hidden by cameraman) before a taping University of Georgia, presented their findings, which are begins. based on animal studies, at the APS meeting. The taping at Orlando was done to give the segment the flavor of a scientific meeting. Laboratory scenes and discussion of the findings were taped at Calgary.

APWNIDDK Travel Fellowships for Minority Students

An APWNIDDK-sponsored travel fellowship program provided an opportunity for 14 highly qualified minority students and scientists to attend the 1990 APS Specialty Meeting in Orlando, Florida. To enhance their experience at the meet- APS Executive Director Martin Frank gives “60 Minutes” interviewer ing, the Fellows were introduced to mentors at an orientation Morley Safer an APS T-shirt featuring the Society’s “Research Animals reception preceding the scientific sessions. Throughout the Save Lives” logo. week the mentors assisted the fellows in selecting the appro- priate scientific sessions and introduced them to investigators. Phillip L. Rayford, University of Arkansas, addressed the group at a closing luncheon, providing them with an inspira- tional talk designed to encourage them in their careers. Recipients of the 1990 Fall Fellowships were A. Dianne Bustamante (New Mexico State University), Maria Castro (Ponce School of Medicine), Maria L. Florez-Duquet (New Mexico State University), Annette Gabaldon (New Mexico State University), Carlos A. Jiminez-Rivera (Universidad Central de1 Caribe), Cindy La Neave (University of Texas at El Paso), Ora E. Lockley (Albany State College), Lorraine H. Manciet (University of Arizona), Caurnel Morgan (Univer- sity of Michigan), Elizabeth S. Quintana (New Mexico State University), Maria Rodriquez de Salzberg (Instituto de Neurobiologia, PR), Arnold L. Silva (University of Arizona), Mildred Morales Velez (University of Puerto Rico), and Alice NIDDK Fellows with Eleanor Ison-Franklin (Row 1,4th from left), Phillip L. Renee Villalobos (University of Arizona). Rayford (Row 1, 5th from left), Gabriel Navar (Row 2, 4th from left)

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 9 APS NEWS

1990 APS Orlando Meeting

The October 6-10, 1990 meeting of categories. A total of 266 abstracts Table 2 Author Affiliations of Volunteered the American Physiological Society were submitted for the topic categories Papers held in Orlando, Florida marked a con- associated with the theme, representing No. tinued transition of the annual fall 39.2% of the total abstracts. In addi- of % meeting to a specialty format. This tion, many of the abstracts submitted Department Papers Total year’s meeting organized by a commit- to the other topic categories had a comparative orientation. The Cardiovascu- Physiology 103 17.8 tee chaired by Larry Crawshaw focused Physiology/Biophysics 8 1.4 on the topic “In Search of Physiologi- lar and Respiratory Sections of the So- Medicine 26 5.0 cal Principles: The Use of Animal ciety programmed 77 (13.44%) and 63 Biology 115 19.7 Pharmacology 6 1.0 Diversity and Novel Technology.” With (11.O%) papers, respectively. For the Surgery 10 1.7 a comparative physiology orientation, Respiratory Section, this represents a Anesthesiology 16 2.8 the APS was joined by four participat- significant decrease from 1989 when Pediatrics 9 1.5 Biochemistry 2 0.3 ing societies: Comparative Respiratory the meeting was held jointly with the Pathology 1 0.2 Society (CRS); American Society of American Thoracic Society. Other 124 21.5 Zoologists (ASZ), Division of Com- Of the 420 abstracts designating No department listed 156 27.1 parative Physiology and Biochemistry departmental affiliation, 111 or 19.2% and Division of Comparative Endocri- were from departments of physiology nology; Canadian Society of Zoolo- or physiology/ biophysics. Biology gists (CSZ), Comparative Physiology departments were designated on 115 APS Fall Meeting and Biochemistry Section; and Society abstracts, representing the role com- of Experimental Biology (SEB), all sec- parative physiology plays in those Status Number tions. departments. The scientific program consisted of The large number of abstracts sub- Members Nonmembers 33 invited sessions and a total of 63 ses- mitted for this meeting suggests that Students sions derived from volunteered ab- thematic or specialty meetings can play stracts. These sessions included 15 sym- an important role for the Society. Ev- Total Scientific posia, 13 lectures, 3 tutorial workshops, ery indication suggests that the Guests 22 and 2 debates. Orlando meeting was scientifically suc- Exhibitors 40 The 576 volunteered papers submit- cessful. Total 947 ted for the Orlando meeting were programmed in 61 poster sessions and 2 slide sessions (for the Comparative Respiratory Society). With five par- 1990 Papers 1989 Papers ticipating societies, many of the abstracts received listed affiliation with Category No. Percent No. Percent more than one society. Of the 576 abstracts received, 448 (77.8%) listed APS Theme: Comparative Aspects 65 11.3 - affiliation, 140 (24.3%) listed ASZ af- Theme: Zoology 19 3.3 - Comparative Respiratory Society 50 8.7 - filiation, 31 (5.4%) listed CRS affilia- Comparative (general) 92 16.0 5 1.0 tion, 42 (7.3%) listed CSZ affiliation, and 35 (6.1%) listed SEB affiliation. Aging 2 0.3 3 Calcium 4 0.6 - Female scientists were first authors on Cell & General 3 0.5 15 3.1 128 volunteered papers or 22.2% of the Endocrines & Reproduction 21 3.6 11 2.3 total. Scientists residing outside of the Environmental, Temperature and Exercise 48 8.3 26 5.4 Gastrointestinal & Liver 9 1.6 17 3.5 Americas contributed 54 abstracts. In- Heart & Circulation 77 13.4 81 16.7 dustrial scientists accounted for 4 History 0 0 2 0.4 volunteered abstracts. Scientists in US Membranes & Transport 22 3.8 13 2.7 Metabolic Physiology 6 1.0 1.4 government laboratories contributed Muscle 28 4.9 21 4.3 33 abstracts. Of the abstracts received, Neurobiology & Neural Biophysics 15 2.6 4 0.8 233 (40.4%) acknowledged research Regulatory & Integrative 9 1.6 6 1.2 Renal & Electrolyte 15 2.6 9 1.9 support from government agencies (US Respiratory System 63 11.0 156 32.2 and foreign) and 107 (18.6%) received Water & Electrolyte 13 2.3 4 0.8 support from various private founda- Teaching Materials & Methods 10 1.7 3 0.6 Other 5 .09 12 2.5 tions, associations, or companies. Table 1 shows the programming of TOTAL 576

10 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

Sections Special Functions Introducing . . . APS/FASEB Spring Meeting - April 21-15, 1991 Luis Reuss and Roger Green Cardiovascular Hypoxia Dinner Group Meeting nesday, 630 PM Tuesday, 12:00 NOON Grand Ballroom Salon B Georgia World Congress Ctr

Cell and General Physiology Neural Control and Auto- Banquet and Lecture nomic Regulation mesday, 6:30 PM Social Pittipat’s Porch Monday, 4:30 PM Copenhagen Room Comparative Physiology Steering Committee Meeting Renal Physiology Tuesday, 8:00 AM Dinner: Outlook 91 Zurich Room Wednesday, 7:00 PM Peachtree Ctr Athletic Club Environmental and Exercise Physiology Respiration (L-R) Roger Green, Luis Reuss,and Gerhard Giebisch Steering Committee Meeting Business Meeting Monday, 7~30 AM Wednesday, 12:OONOON At the November 1990 board meeting of Physiological State Room Georgia World Congress Ctr Reviews in Bethesda, the outgoing editor, Gerhard Giebisch, introduced Luis Reuss (University of Texas at Galveston), Breakfast Meeting Dinner who will begin serving in January 1991 as editor of Physio- Tuesday, 7~30 AM Wednesday, 6:00 PM logical Reviews, and Roger Green (University of Man- Stockholm/Amsterdam Room The High Museum Georgia Pacific Ctr chester), who took over the position of chair of the Euro- Epithelial ‘kinsport pean Editorial Committee from Brian Jewel1 in July of this Group Meeting Teaching of Physiology year. mesday, 8:30 AM Dinner Reuss received his MD from the University of Chile at San- Georgia World Congress Ctr Sunday, 6:30 PM tiago where he joined the Department of Experimental Medi- Trinidad Room cine. He became a Fogarty Fellow and a Louis G. Welt Fellow Gastrointestinal Physiology in the Department of Medicine at the University of North Reception and Award Lecture Carolina at Chapel Hill where he joined the faculty. He later Tuesday, 630 PM (Functions are at the Marriott moved to the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at Marquis Hotel unless otherwise Imperial Ballroom Salon A Washington University in St. Louis. Currently he is the chair- indicated.) man of the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the History of Physiology Luncheon University of Texas. Reuss’ research interests include Wednesday, 1200 NOON epithelial transport, membrane transport of ions and water, Omni, Glenmar Room B and ionic events in the control of the cell cycle. Reuss has served on the editorial boards of the AJP: Cell Physiology, AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology (of which he was an Associate Editor), Journal of General Physiology, Con- temporary Nephrology and Cellular Physiology and Bio- chemistry. Green received his MD from SheffiZld University and joined the Department of Physiology at Manchester in 1966. Workshop on Integrative Study in He was named professor of physiology in 1981, and he be- Physiology and Medicine came chairman of the combined Department of Physiolog- ical Sciences in 1990. Green’s main research interests are in renal physiology, especially transport of fluid and anions in The 6th Annual Workshop on Integrative Study in Physiology and the proximal tubule, renal function in pregnancy, and effects Medicine will be held at the APS/FASEB Spring Meeting, Sun- of atria1 natriuretic factor. He has served as editor, as well day, April 21, 1991. The program includes “Dialogue on Integra- as Distributing Editor, of the Journal of Physiology tive Science” by Joseph Engelberg, University Kentucky, and “Med- (London) and as editor and chairman of Clinical Science. ical Case History, Presentation and Analysis” by Allan Mines, The APS thanks both Gerhard Giebisch and Brian Jewel1 University of California, San Francisco, followed by a working dis- cussionlunch. Regktration and Information may be obtained from for their valuable contributions to Physiological Reviews over Dr. Wayne W. Carley, Department of Biology, Lamar University, the past six years and for bequeathing to the new editors such P.O. Box 10037, Beaumont, TX 77710-0037. Tel: 409-880-8260. a highly rated and successful journal. @ Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 11 Questionnaire Regarding the Future of Physiology and APS (Please use additional sheets for comments)

Agree Disagree No opinion 1. The Science and the Images of Physiology Physiology should be defined as “integrative biology” A deep malaise permeates the physiology community If there is such a malaise, it is curable Physiologists should be conversant about new biology Physiologists should incorporate concepts and methods of new biology Physiologists should continue to work on organ and system levels 2 . APS Conferences Superlative APS Conferences should be a high priority for APS The optimum number of APS Conferences should be - per year 3 . APS Membership A new category of Fellows in APS should be created Non-member invited speakers should be given l-year free membership 4 . APS Governance Section Advisory Committee should become the Council The optimum number of Councillors should be - Some of the Sections should be combined If yes, suggestions: 5. APS and FASEB APS should remain in FASEB APS should be active in recruiting societies to join FASEB 6 . Spring Meeting APS should meet with different societies as needed If yes, suggestions: 7 . Funding Advocacy APS should advocate primarily the funding of investigator-initiated research grants 8 . Your General View of APS APS is moving in the right direction 9 . Planning for the Future Please suggest new and expanded programs to be undertaken (use additional sheet):

Name (optional): Position: Affiliation: Please return by March 31, 1990, to: APS Membership Services, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991.

12 THE PHYSIOLOGIST CONFERENCES 0 0 0 Hormone transport Hormonal signal in blood: emerging Interactions of the transduction and concepts Endocrine regulation of vascular smooth muscle Mechanisms of en- Cerdidhdar docrine hypertension Neurohumoral mech- Systems anisms in bulbo- Neurotransmitter re- in health and disease spinal control of the lease in brain nuclei circulation controlling CV and pituitary function Interrelationship between insulin re- Vascular speciali- sistance and hyper- zation in endocrine tension organs Neuropeptides in blood flow regulation Atria1 natriuretic factor and 1 caraio-1. vascular regulation Regulation of angiogenesis

Calciotropic hormones and cardiovas- Identification and treatment of cardio- cular function vascular disease in diabetes

Special Notice The IUPS Commission on Gravitational Physiology will meet simultaneously with APS. Symposia include:

l Gravitational Cell Physiology l Current Concepts in Gravitational Physiology

.Physiology of High G-Loadings l Mathematical Modelling for Gravitational Physiology i ; 0 Please send me a preliminary program and preregistration information for the APS Conference 1 on Interactions of the Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems, September 29 - October 3,199l. iI Please complete and mail this coupon to: ! The American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 i ! Name Address ! f Department City/State/ZIP ! f Institution Country APS NEWS

News From Senior Physiologists

Letters to She reports that her husband died in things have been published. I agree 1987, bringing her very happy marri- with Shakespeare that ‘the sound and Horace W. Davenport age of 49 years to a close. “Once again the fury signifies nothing.’ On the other I returned to Wellesley, delighted to hand, the sound and the fury make life Wne Girerd said he gave up physio- find that Dr. Janet Darrow, whose re- worthwhile.” logical research for economic reasons search interests are in photobiology as (research grants and salary) in 1962 and were mine, had joined the department. M. C. Chang reports that “I retired that he does not regret it. He finished We worked together briefly trying to eight years ago and do not carry on any a residency in pathology and until his measure very low blood levels of the scientific research, but I still have an retirement served as a hospital patholo- hormone melatonin at different times office at the Worcester Foundation to gist. He remains a medical examiner of in the photoperiod. Much as I regretted do some reading, writing, and talking his county, working one or two days a it, I decided this past summer that I to old and young scientists at the In- week. Girerd has traveled widely, being should pull out of the laboratory per- stitute. Science progressed so fast, but one of the first to visit China in 1978, manently.” I still try very hard to learn what is go- and at the age of 60 he added parasail- ing on in reproductive biology. ing to parachuting, water skiing, and “I do not have any bright ideas to tell scuba diving. At 70 he began wind surf- Letters to David Greene the younger scientists. I can only ad- ing. He says he is “an unrepentant vise them to work hard and not to miss hedonistic dilettante who has applied his “I continue as Professor of Medicine the chance. If one has any ideas, bright compulsive tendencies to many diversi- at New York University School of or stupid, just try to do an experiment fied professional as well as humanistic Medicine as well as seeing patients one to prove it. You may hit something no activities rather than heroically digging day a week in the Faculty Practice one else realized before. To do science in one limited sphere of activity.” suite,” writes Herbert Chasis, who is to satisfy one’s curiosity. Fame and added, “At present, I am writing a money are only by-products.” J. Russell Elkinton writes that after book that will attempt to describe my retiring in 1972 as a professor of medi- life wearing three hats: research scien- John W. Boylan writes from Guil- cine at the University of Pennsylvania tist, medical school teacher, and med- ford, CT, that he retired in 1986 and ad- and as editor of Annals of Internal ical practitioner.” mits to enjoying it. “For a compulsive Medicine he moved with his English- reader, retirement is something of a born wife to live in Herefordshire, En- “I am still active as Director of Ex- blessing. I’ve sailed through 18th Cen- gland, where he did some writing pri- perimental Cardiology and Scientific tury literature (mostly English) and am marily in the area of medical history, Development at the Huntington Med- well into the 19th now. . . . For diver- including co-authoring a book entitled, ical Research Institutes,” reports sion I work on some still unpublished Richard J. Bing. “I have an active The Quaker Heritage in Medicine. mss of work I did before I retired. “Since our return to the U.S. five laboratory with people from abroad, and I am trying to finish my book on years ago to be near our children and Letter to Roy 0. Greep ‘History of Cardiology.’ I am also grandchildren in Massachusetts, I have editor-in-chief of a journal which tries “Since I retired about four years ago finished writing a set of occasional es- to combine fundamental with clinical and became Emeritus here at Colorado says from family and professional life cardiology, the Journal of Applied State University, I have found no time that has been published under the title, Cardiology. My main scientific interest to be bored,” reports Charles G. Wil- Bird on a Rocking Chair. This year my is in the role of the endothelium, a ber. “I have been able to keep a modest wife Teresa and I moved into the highly competitive field. office and laboratory going on Carleton-Willard Village, a continuing “You asked me if I had any words of campus. I still serve on the Editorial care retirement community in Bedford, wisdom to impart to the younger Board of the American Journal of MA, where we have celebrated our golden wedding anniversary as well as generation, and it would be: Try to Forensic Medicine and Pathology. work on a subject or in a field which “I sympathize with the young and my 80th birthday.” is not dominated by fixed ideas. Once middle aged physiologists who are still “Although I retired from Wellesley a fixed scientific idea has taken over, in the academic whirl. Universities have College in 1976,” writes Virginia Mayo it needs an awful lot to dislodge it. changed markedly (and not always for Fiske, “I continued to work in the “My second profession, music, has the better) even during the short time laboratory there, taking on a series of been doing reasonably well. I have writ- since I retired. The attacks on academic senior honor students through 1983. ten two symphonies, many choral freedom are no longer subtle but rather All of them are now active MDs or works, string quartets and piano trios, are blatant. The enormities being per- PhDs. Our work was published in En- and as benefits an older citizen, I am petrated upon experimental scientists docrinology in 1984.” now writing a bit for the organ. A few in the life sciences by the enthusiastic

14 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS NEWS

(fanatical) animal ‘rights’ crowd will Letter to John T. Reeves The Ohio have an adverse impact on all aspects of health and human welfare. The crit- “I reached the age of 70 and that is Physiological Society ical importance of competent applica- ‘my’ scientific achievement,” writes 1990 Meeting tion of science to the needs of society Robert S. Pogrund from Sun City, AZ. is regularly emphasized to me every “My physiological intuition has led me On October 19, 1990, 55 physiolo- time that I advise a judge, lawyer, to assume the following: 1) atheroscle- gists and their students gathered at police investigator, social worker, or rosis can be reversed with proper nutri- Ohio University in Athens for the 5th environmental manager on matters tion (forget the corned beef sandwiches Annual Meeting of the Ohio Physio- physiological. and lemon creme pies); 2) geographic logical Society organized by John “Observing how my past graduate relocation for better climate control is Howell. The theme was “Cellular Pro- students have established themselves required; 3) a change of lifestyle is re- cesses Underlying Systemic Function and are contributing to new knowledge quired to escape real or perceived pro- and Dysfunction.” The program began is more satisfying than a munificent fessionally associated stresses (publish by focusing on skeletal muscle injury, annuity ever could be.” or perish, extramural grant support, repair, and response to training and committee memberships, exceeding detraining, with talks by William levels of competence, etc.); 4) adapta- Stauber (West Virginia University) and Letter to Steve Horvath tion to a regular program of physical Robert Staron (Ohio University). Stan- exercise to stimulate angiogenesis or ley Schultz (University of Texas at Richard A. Morin reports that he has development of a collateral vasculari- Houston) brought us up-to-date on cel- continued to work on a full-time basis zation (current program is bicycling at lular mechanisms of sodium absorp- as the Director of Facilities at SUNY- least 10 miles per day, 2 hours of rac- tion by epithelia. Talks on polypeptide Buffalo and is enjoying it more than quetball 3 times a week, aerobic exer- effecters of gastric H/K ATPase and ever. cise class 3 times a week, and 3 miles on mechanisms of ion and water of brisk walking every other day); and balance in insects by John Cuppoletti Maurice McGregor reports from 5) cessation of monetary worries and (Cincinnati) and Mary Chamberlin Montreal that he is chairman of a Coun- laughing over the possible sources of (Ohio), respectively, rounded out our cil for the Evaluation of Technology in income-even if none is forthcoming consideration of transport. After lunch Health of the Providence of Quebec. In (consulting for the legal profession can and a lively poster session (19), Nick this context he said he is writing more be fun, and having fun is essential to Sperelakis (Cincinnati) and Bruce Bi- than ever with the object of producing maintain the integrity of the immune agi (Ohio State) directed our attention a sort of consumer report for the system).” to the role of calcium channels in the guidance of health authorities and ischemic heart and in pituitary cells. doctors. Letter to In the business meeting the 6th An- nual Meeting was announced, namely, “I am still at Columbia’s College of Helen M. Tepperman September 20, 1991, at the University Physicians and Surgeons,” writes Gabriel “I keep my scientific interests alive of Cincinnati, to be hosted by the G. Nahas, “but I have left the pristine by attending scientific and clinical Department of Physiology and Bio- waters of physiology for the murky meetings and trying to keep up with the physics and organized by Nick Spere- ponds of pharmacology-toxicology in current scientific literature,” pens lakis. Steps were discussed to broaden the United States and France. I am Demetrios Triantaphyllopoulos. “In the appeal of the Society to neurobi- preparing for the publication of the fifth addition, I returned to old, dear in- ologists in the state and to biologists edition of my book, ‘Keep Off The terests of mine, which I was unable to in some of the state’s smaller institu- Grass,’ which has been translated into pursue during my active years because tions, as well as ways in which we might five languages.” A year ago he took on of a lack of time. I read some of the speak effectively in the interest of phys- cocaine with another volume, “Cocaine: marvelous books of Konrad Lorenz iology at the state and national levels. The Great White Plague.” and Lewis Thomas, the autobiography Notwithstanding the interest in broad- “In the lab I have been studying the of Werner Heisenberg and books on ening the Society’s appeal, those who effects of cocaine as an indirectly acting history. The last such book I read was attended the meeting applauded the ac- sympathomimetic amine, stimulating the on the history of Venice by Jan Morris. cessibility to colleagues. Sponsorship sympathoadrenal and renin angiotensin The amorality of these remote times of the 1990 meeting was provided by systems. Our finding that selected cal- which led to the fourth crusade and the Forma Scientific of Marietta, OH, and cium antagonists, such as diltiazem or atrocities of the Turks is not too differ- by the Department of Zoological and dihysropyridines, neutralize the acute ent of the amorality of our times. Biomedical Sciences, the College of cardiac toxic lethal effects of cocaine has “Finally, I try to keep fit by swim- Arts and Sciences, and the College of received little attention. Anyway, we wilI ming about three times a week and Osteopathic Medicine, all of Ohio pursue our efforts in the lab and on the taking one hour walks in my neigh- University. word processor.” borhood. @ John Howell

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 15 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

NIH Conflict of Interest Meeting Two High Courts to Hear Animal Activists Has Early Ending Arguments About Jurisdiction, Standing

Two supreme courts -the U.S. Supreme Court and the Oregon State Supreme The National Institutes of Health Court - have agreed to hear animal activist arguments regarding a jurisdictional (NIH) had planned an all-day public dispute concerning the Silver Spring monkeys and a bid to gain standing for meeting to discuss proposing rules re- the right to challenge decisions by institutional animal care and use committees. garding conflict of interest in the con- Lower courts in both cases have ruled against the activists. duct of clinical evaluation of commer- cial products. The meeting, however, lasted less than a half-day. U.S. Supreme Court Approximately 250 people from the scientific community showed up on the The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to review a decision that allowed the Na- NIH campus for the meeting scheduled tional Institutes of Health (NIH) to transfer from a state court to a federal court to run from 830 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. a lawsuit filed by animal activists seeking to prevent the euthanasia of the Silver Two-and-a-half hours later, including Spring monkeys. a 45minute coffee break, the meeting Should the activists win their appeal, the suit will be sent back to a Louisiana was adjourned, as none of the atten- state court where proceedings will be renewed. If the court rejects the appeal, dees wanted to make any more com- the activists’ legal fight on this issue would be over. ments or ask any more questions, The Silver Spring monkeys have been the center of legal disputes for nearly largely because of the lack of response 10 years following a complaint to police by Alex Pacheco, a volunteer worker from an NIH panel to the comments at the Institute of Behavioral Research, who charged that 17 monkeys were being and questions being asked. mistreated in the Silver Spring, MD, laboratory. The complaint resulted in a police George Galasso, associate director raid and confiscation of the monkeys. for extramural affairs at NIH, opened Only four of the monkeys are now the subject of the legal dispute, as five the program by saying the meeting was have been moved to the San Diego Zoo and eight have either died or were eu- an information-gathering session be- thanized. The four are housed at the Delta Regional Primate Center in Louisiana. fore proposing rules. James Mason, as- The jurisdictional dispute dates back to 1988 when NIH announced plans to sistant secretary for health at the U.S. euthanize three deafferented monkeys, whose conditions had deteriorated, and Department of Health and Human then conduct experiments to learn about rehabilitation therapy for persons who Services, reported that when conflict of suffered a stroke, brain or spinal cord damage, or similar injuries. interest rules were first proposed in Before NIH could act, however, a lawsuit to block the euthanasia was filed September 1989, the department re- in Louisiana state court by Pacheco, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, ceived 751 letters of comments. Those International Primate Protection League, and Louisiana in Support of Animals. proposed rules were recalled in Decem- But NIH had the suit transferred to a federal court and eventually to the 5th ber 1989. U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which ordered the suit dismissed. The meeting then heard four brief In dismissing the suit the appeals court ruled that the three types of injury presentations as to the views of a clin- claimed by Pacheco and the three organizations were not sufficient to sustain ical scientist, university administrator, a suit in a federal court. industry, and academia-industry ties The injuries claimed were “permanent disruption of their (Pacheco and the concerning conflicts of interest. Fol- three organizations) personal relationships with the monkeys,” impairment of lowing the coffee break a three-person their commitment to prevent inhumane treatment of animals, and impairment panel representing NIH and the Alco- of their mission “as advocates for the rights of the Silver Spring monkeys, who hol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health have no means of protecting themselves.” Administration was seated to respond The issue to be determined by the Supreme Court is whether NIH should have to audience comments and questions. been permitted to remove the lawsuit from the state court. But few responses were made by the panel members, causing some attendees to wonder if anyone from the Oregon Supreme Court government was listening. The concerns voiced by the attendees The Oregon Supreme Court has agreed to hear an appeal of a lawsuit filed regarding proposed rules included the by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) against the Univer- following: will the now limited pro- sity of Oregon. posal for rules become broader after The suit, filed two years ago, challenges the procedures by which the univer- (continued on page 17) sity’s institutional animal care and use committee authorized research involving

16 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

three barn owls. The research, supported by NIH, examines how barn owls use (continued from page 16) sound to visualize the terrain below, work that could lead to devices that would those rules are in place; after an institu- enable the blind to “see” based on sound. tional review the institution (not the Both the Marion County Circuit Court and the state Court of Appeals have government) should be the judge as to ruled that PETA had no legal standing to contest the committee’s decisions. The whether there is a conflict of interest; courts also said PETA had suffered no harm as a result of the decisions. the funding agency should not second- Animal activists groups have been denied standing in the federal courts, hav- guess the institution (as it has been ing had their appeals rebuffed by the U.S. Supreme Court after their petitions done in some cases of scientific mis- were rejected by both federal district and appeals courts. Standing is the recog- conduct) after the institution has nition granted by a court to private citizens and organizations as plaintiffs with reported its findings. legally protectable and tangible interests at stake in civil litigation. It was said by a participant that conflict of interest perception vs. reality William M. Samuels blurs the issue for the public. The perception is that government is ethical while scientists cannot be trusted. @ British Scientists Support Animal Research Declaration APS Testifies on NSF Reorganization The British Association for the Advancement of Science has developed a declaration in support of the use of animals in research. Eleven scientific organizations and six Nobel Laureates are among the origi- On November 29-30, 1990, the Na- nal signatories to the declaration that outlines the issues animal researchers face tional Science Foundation (NSF) Bio- in the United Kingdom. The declaration is broader in scope than the resolution logical, Behavioral and Social Sciences supporting the use of animals in research enacted by the American Association (BBS) Task Force “Looking to the 21st for the Advancement of Science. Century” heard testimony on a pro- The British declaration states: posed reorganization of the BBS Direc- In view of the threat to medical research posed by increasingly vocal and violent cam- torate. C. Richard Taylor, Harvard paigns for the abolition of animal experimentation, we make the following declaration: University, represented the Society at l Experiments on animals have made an important contribution to advances in medi- the hearing focusing on the needs of cine and surgery, which have brought major improvements in the health of human be- the physiological community. The mes- ings and animals. sage communicated to the Task Force l Continued research involving animals is essential for the conquest of many unsolved medical problems, such as cancer, AIDS, other infectious diseases, and genetic, develop- was that it should “consider a structure mental, neurological and psychiatric conditions. that is most beneficial to the pursuit of l Much basic research on physiological, pathological and therapeutic processes still science, rather than to the establish- requires animal experimentation. Such research has provided and continues to provide ment of administrative domains. The the essential foundation for improvements in medical and veterinary knowledge, educa- scientific community is struggling un- tion and practice. der the weight of decreasing research l The scientific and medical community has a duty to explain the aims and methods support, making it difficult to gain new of its research, and to disseminate information about the benefits derived from animal insights into biological processes and experimentation. to recruit new students to our ranks. A l The comprehensive legislation governing the use of animals in scientific procedures reorganization of the Directorate must be strictly adhered to. Those involved must respect animal life, using animals only when essential and as humanely as possible, and they should adopt alternative methods should not add additional stress to an as soon as they are proved to be reliable. already fragile system.” Copies of the l Freedom of opinion and discussion on this subject must be safeguarded, but violent testimony may be obtained from the attacks on people and property, hostile campaigns against individual scientists, and the APS Headquarters, 9650 Rockville use of distorted, inaccurate or misleading evidence should be publicly condemned. @ Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991.

Call For Papers

Have you received your Cal/for Papers? Deadline for receipt of abstracts for the APS Conference Interactions of the Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems in Health and Disease and the 13th Annual Meeting of the IUPS Commission on Gravitational Physiology is May 14, 2991. Contact FASEB Meeting Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Tel: 301-530-7010, Fax: 301-571-1855.

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 17 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Call For Papers

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 17 NIH EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH

Research in Physiology, NIDCD

The newly formed National Institute on Deafness and stereocilia at their tips; and 2) oscillatory length changes of Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD; established in the OHC in response to biochemical changes and transcel- 1988) is the focal point at the National Institutes of Health lular oscillating electrical fields. First demonstrated in iso- (NIH) for the support of multidisciplinary research in hear- lated hair cell preparations, the motile characteristics of the ing, balance, smell, taste, speech, voice, and language. The hair cells have now been demonstrated in vivo. research spans all the levels of neural organization from Decades ago, research indicated that production of sensory reception to perception and encompasses the cellular com- cells in the mammalian cochlea is limited to embryonic stages munication within the internal milieu of organisms and their of development, leading to the conclusion that damage to sensory communication with the external stimulus environ- the sensory cells later in life was irreparable. More recent ment. The most common descriptor of the research is phys- studies have shown that both juvenile and adult birds and iology, primarily neurophysiology and electrophysiology. fish have the ability to regenerate sensory cells in damaged Research opportunities and needs related to physiology are cochlear epithelia, even in species where production of those highlighted below. Two of the recurrent themes are regener- cells normally ceases early in embryonic development. Im- ation of sensory receptor cells and electrophysiological tests portantly, the regeneration process follows the same anatom- to assessthe integrity of nerve pathway function in clinical ical sequence as that observed in the normal embryonic pro- settings. cess. The new cells have been shown to establish neural connections in the same way as the original cell population and maintain the original cells’ response properties. The pro- genitor cells have now been identified in several animal Hearing and Balance models; these cells have comparable mammalian homo- logues. Experiments are under way to define the trigger The past decade has seen unprecedented progress in audi- events leading to regeneration and determine whether those tory physiology research, bringing about revolutionary events can be stimulated in mammals. If this important step changes in the conventional views of auditory structure and is possible, unprecedented progress will have been made function. The cochlea, once considered a passive mechanical toward treatment of sensory hearing impairment. transducer of acoustic energy, is now known to play a very One of the most persistent questions in the study of audi- active role in sound transduction, tuning, and coding through tory evoked potentials concerns the generator source(s) for chemically and sound-mediated outer hair cell motility. the various components of the response. It is now clear that Startling evidence of this active, nonlinear process is found the far field spatial distribution of potentials on the surface in otoacoustic emissions: tones of various frequencies emitted of the skull yields significant information about the gener- by the cochlea spontaneously or as distortion products of ators of the potentials, ifthe temporal changes in the spatial acoustic stimuli. The longstanding assumption that loss of distribution are also analyzed. In another approach to the the sensory epithelium of the cochlea is permanent and ir- generator question, inactivation of discrete central auditory reversible has been challenged by the discovery that regener- nuclei by lidocaine injection followed by simultaneous multi- ation and regrowth of damaged hair cells occurs as a nor- electrode recordings has demonstrated clear and predictable mal process in birds and cold-blooded animals. Sophisticated differences in the waveform morphology, latency, and ampli- labeling techniques and electron microscopy have enabled tudes of the early and middle latency responses. In the guinea more precise definitions of afferent and efferent nerve fiber pig, surface middle latency response activity is concentrated populations, their effects on signal transduction, and the over the temporal lobe and over the posterior midline. This neurotransmitter substances associated with cochlear activity. response has been shown to reflect the activity of different Progress has not been limited to the peripheral auditory sys- generating systems than those associated with the auditory tem. The membrane properties of brain stem auditory nuclei brain stem response or the late cortical evoked potential. cells have been analyzed with in vitro techniques that per- The vestibular system controls ocular and postural adjust- mit manipulation of the electrical and chemical environments ments of the organism in response to positional changes of of the cells. The representation and processing of the salient the head in space. Signals from the peripheral vestibular re- features of bat sonar signals have been described in auditory ceptors in the inner ear are processed by central neural cir- cortex and a neural map of auditory space has been con- cuits (the latter receiving visual and proprioceptive inputs structed for the barn owl, providing greater insight into as well), generating the compensatory vestibular reflexes. Sig- mechanisms of sound localization. The following paragraphs nificant strides have been made recently in understanding the will elucidate some of these exciting developments. vestibular system in health and disease. Some of the impor- The outer hair cells (OHCs) make up one of two mechano- tant frontiers for further research in vestibular physiology sensitive hair cell populations in the mammalian cochlea. and pathophysiology include the following: the mechanics The role in hearing of the OHC now appears to be one of of the vestibular labyrinth, the physiology of vestibular syn- modulating the micromechanical properties of the cochlea aptic transmission, efferent vestibular control, vestibular hair through two mechanisms: 1) interactions among hair cell cell and nerve regeneration, the assessment of vestibular

18 THE PHYSIOLOGIST NIH EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH

nerve function, and the neurophysiologic mechanisms sub- system begin in early life and continue through life. Smell serving functional recovery following disease. receptor neurons exhibit a powerful trophic influence on the The mechanical properties of the vestibular endorgan formation of the olfactory bulb. Transplants of these neurons receptor cells and the membranous structures covering them, combined with their matrix remodel the morphology of non- the cupula, and the otolithic membrane need to be studied olfactory regions of the brain. Receptor neuron neurogenesis further. Recent progress has been made in delineating the and differentiation can occur without the bulb, but matu- structural basis for mechanical transduction in the frog ration of the receptor neuron appears to be incomplete at otolithic membrane. Some of the physiologic properties of the neurophysiological and biochemical levels. the primary vestibular nerve fibers have been related to the The plasmic transport system of the smell nerve poten- corresponding mammalian hair cell types I and II. A better tially can provide a portal for the entry of pathogens and understanding of hair cell static and dynamic properties will toxins into the brain and for the delivery of therapeutic sub- further our understanding of vestibular transduction and stances to targets in the brain, avoiding the blood-brain bar- coding. The advanced physical techniques used so success- rier, which ordinarily prevents such access. Further, recent fully in the study of cochlear mechanics need to be applied studies in adult rodents indicate that nervelike cells migrate to descriptive studies of cupular and otolithic motion. from the smel1 neuroepithelium to the brain. These cells Since the significant discovery that auditory hair cells of might also be used to transport pharmacotherapeutics to the birds can regenerate following injury, recent work has brain; these cells might become infected and transport the focused on vestibular hair cell and nerve regeneration. It is infection to the brain. Research opportunities include those now known that the vestibular hair cells of certain fish are to investigate the transport of pathogens and toxins and of replenished almost continuously throughout the life cycle. therapeutic chemicals to the brain and to develop animal The regenerated hair cells in the lateral line organ of the models to investigate these processes. axolotl salamander have been postulated to originate from Taste cells have special properties that contribute to plastic- support cells. Vestibular nerve regeneration following trauma ity in the taste system and offer unique and as yet under- in the bullfrog has been shown to involve the reestablishment utilized opportunities for the study of receptor cells that are of “normal” connectivity rather than an adaptive reorganiza- renewed through life. Taste receptor cells are modified tion. The structures and the biochemical and genetic mecha- epithelial cells that renew themselves in a process of continu- nisms subserving regeneration need to be enthusiastically ous turnover. Taste buds degenerate if the peripheral inner- sought in the hope that we may eventually learn how to re- vation is cut, and they regenerate upon reinnervation; recent store useful function to the human vestibular sense organ results show that the chorda tympani nerve prevents filiform and nerve that have been traumatized or diseased. papillae development. Other research is focused on the role of cell-surface molecules in the taste cell-taste nerve contacts during the regeneration cycle and on the role of the taste nerve and taste cells in synapse formation. Studies involving Smell and Taste denervation and cross-nerve reinnervation are continuing. Recent studies indicate that early and continued restric- A number of properties of the chemical senses are proving tion of dietary sodium in pregnant rats and their pups useful for studying some general properties of neural sys- produced permanent neurophysiological and anatomical al- tems. One of the hallmarks of the chemical senses is the con- terations in the solitary nucleus of the brainstem. The tinuous renewal of chemosensory receptor cells from precur- animals also consumed less salt solution than control coun- sor cells throughout the full life of vertebrates and the terparts in preference and conditioned aversion tests. Other constant reestablishment of functional connections between neurophysiological studies demonstrate that the peripheral newly generated receptor cells and their targets. This cycle nerve responses to NaCl are of low magnitude during early of regeneration is highly conducive for addressing questions development and gradually increase and that the develop- about the development, maintenance, and aging of receptor mental process can be blocked by the early restriction of cell populations and about the trophic interactions between dietary salt. Apparently, the normal increase in Na respon- the newly generated receptor cells and their targets at neuro- siveness is based on the acquisition of Na-ion channels that physiological and biochemical levels. can be blocked by amiloride. The smell system offers a special opportunity for under- An important approach in the development of a complete standing fundamental mechanisms of neural regeneration, understanding of sensory processes has been the combined brain development, and plasticity. The smell receptor neuron use of physiological and psychophysical or behavioral mea- provides the only direct neural connection between the ex- surements. In the assessment of smell, taste, and trigeminal ternal environment and the forebrain and is the only projec- nerve function, one of the major challenges has been how tion neuron that is normally replaced from precursor cells. to get electrophysiological responses that are as good or Receptor neuron destruction stimulates stem cell mitosis and better than behavioral or psychophysical responses, that is, differentiation of daughter cells into neurons. The differen- how to get data that are comparable to the field potentials tiating cells become fully mature bipolar neurons at the time recorded routinely in audiology. The need for such mea- of synaptic contact with the olfactory bulb. surements is especially urgent in testing prematurely born Trophic interactions among neurons and cells in the smell infants, infants, and perhaps toddlers, because, despite years

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 19 NIH EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH

of arduous research, little is known about their chemosen- A fuller understanding is needed of how language in all sory worlds. Also, difficulties have often arisen in interpret- of its many aspects is mediated by anatomical structures of ing the results of psychophysical tests of smell in patients the brain and their physiology. For example, individuals vary with dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease, because it is widely in their recovery of language capacities after appar- difficult to differentiate the cognitive from the sensory ently similar brain lesions. The mechanisms by which recov- deficits. Only a few groups of investigators are attempting ery of language abilities occurs, following brain lesions, need to develop electrophysiological tests of chemosensory func- to be investigated by PET scan imaging of brain metabolism. tion. What is needed are valid, specific, sensitive, reliable, The role of the right hemisphere and residual function of and standardized electrophysiological tests of smell, taste, structures in the left hemisphere during the recovery process and trigeminal nerve function in health and disease. needs to be documented further. Laryngeal and respiratory physiology represents the foundation of existing knowledge and serves as the basis of future investigations of voice production. The next generation Speech, Language, and Voice of measurement tools to provide physiologic information on vocal fold vibration and airflow modulation is now under- Significant advances have been made in recent years in the going further development in voice laboratories. With the understanding of normal and disordered speech production. electroglottograph, scientists can now assess whether the Technological advances have provided instrumentation for vocal folds meet during vibration. With photoglottography, measuring lip, jaw, velar, tongue, and pharyngeal movements the area of glottal opening between the vocal folds can be during speech production, allowing recording of activity measured. Scientists are making recordings of the electrical from many of the muscles used to produce these movements. activity of the laryngeal muscles in normal and disordered One means of studying vocal tract movements during speech speakers, to determine the role of each muscle in vocal fold is a national center for speech research, the X-Ray Micro- movement. beam at Madison, Wisconsin. This center allows scientists Research needs in voice physiology include studies employ- to study movements inside the mouth, by utilizing small ing recent technologies that would provide direct insight into pellets that are traced by the microbeam and displayed on the specialized functions of the human larynx, with specific a computer screen in a reconstruction of the inside of the regard to receptor identification, reflex organization, central mouth. Movements of the tongue, the major speech articu- control, and muscle behavior in health and disease. Infor- lator used also for chewing and swallowing, can be measured. mation is needed about the modification of sensory and mus- Other techniques such as miniature magnetometers and ultra- cle action feedback to the motoneuron pools during differ- sound are also being used to study tongue, pharyngeal and ent laryngeal gestures in higher level primates and humans. velar movements during speech. Such technologies have the potential for increasing understanding of normal speech as well as speech impairments. Relatively little is known about the neurophysiology of Conclusion normal or disordered speech production. Contributing factors to this dearth of knowledge include the biomechanical Here only a brief overview could be provided of the sen- complexities of the vocal tract, the complex nature of the sory and motor events related to hearing, balance, smell, nervous system involved in vocal tract control, the charac- taste, speech, voice, and language function. Additional elabo- teristically complex motor skills involved in speaking, the rations on the physiological research opportunities and needs absence of an animal model for research, and finally, the within the numerous, broad, and multidisciplinary research small number of investigators in the area of speech motor interests of the institute are included in its announcements control. Research needs or foci in speech physiology extend in the NIH Guide. Some of theserecent directions in research across a number of areas. are the study of regeneration of sensory receptors, neuro- Investigations are needed into the neural pathways involved logical and neuromuscular aspectsof swallowing, progres- in the planning, programming, and execution of movements sive hearing impairment, biochemistry and pharmacology of the vocal tract for speech production. Physiologic studies of the auditory and vestibular systems,and the central taste in animals can characterize firing patterns of central nervous pathways. The array of physiological techniques bearing on sytem neurons during vocalization. Such studies can relate these research directions encompasses the traditional those firing patterns to specific peripheral aspects of vocali- methods of physiology, for example, neurophysiological tests zation. Electrophysiological, morphological, and psycho- of function in clinical settings, and those of molecular phys- physical analyses of sensory mechanisms associated with iology, genetics, and immunology within the context of orofacial sites are needed, given recent evidence that sensory problems of contemporary structure-function relations. influence plays an important role in orofacial motor control. This control occurs in both the planning stages before initi- Jack Pearl ation of movement and in the moment-to-moment shaping Maureen Hannley of motor output. Some disorders of speech may be associated Judith A. Cooper with deficits in processing sensory inputs. Daniel Sklare

20 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PEOPLE AND PLACES

Richard A. Cohen, professor of Johnson Receives Honorary Degree medicine and physiology at the Boston University School of Medicine, was Cracow’s Copernicus Medical School elected to the board of directors of in Poland during ceremonies on Sep- Research!America, the Alexandria- tember 24, 1990. The honorary degree based alliance for discoveries in health. was awarded in recognition of John- Cohen is also president of the Ameri- son’s distinguished research resulting in can Federation for Clinical Research. the discovery and explanation of gas- Leonard F. Cipriano, formerly with trointestinal (GI) hormone function as the Lockheed Engineering and Sciences regulators of GI mucosal growth. He Company, has joined the Center for was also selected for honorary mem- Space and Advanced Technology, Fair- bership in the Polish Physiological So- fax, VA. ciety and received an honorary diploma Corresponding member, Pompeo and the Napoleon Cybulski medal at Volpe, has returned to the Istituto di the opening ceremonies of the Con- Patologia Generale, Padova, Italy. gress of the Polish Physiological Soci- Formerly at the Washington Univer- ety. An APS member since 1970, John- sity School of Medicine, Ellen McMa- son is professor and chairman of the hon has moved to Searle Research and Leonard R. Johnson received the degree Doctor of Medicine (Honons Department of Physiology and Bio- Development, Monsanto Company, St. physics, University of Tennessee. Louis, MO. Causa) from the University of APS member, Ying-Tung Lau, Michigan Cancer Foundation, has Bishop Wins the Humboldt Research Award moved to Chang Gung Medical Col- lege, Department of Physiology, Vernon S. Bishop from the Univer- Taoyuan, Taiwan. sity of Texas Health Science Center, at Richard C Rose of the University of San Antonio, has won the prestigious North Dakota has joined the Depart- Humboldt Research Award. The award ment of Physiology and Biophysics, from the Alexander von Humboldt Chicago Medical School. Foundation in Germany is given to senior United States scientists. It will allow Bishop, who is primarily in- APS Members Receive terested in cardiovascular pharmacol- ASME Melville Medal ogy and physiology, to spend a year at the University of Heidelberg and the Shu Chien, professor of bioengineer- University of Dusseldorf in Germany ing and medicine, Geert W. Schmid- to work with research colleagues. Schoenbein, professor of bioengineer- Bishop, President of the APS in 1989 ing, and Richard Skalak, professor of and a member since 1968, is editor of bioengineering, University of Califor- the American Journal of Physiology: nia at San Diego, were among the five Heart and Circulatory Physiology. recipients of the Melville Medal of the American Society of Mechanical En- APSIFASEB Spring Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia gineers (ASME) during its annual meeting in Dallas. The award is given Monday, April 22, 1991 Wednesday, April 24, 1991 for the best original paper or thesis on 4~45 PM 4~45 PM a mechanical engineering subject pre- Bowditch Lecture Physiology in Perspective sented for discussion and publication Walter B. Cannon Memorial Lecture during the preceding year. They received the award for their paper, “Pas- “Renal Afferent Inputs to Ascending Spinal “Atriopeptin: Discoveries Pathways” and Implications” sive Deformation Analysis of Human Leukocytes.” W. Steve Ammons Philip Needleman Chien is President of the APS and Associate Professor of Physiology Vice President Jefferson Medical College Monsanto Corporate Research has been a member since 1967. Schmid- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Monsanto Company Schoenbein and Skalak were elected to St. Louis, Missouri

Society membership in 1981 and 1984, &mwmd by the Grass Foundation) respectively.

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 21 POSITIONS AVAILABLE

Research Scientists. The National your CV and a cover letter that includes the Research Laboratory, the Navy’s corporate Positions Available names and addresses of three individuals research laboratory, is seeking highly moti- who may be contacted for letters of refer- There is a $25 charge per issue for each ence to: Dr. Ronald F. Zernicke, Depart- vated scientists to fill postdoctoral and sab- position listed. A check or money order batical positions for expanding programs in payable to the American Physiological So- ment of Kinesiology, 2859 Slichter Hall, the Center for Bio/Molecular Science and ciety must accompany the copy. Purchase UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1568. The Engineering. The Center conducts multidis- orders will not be accepted unless accom- Universityof California isan Qua/ Oppor- ciplinary research in biotechnology using panied by payment. Ads not prepaid will tunity/Affirmative Action Employer. not be printed. Copy must be typed the techniques of modern molecular biol- double-spaced and limited to 150 words. ogy, biophysics, chemistry, and engineering All copy is subject to the editorial policy Assistant/Associate Professor, Vertebrate to fabricate biosensors, biomaterials, and of The Physiologist. EOAAE indicates Physiology. The Department of Biology, advanced systems. Current research areas Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Westmont College, Santa Barbara has a te- Employer and appears only where given nure track faculty opening for August 1991. include: biophysical chemistry of mem- on original copy. Copy deadline: copy branes; antibody, DNA probe, and receptor- must reach the APS office before the 15th Research speciality open but prefer in- based technologies for biosensor design and of the month, 2 months preceding the dividual interested in environmental phys- engineering; genetic engineering of bio- month of issue (e.g., before February 15 iology, neurobiology, or behavioral endocri- materials; archaebacterial and glycolipids for the April issue). Mail copy to APS, nology. Person will teach animal biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. as models of ultra-stable membranes; phys- general physiology, plus a course from ical properties of thin films and surfaces; specialty. microwave devices, ultramicroelectrodes Westmont College is a Carnegie Level I and electron emitters based on metallized 6 months experience or 1 year in similar “national” liberal arts college committed to composites; molecular self-assembly of sub- research project, $424/wk. Send resume to stimulating vigorous intellectual inquiry in micron sized particles; selective patterning Job Service of Florida, 1307 N. Monroe St., the context of the historic Christian faith. of biological materials (antibodies, cells) on Tallahassee, FL 32303. Ref. Job Order Science programs have a tradition of highly solid substrates; blood substitutes and FL-058941. successful research involving faculty and wound repair materials; and novel deep UV students, supported by a new science facil- and electron beam patterning processes and Pre- and Postdoctoral Training, Develop- ity, an institutional commitment to research materials. mental Biology. Positions for research train- in the undergraduate teaching environment, U.S. citizenship is required for National ing in pregnancy, birth, and fetal develop- and a record of attracting national funding. Research Council and Office of Naval Tech- ment are available in our multidisciplinary PhD required and postdoctoral ex- nology Postdoctoral Fellowships. Informa- research group. Areas of expertise include perience is preferred; women and minori- tion: Dr. J. Schnur, Code 6090, Naval Re- molecular endocrinology of pregnancy, ties are especially encouraged to apply. Send search Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 uterine smooth muscle biology, control of letter, vita with names of references, and 5000. Tel: 202-767-3344, Fax 202-767-1295. respiratory and cardiovascular function in statements of teaching philosophy and the fetus and newborn, maturation of the scholarly interest to Physiologist Search Instructor, Biological Sciences with em- central nervous system, and placental de- Committee, Department of Biology, West- phasis on anatomy and physiology. The St. velopment and function. Techniques in- mont College, Santa Barbara, CA 93108. Petersburg Junior College, Tarpon Springs clude whole animal physiology, receptor au- Center, is seeking to fill a tenured track po- toradiography, cell culture, molecular sition with a starting date of August 1991. biology, electrophysiology and patch clamp. Salary is dependent upon academic degree Send application letter, curriculum vitae, BOOKS RECEIVED (beginning Masters degree is $28,476 for and names of three references to: Dr. S. J. 10% months). St. Petersburg Junior Col- Lye, Division of Perinatology, Samuel Lu- lege is fully accredited with a current en- nenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Bestand Taylor’sPhysiological Basis of rollment of 22,600 credit students at four Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Medical Practice. (12th Ed.) John B. West (editor). Baltimore, MD: Williams & campuses/centers. The Tarpon Springs Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. Wilkins, 1991, 1170 pp., illus., index, $55.00. Center, established in 1970, has an enroll- SkeletalMuscle in Health and Disease. ment of 2,500 credit students. Interested Lecturers in Physiology or Anat- David A. Jones and Joan M. Round. New candidates should contact Nick M. Billiris, omy/Biomechanics. The UCLA Depart- York, NY St. Martin’s, 1990, 221 pp., illus., 600 Klosterman Road, Palm Harbor, FL ment of Kinesiology in the Life Sciences Di- index, $49.95, Hardcover. $17.95, 34683.Tel: 813-791-5734. vision of the College of Letters and Science Paperback. invites applications for three full-time lec- Drug Discovery:A Casebookand AnaI- Junior Research Assistant, BA in Biol- turers. Individuals with experience in teach- ysis. Robert A. Maxwell and Shohreh B. ogy, Physiology or Medicine. Herbal ing mammalian physiology, systems phys- Eckhardt. Clifton, NJ: Humana, 1990,439 research project conducted on healthy iology, performance physiology, or pp., illus., index, $79.50. volunteers and volunteers suffering from biomechanics/anatomy are encouraged to Inflammatory Indices in Chronic Bron- Carl G. A. Persson, Ralph Brattsand, AIDS and cancer related tumors. Explain chitis. apply. Appointees will teach at both the un- Lauri A. Laitinen, and Per Venge (editors). protocols to volunteers; review modern and dergraduate and graduate levels. Applicants Basel: Karger, 1990, 294 pp., illus., index, ancient literature pertinent to herbs studied; should have a PhD or MD degree, and the $78.00. supervise or perform physiologic studies on salary will be commensurate with qualifi- Body and Brain: A Trophic Theory of the volunteers; tabulate and analyze data cations. These one-year positions will be- Neural Connections. Dale Purves. Cam- obtained and assist with drafting and edit- gin July 1, 1991. The deadline for receipt bridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1988, 231 ing final reports. Position in Panama City. of applications is March 15, 1991. Submit pp., illus., index, $14.95.

22 THE PHYSIOLOGIST BOOK REVIEW

Human Physiology (2nd ed.) yet the structure of a steroidis never shown.This approachis explainedby oneof the authors,who statesthat “structural for- Robert F. Schmidt and Gerhard Thews (editors) mulascan be found in textbooks of biochemistry.”Brief refer- New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989, 825 pp., $79.00. encesto human medicineand pathophysiologyare common. Three chaptersstand out as unique among medicalphysiol- Hz~rnan physiology is a textbook written primarily for medi- ogy textbooks. One is a short chapter on information theory. cal students. The first edition (1983) was the English transla- This chapteris complexand very mathematicallyoriented, em- tion of the German textbook, phvsiologie des Men&en, which phasizingthe importanceof redundancyand paralleltransmis- wasfirst publishedby Hermann Reinin 1936.The secondedi- sion of information. The chapter on work physiology is very tion hasbeen revised, reorganized, updated, and expandedby interestingand practical, discussingphysical and mental per- about 100pages. The book representsthe combinedefforts of formanceand describingthe physiologicaladjustments to work. 25 German authors. Additional topicsincluded in this chapterare performance limits, Humanphrsiology is a thoroughand well-organized textbook. exhaustionand fatigue, circadianrhythms, training, and apti- Classicphysiology is emphasized throughout the book’s34 chap- tude testing. The chapter on agingis a valuableaddition to the ters.An introductory sectioncontains various topics in cell phys- text. The chapter containsa brief discussionof life expectancy iology. The emphasisof this sectionis on membranetransport, and theoriesof aging, followed by a system-by-systemdescrip- membraneelectrical activity, and synaptic transmission,with tion of age-relatedchanges in structure and function. Unfor- little discussionof other intracellularevents. This sectionis fol- tunately,there is no attemptto tie theseconcepts together around lowedby a sectionon muscleand neurophysiology.These chap- unifying themes,such as lossof enzymatic activity or replace- tersare notable for their breadth anddepth of material.Almost ment of functional tissuewith connectivetissue. 150pages are devoted to sensoryphysiology. The chapter on The writing style of Human physiology is succinct;it reads generalsensory physiology includes a numberof classictheories smoothlyand holdsthe reader’sinterest. New terms and impor- of psychophysicsand evenhas a paragraphon parapsychology. tant pointsare emphasizedwith bold type or italics. Occasional Thirst andhunger are treated as specialsenses. The chapteron small-printparagraphs provide more detailed discussions of cer- the autonomicnervous system (ANS) goeswell beyond the usual tain topics. There are over 600 figures, almost all small, two- discussionof the peripheralANS by including detailedinfor- color figures. Some of the figuresare very detailed,with too mation on central autonomicmechanisms. The sectionon neu- muchinformation andlengthy figure legends.References found ral and hormonalregulation contains a chapterdevoted to prin- at the end of eachchapter include textbooks, reviewarticles, ciplesof regulation and control theory. However,the concept and original researcharticles. The most recent referencesare of homeostasisis underemphasizedthroughout most of the dated 1987.Several classic works are cited. The index is very book. The remainderof the book coversthe circulatory and thorough, enhancingthe value of this book as a reference. respiratory systems,energy balance,digestion, excretion, and Human Physiology has a solid grounding in physiological reproduction.The chapterson reproductionlack the detail found principlesand containsa wealth of information in a readable in other chapters. style.Students will benefitfrom the inclusionof both experimen- The experimentalnature of physiologyis emphasizedthrough- tal and clinical approachesto physiology found in this excel- out the text. The authors have incorporated numerousfigures lent textbook. containingactual or stylized experimentaldata. Mathematical formulasare abundantin many chapters.Chemical structures Kip L. McGilliard and biochemicalpathways are almost totally absent.For exam- Departmentof Zoology ple, the biosynthesisof steroidhormones is briefly described, EasternIllinois University

Future Meetings 1991 APS Conference: Sept. 29-October 3 Interactions of the Endocrine and San Antonio, TX CardiovascularSystems in Health and Disease

1992 April 5-10 FASEB Spring Meeting Anaheim, CA APS Conference: September22-26 Integrative Biology of Exercise Colorado Springs, CO APS Conference: The Cellular and Molecular Biology November4-10 of Membrane Transport Orlando, FL

1993 March 2%April 1 FASEB Spring Meeting New Orleans, LA 1994 April 24-29 FASEB Spring Meeting Anaheim, CA

Vol. 34, No. 1, 1991 23 APS Sustaining Associate Members

The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Associate Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives

Abbott Laboratories Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. American Medical Asssociation *Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. Pharmacia, Inc. Beckman Instruments, Inc. ICI Pharmaceuticals Group Pillsbury Corporation Berlex Laboratories Jandel Scientific Procter & Gamble Company *Boehringer Ingelheim Janssen Pharmaceutics Quaker Oats Company Burroughs Wellcome Company R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical *Sandoz, Inc. Ciba-Geigy Corporation Research Institute *Schering-Plough Corporation Coulbourn Instruments, Inc. Lederle Laboratories G. D. Searle and Company Dagan Corporation Eli Lilly & Company SmithKline Beecham E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Marion Laboratories Laboratories Company McNeil Pharmaceutical *Squibb Corporation Fisons Pharmaceuticals *Merck & Co., Inc. Sterling Drug, Inc. Genentech, Inc. Miles Institute for Preclinical Sutter Instruments Company Glaxo, Inc. Pharmacology *The Upjohn Company Gould, Inc. NARCO Bio-Systems *Warner-Lambert/Parke Davis Grass Foundation Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Waverly Press Harvard Apparatus Inc. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories

*Second Century Corporate Founders

Scientific Meetings ANNOUNCEMENTS depending upon the sponsoring laboratory, and Congresses and will be appropriately higher for senior Associates. Financial support is provided SecondInternational Conferenceon So- Senior and Postdoctoral for allowable relocation expenses and for dium/Calcium Exchange,Baltimore, MD, Research Associateships limited professional travel during duration April 8-10, 1991. Information: Marketing of the award. The host laboratory provides Department, New York Academy of Sciences, The National Research Council (NRC) the Associate with programmatic assistance 2 East 63rd Street, New York, NY 10021, Tel: announces the 1991 Resident, Cooperative, including facilities, support services, neces- 212-838-0230, Fax: 212-888-2894. and Postdoctoral Research Associateship sary equipment, and travel necessary for the 37th Annual Meeting, American Society Programs for research in the sciences and conduct of the approved research program. for Artificial Internal Organs, Chicago, IL, engineering to be conducted on behalf of April 25-27, 1991. Information: ASAIO, 30 federal agencies or research institutions 2200 North Federal Highway, Suite 201, whose 115 participating research laborator- Boca Raton, FL 33431-7710. Tel: ies are located throughout the United NASA/NSF Research Projects 407-391-8589. States. The programs provide opportunities Magnesium in Clinkal Medicine and Ther- for PhD scientists and engineers of unusual On October 11-12, 1990, the National apeutics:State of the Art - 1991and Work- promise and ability to perform research on Aeronautics and Space Administration shopon Methods for AssessingMagnesium problems largely of their own choosing yet (NASA) and the National Science Founda- in Body Fluids, Cellsand Tissues,La Jolla, compatible with the research interests of the tion (NSF) held a science working group CA, May 24, 1991. Information: B. M. Al- sponsoring laboratory. meeting to discuss future joint projects to tura, Box 31, SUNY Health Science Center, Approximately 450 new full-time As- be conducted in polar areas that are ap- 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, sociateships will be awarded on a competi- plicable to long duration space flight, as Tel: 718-270-2618 or Leo GalIand, 41 East tive basis in 1991 for research in chemistry; well as beneficial to future polar science. 60th Street, New York, NY 10022, Tel: earth and atmospheric sciences; engineer- Some of the areas of interest are circadian 212-308-6622. ing and applied sciences; biological, health, rhythms and sleep disturbances; epidemi- Conferenceon Neurotoxins and Neu- and behavioral sciences and biotechnology; ology of infectious illness; energy balance rodegenerativeDisorders, Philadelphia, PA, mathematics; space and planetary sciences; and thermoregulation; telecommunication; May 6-8-1991. Information: Richard Heik- and physics. Most of the programs are open habitat design; workload assessment; mul- kiIa, New York Academy of Sciences, 2 East to both US and non-US nationals, and to ticultural factors; group dynamics; and 63rd Street, New York, NY 10021, Tel: both recent PhD recipients and senior in- mental health. A joint NASA/NSF research 212-838-0230, Fax: 212-888-2894. vestigators. announcement is planned for release in 7th BMSR Workshop, “Models of Com- Awards are made for l-2 years, renewa- March 1991 for research starts in winter plex Respiratory Dynamics in Sleep and ble to a maximum of 3 years; senior appli- 1992. Information: Dr. J. Stoklosa, NASA, Wakefulness,” Anaheim, CA, May 11, 1991. cants who have held the doctorate at least Manager, Biomedical Programs, Gabriele H. Larmon, BSR, Information: 5 years may request a shorter period. An- 202-453-1527, or Dr. P. Penhale, NSF, University of California, School of En- Manager, Polar Biology and Medicine Pro- gineering, Los Angeles. Tel: 213-740-0839, nual stipends for recent PhD’s for the 1991 Fax: 213-740-0343. program year range from $27,150 to $42,000 gram, 202-357-7894.

24 THE PHYSIOLOGIST