Special Issue: Remote Sensing of Soils for Environmental Assessment and Management

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C ENSING The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science technology S EMOTE R NGINEERING & E HOTOGRAMMETRIC P INTRODUCING THE ASPRS SMARTPHONE APP

The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) has launched an association and conference focused smartphone app for use by ASPRS members and those interested in the Society. The app keeps ASPRS competitive and continues to provide members with the tools they find essential, such as real-time access to association news, member directories, information on ASPRS webinars and conferences, and critical industry alerts all from their iPhone or Android smartphone. The app is available on both iPhone and Android platforms.

Now everyone can have the association The Conference side of the app allows Downloading the new ASPRS app is experience right at their fingertips. The attendees to connect with the conference simple! iPhone users can visit the Apple technology available through the smart- web page, access a dynamic electronic App Store and download the ASPRS phone app includes accessing the ASPRS final program, create a personalized App free of charge. Android users may mobile website, direct access to “My calendar of events during the conference access via the Google Plays Store to ASPRS” portals with editing and log-in week, view a map of activities, restau- download the new version, also free of capability, a student information tab rants and attractions surrounding the charge. Individuals may also find the with focused activities and information, conference location, post personal experi- links to download the smartphone app publications tab for browsing the ASPRS ences and leave live real-time comments on the ASPRS website. Download the Bookstore and online publications, an for other attendees on the “Fan Wall”, a ASPRS App today! upcoming webinar and events calendar “Socialize” tab for access to ASPRS social and membership “Join Now” material. media pages, and an “FAQ” tab with the most important questions and answers In addition, the ASPRS smartphone app asked during the conference. includes a second screen dedicated to conference activities. The latest confer- ASPRS is continuously working to im- ence information is uploaded to the app prove communications with our members about a month prior to the upcoming and stakeholders, and expanding the mo- conference and then requires the well- bile app beyond its initial conference- known “shake to update” for the latest focused purpose in order to address a wid- app information. er range of ASPRS programs and infor- mation sources was a natural transition. PECORA 19 Sustaining Land Imaging... UAS to Satellites in conjunction with the Joint Symposium of ISPRS Technical Commission I and IAG Commission 4

November 17-20 The 19th William T. Pecora Memorial Remote Sensing Symposium – Sustaining Land Imaging: UAS to Satellites will be held in conjunction with the Joint Symposium of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Technical Commission I and International Association of 2014 Geodesy (IAG) Commission 4. The Pecora 19 Symposium will be held November Renaissance 17-20, 2014 at the Renaissance Denver Hotel, Denver, Colorado and will be Denver Hotel combining various general sessions and special technical sessions throughout Denver, Colorado the week with the ISPRS/IAG Symposium.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 285 The Department of the Interior (DOI) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) jointly sponsor the award. The award was established in 1974 to honor the memory of Dr William T. Pecora, former Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and Under Secretary, Department of the Interior. Dr. Pecora was a motivating force behind the establishment of a program for civil remote sensing of the Earth from space. His early vision and support helped establish what we know today as the Landsat satellite program. Eligibility The Award Any individual or group working in the eld of remote sens- The William T. Pecora Award is presented annually ing of the Earth is eligible to receive the William T. Pecora to individuals or groups that have made outstanding Award. We accept nominations for public and private sector contributions toward understanding the Earth by means individuals, teams, organizations, and professional societies. of remote sensing. Nominations are accepted for public Both national and international nominations are welcome. and private sector individuals, teams, organizations, and Previous nominees not selected as recipients may be re-nom- professional societies. Both national and international inated for future awards. nominations are welcome. An individual award recognizes achievements in the scientic An individual award recognizes achievements in the scientic and technical remote sensing community, as well as contri- and technical remote sensing community, as well as contri- butions leading to successful practical applications of remote butions leading to successful practical applications of remote sensing. Consideration will be given to sustained career sensing. Consideration will be given to sustained career achievements or singular contributions of major importance achievements or singular contributions of major importance to the eld of remote sensing. to the eld of remote sensing. A group award recognizes a team, a group of individuals, or A group award recognizes a team, a group of individuals, or part of an organization that has made major breakthroughs part of an organization that has made major breakthroughs in remote sensing science or technology or developed an in remote sensing science or technology or developed an innovative application that has a signicant impact on the user innovative application that has a signicant impact on the user community or national/international policies. community or national/international policies.

Nomination Procedure contact information to the maximum extent possible. If you choose to provide personal information, such as submitting The Award Committee must receive nominations for the a nomination package or sending an e-mail, we will use that 2014 award by May 1, 2014. Instructions for preparing a information to process the nomination or to fulll the stated nomination and other information about the award can be purpose of the communication. Information submitted is not found on the Pecora Award web site: http://remotesensing. used for commercial marketing. usgs.gov/pecora.php Please do not send sensitive information, such as credit card Pecora Privacy Statement or social security numbers. This information is not required for the William T. Pecora award nomination package. The DOI/NASA Pecora Award Committee makes every effort to ensure that information submitted via the nomination pro- Finally, we request you inform the nominee of your intent cess or email is handled in accordance with the requirements to submit their information to the William T. Pecora Award of the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act to Committee. ensure the greatest protection of personal privacy. For additional information, please refer to our privacy We encourage all contact information associated with the statement: http://www.usgs.gov/laws/privacy.html nomination package and email to include only business http://remotesensing.usgs.gov/pecora.php PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science and technology April 2014 Volume 80 Number 4

COLUMNS FOREWORD Letter from the Sustaining Members 288 309 Remote Sensing of Soils for Environmental Assessment and Council Chair Grids and Datums 297 Management Overseas Lands of Stephen D. DeGloria, James R. Irons, and Larry T. West Book Review 299 Global Forest Monitoring from Earth Observation HIGHLIGHT ARTICLE ANNOUNCEMENTS 289 Emergent Imaging and Geospatial Technologies for Soil Pecora 19 & ISPRS Commission I Symposium 285 Investigations ASPRS News 303 Stephen D. DeGloria, Dylan E. Beaudette, James R. Irons, Zamir Libohova, Peggy E. New Sustaining Member 305 O’Neill, Phillip R. Owens, Philip J. Schoeneberger, Larry T. West, and Douglas A. Wysocki Reviewers for 2014 306 Call for Papers 342 INTERVIEW DEPARTMENTS 295 Jeff Lovin, CP Certification 296 Industry News 301 PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES Advertiser Index 302 311 Toward Linking Aboveground Properties and Soil Microbial Communities Using Remote Sensing Classifeds 304 New Members 307 Yuki Hamada, Jack A. Gilbert, Peter E. Larsen, and Madeline J. Norgaard Region of the Month 307 Exploring how biophysical remote sensing may help understand distribution of soil Forthcoming Articles 322 microbial communities. Calendar 322 323 Mapping the Subaqueous Soils of Lake Champlain’s Missisquoi Bay Using Ground-Penetrat- Member Champions 374 ing Radar, Digital Soil Mapping, and Field Measurements Who’s Who in ASPRS 375 Zamir Libohova, James Doolittle, Reed Sims, Thomas Villars, and Larry T. West Sustaining Members 376 The work on mapping subaqueous soils using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in Instructions for Authors 378 combination with digital soil mapping (DSM) and field observations. Membership Application 380 333 Geostatistical Methods for Predicting Soil Moisture Continuously in a Subalpine Basin Katherine E. Williams and Sharolyn J. Anderson The cover images reflect the complexity Regression modeling, remotely sensed imagery, lidar, and interpolation techniques to of soils across various produce continuous representations of soil moisture. spatial-temporal scales. Soil forming factors as 343 Mapping Impervious Surfaces Using Object-oriented Classification in a Semiarid Urban Region defined and described Zachary P. Sugg, Tobias Finke, David C. Goodrich, M. Susan Moran, and Stephen R. Yool by Jenny (1941) and McBratney (2003) have An object-oriented classification approach using high-resolution imagery developed for been and continue mapping impervious surfaces in arid and semiarid urban areas. to be at the center of soil science. They 353 Semi-Automated Disaggregation of a Conventional Soil Map Using Knowledge Driven Data express themselves Mining and Random Forests in the Sonoran Desert, USA at different scales varying from global all the way to molecular level. A Soil-Landscape model Travis W. Nauman, James A. Thompson, and Craig Rasmussen represents a fundamental paradigm of soil mapping Methods of updating a conventional soil map by disaggregating the original polygonal and predictions. Most importantly, Soil landscape map units into a field scale raster with DEM and multispectral data using a case study models bring the interactions of soil forming factors in the Sonoran Desert, USA. (climate, organisms, parent material, relief and time) into focus at a human scale; an operational scale. 367 Monitoring Agricultural Soil Sealing in Peri-Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing The introduction and use of remotely sensed data on characterizing climate, vegetation, topography, and Shiliang Su, Rui Xiao, and Yuan Zhang soil physical, chemical and biological properties has Remote sensing, geographical information systems, and digital soil data to capture the enabled soil scientists to deepen their understanding of soil functions. The integration of remotely sensed dynamics of agricultural soil sealing in peri-urban areas and to quantitatively analyze data with fundamental understanding of physical their relationships with urbanization. and biological processes and coupled with direct measurements in a soil system approach allows for a quantitative, dynamic soil pedology that can be understood and leveraged at scales relevant to those who actively manage, change, and sustain the land. The contributing sources of images are listed after the references in the highlight article.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 287 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING LETTER FROM THE SUSTAINING

MEMBERS COUNCIL CHAIR Journal Staff Publisher Dr. Michael Hauck Dear Readers, Editor Russell G. Congalton Welcome to the 2014 Sustaining Members Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow Issue of Photogrammetric Engineering Assistant Editor Jie Shan Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley and Remote Sensing. I am honored to be Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin writing the opening letter for this issue in Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing is the official journal what should be an exciting year. While it is of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is clear that our industry as a whole has been devoted to the exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. experiencing some level of decline in recent The technical activities of the Society are conducted through the following years, I am very optimistic that our profession Technical Divisions: Geographic Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data Acquisition, Professional Practice, and is on the cusp of a rebirth, particularly with Remote Sensing Applications. Additional information on the functioning the advent of emerging technologies such as unmanned platforms. of the Technical Divisions and the Society can be found in the Yearbook I feel strongly that soon traditional land surveyors will be adopting issue of PE&RS. Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining unmanned photogrammetric technologies as their next tool in their to this and other Society publications should be directed to the American toolbox, amongst the total stations and terrestrial scanners. The Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, economy of scale is at a threshold where smaller companies can Suite 210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144, including inquiries, mem- berships, subscriptions, changes in address, manuscripts for publication, now accomplish the fidelity and quality of deliverables traditionally advertising, back issues, and publications. The telephone number of the reserved for larger businesses and higher-cost manned systems. Society Headquarters is 301-493-0290; the fax number is 301-493-0208; email address is [email protected]. As our industry embarks on a much needed renaissance, I, too, PE&RS. PE&RS (ISSN0099-1112) is published monthly by the American have experienced my own personal rebirth. Not unlike other industry Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, professionals that I know, the beginning of the 2014 calendar year Suite 210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144. Periodicals postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland and at additional mailing offices. began a little bit rocky; even as Chair of the Sustaining Members SUBSCRIPTION. For the 2014 subscription year, ASPRS is offering two options Council and President of the Florida Region of ASPRS, I found to our PE&RS subscribers -- an e-Subscription and the print subscription. myself unemployed. All Print subscriptions are on a calendar-year basis and run from January through December, while Electronic subscriptions run for twelve months on As I was once told, losing your job can happen to anyone at any an anniversary basis. Ten years’ worth of digital back issues of PE&RS will level within an organization but, it can be a defining moment. My be available to online subscribers through the same portal at no additional charge. Please see the Frequently Asked Questions about our journal sub- break was a welcome one, allowing me to get some errands done scriptions. E-Subscription (digital) rate for USA and Foreign is $600 (Single around the house. More importantly, I was afforded the luxury of User); $1,000 (2-5 Individual Users); $2,000 (site License). For Canada: spending some quality time with my toddler son – experiences that I $630* (Single User); $1,050 (2-5 Individual Users); $2,100 (Site License). Printed-Subscription rate for U.S. Mail is $660; $762* (Canada Airmail); $735 will cherish forever. 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These individuals are over-reliant on graphic information systems; or who by means of education or profession their “virtual” social networks; yet, they fail to be engaged in any is interested in the application or development of these arts and sciences. Membership is for one year, with renewal based on the anniversary date true social networking. I came to the conclusion that you don’t need of the month joined. Membership Dues include a 12-month subscription to a carrier pigeon, or a Facebook account to get a job: what you need is PE&RS. Subscription is part of membership benefits and cannot be deducted from annual dues. Beginning with the January 2014 issue of PE&RS, all alignment with a professional organization where you can shine, and members outside of the USA will receive access to the full digital edition of develop professional relationships that oftentimes becomes lifelong the journal rather than the printed copy. Dues for ASPRS Members outside friendships. of the U.S. will now be the same as for members residing in the U.S. Annual dues for Regular members (Active Member) is $150; for Student members it After receiving my lay-off notice, I received an outpouring of is $50 for USA and Canada; $60 for Other Foreign (E-Journal – No hard copy support from my friends at ASPRS. Within my first few weeks of for all Students); for Associate Members it is $100 (member must be under the age of 35, see description on application in the back of this Journal). A unemployment I had four interviews lined up, all through acquain- tax of 5% for Canada’s Goods and Service Tax (GST #135123065) is applied tances I had made through ASPRS. The question quickly changed to all members residing in Canada from “Am I going to get a job?” to “Which job am I going to choose?” COPYRIGHT 2014. Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Reproduction of this issue or any part thereof (except The later question was even more emotionally challenging for me as I short quotations for use in preparing technical and scientific papers) may be now had a fear of letting my friends down in the event that I did not made only after obtaining the specific approval of the Managing Editor. The Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinions expressed accept a position with them. In the end, I chose to work for a small in technical papers, advertisements, or other portions of this publication. local Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) startup in order to pursue Printed in the United States of America. my lifelong dream of experiencing the life of an entrepreneur. I had PERMISSION TO PHOTOCOPY. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner’s met the Altavian CEO, John Perry, through a 2009 Florida Region consent that copies of the article may be made for personal or internal use of ASPRS Geospatial Symposium I had coordinated back in 2009. At or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the time, I was only an ASPRS certified photogrammetric technolo- the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee of $3.00 through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, gist and John was a Geomatics graduate student; he was presenting Massachusetts 01923, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 on a project that would soon become his company. or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising Why am I telling you all of this? Simple: I strongly believe in the or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. continued on page 302

288 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Emergent Imaging and Geospatial Technologies for Soil Investigations Stephen D. DeGloria, Dylan E. Beaudette, James R. Irons, Zamir Libohova, Peggy E. O’Neill, Phillip R. Owens, Philip J. Schoeneberger, Larry T. West, & Douglas A. Wysocki Introduction

Soil survey investigations and inventories form the scientific estimate uncertainties of spatial prediction models, and basis for a wide spectrum of agronomic and environmen- provide input to soil management programs (Boettinger et tal management programs. Soil data and information help al., 2010; Grunwald et al., 2011; McBratney et al., 2003). formulate resource conservation policies of federal, state, The next generation of imaging and telecommunica- and local governments that seek to sustain our agricultural tions systems integrated with complex analytical methods production system while enhancing environmental quality and computing technologies will revolutionize the way we on both public and private lands. The dual challenges of in- inventory and manage soil resources across a wide range creasing agricultural production and ensuring environmental of scientific disciplines and application domains (Omuto integrity require electronically available soil inventory data et al., 2013; Herrick et al. 2013). Papers in this special with both spatial and attribute quality. Meeting this soci- issue highlight some of those systems and methods for etal need in part depends on development and evaluation the direct benefit of environmental professionals and stu- of new methods for updating and maintaining soil inven- dents who focus on imaging and geospatial information for tories for sophisticated applications, and implementing an improved understanding, management, and monitoring effective framework to conceptualize and communicate tacit of soil resources. Five key emergent geospatial technolo- knowledge from soil scientists to numerous stakeholders. gies not addressed in the special issue papers are profiled Remotely sensed data, initially in the form of analog, here: airborne topographic lidar, proximal sensing of soil unrectified panchromatic aerial photographs, became a pri- properties, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), active and mary soil survey technique in the early mid-20th century passive microwave sensing of soil moisture, and web-en- (Bushnell, 1932; Millar, 1932; Buckhannan, 1939). This im- abled soil database access, computing, and mapping. agery provided a synoptic view of landscapes critical for in- tegrating soil landscape patterns with observable or measur- able soil properties that can vary in both space and time. Use Airborne Topographic Lidar for Characterizing of digital imaging and associated geospatial information for characterizing and mapping soils is expanding rapidly with Terrestrial Surface Features the advent of new sensors, aircraft and satellite platforms, orthorectification techniques, mathematical models for inte- Light Detection And Ranging (lidar) is an emerging geo- grating disparate spatial data sources, and visualization of spatial technology that is improving our characterization soil properties using conventional and web-enabled technolo- of terrestrial landscapes. Advantages over other forms of gies (Mulders, 1987; Barnes et al., 2003; Mulder et al., 2011). remotely sensed data include spatial data collected in 3D, Fusion of spectra from disparate sensors with terrain geo-referenced during acquisition, and ability to classify derivatives from digital elevation models, soil geograph- 3D elements within point clouds into user-defined surface ic data, geostatistical predictions, and field observations features and above-surface features (Renslow, 2012). Im- provides a powerful toolset for understanding soil systems proved representations of the Earth’s surface, surface feature and mapping both static and dynamic properties in com- structure, and reflectance intensity allow broad use of lidar plex landscapes and under intensive land use practices. technology for mapping terrain derivatives and landscape Recent advances in digital soil mapping (DSM) provide the conditions critical for soil investigations. High horizontal framework for applying effectively advanced imaging and and vertical accuracy allow mapping of terrain features that geospatial tools to produce input on soil properties and en- contribute to our knowledge of soil properties and dynamic vironmental co-variates. These data form the core of a soil processes across multiple scales. At a suitable resolution, inference system used to predict and map soil properties, lidar helps identify subtle topographic controls on soil vari-

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 289 ability traditionally missed at coarser scales. Topography data to area data, and each soil individual to its neighbors. controls water redistribution on the landscape, which in turn Soil systems, complemented by remotely sensed data, allow controls pedogenesis over geologic time and subsequent soil for up-scaling of soil and landscape dynamics to provide distribution across a landscape. These scientific concepts seamless, quantitative representations of direction, mag- are not new to soil resource inventories. However, data such nitude or timing of energy or materials movement within as lidar and the other aforementioned tools provide spatial- soils (or the extent to which they are retained) (Plate 1). ly explicit representations of soils and soil processes in a quantifiable format. Digital soil mapping processes quantify and capture soil patterns determined by topography, par- Proximal Sensing of Soil Properties ent materials and other soil forming factors (Jenny, 1941, McBratney et al., 2003) and package this information in a Proximal sensing of soil using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy digital format for computer based applications. Integration (DRS) has increased our ability to estimate the spatial extent of remotely sensed data, delivery technology and conceptual and variability of selected soil properties under diverse land scientific understanding improves soil resource management. management conditions. These advances have allowed the cre- Critical to successful understanding and application of re- ation and expansion of digital spectral libraries and use of com- motely sensed data is an understanding of physical architec- plex statistical models for characterizing soils, while reducing ture and soil processes that underpin observed and predicted the considerable expense of traditional field-based soil inves- data. Such a fundamental context empowers interpretation tigations. Use of spectrometers to measure reflected radiation of remotely sensed data. The interplay of geomorphology, from soil samples has been demonstrated to be a lower-cost, stratigraphy, pedology, hydrology, and vegetation deter- less precise estimation alternative to direct measurements of mines soil geography and functions (Jenny, 1941; McBratney chemical and physical properties of soils, where large numbers et al., 2003; Wysocki et al, 2012). These attributes can be of observations are required to characterize an area or where evaluated in sequence from high to low positions on land- the cost of field survey and laboratory analysis is high. Dif- scapes and expressed as soil systems (Daniels et al., 1999). fuse reflectance spectroscopy also allows for the rapid and Soil systems are groups of widely recurring catenas or soil nondestructive prediction of a wide spectrum of soil properties sequences and constitute the architecture through which critical to addressing sustainable land management objectives soil and ecosystem processes operate. Soil systems represent (Bowers and Hanks, 1965; Baumgardner et al., 1985; Viscarra the missing link that can bridge digital information across Rossel et al., 2010) (Plate 2). scales. Conceptually and quantitatively they connect point

Plate 1. LIDAR derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM), terrain attributes (Altitude Above Channel Network and Topographic Wetness Index) derived from DEM and soil depth generated from the relationships between soil land- scape-terrain attributes.

290 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING 2010; Peter et al., 2014; Rasmussen et al., 2013). Potential Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for Soil applications could be targeted to mapping soil patterns, mapping terrain derivatives estimated from real-time li- Assessment, Validation, and Monitoring dar-based digital elevation model, and validating boundary conditions along transects in rugged terrain (Plate 3). Small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS), which are consid- ered aircraft with attendant sensors that operate with no human pilot onboard, have been developed over the past few Active and Passive Microwave Measurements decades for both military and civilian purposes. Such sys- tems hold considerable promise for soil scientists, given the of Global Soil Moisture capability of UAS to be deployed quickly and programmed to acquire imagery and geospatial data at high spatial and NASA is scheduled to launch the Soil Moisture Active Pas- temporal resolutions, especially in landscapes where soil sive (SMAP) satellite into low Earth orbit in November 2014 investigations occur in rugged terrain, remote regions with (http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/). The mission purpose is to provide limited access, or pose considerable risk to field personnel global mapping of soil moisture and freeze-thaw state. The (Plate 3). Current applications of sUAS focus on production resulting information will aid understanding of global wa- agriculture to help maximize yields and reduce environmen- ter, energy, and carbon cycles, advance climate science, and tal impacts by improving nitrogen and water management improve weather and agricultural yield forecasting. The and reducing nitrate leaching or nitrous oxide emissions satellite will carry active radar and a passive microwave http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2013/msu-lands-first-drone/ radiometer to measure the backscatter and emission of micro- To date, there have been limited applications of UAS to wave energy from the Earth’s surface, from which global soil soil investigations. Such applications are focused on assess- moisture maps will be derived. These maps will also inform ing erosion processes or mapping and modeling vegetation water management decisions and contribute to flood and conditions and dynamics without explicit linkage to selected drought monitoring, among other applications of benefit to soil properties (Dandois and Ellis, 2013; Laliberte et al., society (Brown et al., 2013; Entekhabi et al., 2010) (Plate 4).

Plate 2. Soil observations and measurements using traditional visual means (upper left) and visible-near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy under field and laboratory settings (upper right, lower left, respectively) with resulting spectral plot indicating reflectance properties of soil horizons, or layers.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 291 Plate 3. The small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS) shown here has three sensors: a high-resolution radiometer; a ther- mal camera used to monitor plant temperature and hydration; and a laser scanner which measures individual plant height in centimeters (Images courtesy Dr. Bruno Basso, Michigan State University).

Plate 4. Artist conception of the SMAP observatory in Earth orbit. SMAP’s two instruments, an L-band radiometer and an L-band radar, share a single 6-m rotating mesh reflector to produce conically-scanned data at a constant incidence angle of 40°. The SMAP configuration enables global maps of soil moisture to be obtained every 2-3 days.

vices connecting individuals and communities locally and glob- Web-enabled Soil Database Access and Utilization ally. This would require improved methods for accessing, ana- lyzing and visualizing soil data and information. Advances in Soil resource inventories are some of the most complex geospa- web-enabled technologies have stimulated the general aware- tial databases in the world. Linked spatial and tabular data, ness, use, and visualization of soil properties readily available one-to-many hierarchical relationships, and coding conven- in sophisticated soil geographic databases (Soil Survey Staff, tions can help users effectively utilize soil data to support en- 2014). In order to accommodate the widest possible spectrum vironmental decision-making. Soil geographic data-bases are of potential soil data users, flexible interfaces to these resourc- moving toward digital format and being linked to mobile de- es (web-based APIs, web-mapping clients, data-streams, etc.)

292 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Beaudette, D.E. and T.T. O’Geen, 2010. An iphone application for on-demand access to digital soil survey information, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Journal, 74:1–3. Beaudette, D.E. and A.T. O’Geen, 2009. Soil-Web: An online soil survey for California, Arizona, and Nevada, Comput- ers & Geosciences, 35:2119–2128. Boettinger, J.L., D.W. Howell, A.C. Moore, A.E. Hartemink, and S. Kienast-Brown, 2010. Digital soil mapping: bridg- ing research, environmental application, and operation. Progress in Soil Science 2, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht. Bowers, S.A., and R.J. Hanks, 1965. Reflection of radiant en- ergy from soils, Soil Science, 2:130–138. Brown, M.E., V. Escobar, S. Moran, D. Entekhabi, P.E. O’Neill, E.G. Njoku, B. Doorn, and J.K. Entin, 2013. NASA’s soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission and opportunities for applications users, Bulletin Am. Meteo- rological Soc., 94:1125–1128. Buckhannan, W. H., 1939. Technique and use of aerial photo- graphs for soil mapping and reproduction of field maps, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 21: 382–386. Plate 5. US SoilWeb, enabled using mobile phone apps, Bushnell, T.M., 1932. A new technique in soil mapping, Amer- ican Soil Survey Association Bulletin, 13:74–81. allows for wide utilization of soil data in the field by scien- Dandois, J.P. and E.C. Ellis, 2013. High spatial resolution tists and practitioners. three-dimensional mapping of vegetation spectral dy- namics using computer vision, Remote Sensing of Envi- on a variety of platforms (desktop computers, tablet devices, ronment, 136:259–276. smartphones, etc.) are needed (Beaudette and O’Geen, 2010; Daniels, R.B., S.W. Buol, H.J. Kleiss, and C.A. Ditzler, 1999. Beaudette and O’Geen, 2009). Application of these technolo- Soil Systems in North Carolina, Technical Bulletin #314, gies is critical for agronomic and environmental assessments Dept. Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Ra- in rural and urban areas from local to global scales. (Plate 5). leigh, NC. Entekhabi, D., E, Njoku, P. O’Neill, K. Kellogg, etc., 2010. Summary The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission, Pro- ceedings of the IEEE, 98:704–716. Grunwald, S., J.A. Thompson, and J.L. Boettinger, 2011. We encourage our community to advance understanding Digital soil mapping and modeling at continental scales of these important imaging and geospatial technologies – finding solutions for global issues,Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., for soil investigations. We need to strengthen educational, 75(4):1201–1213. outreach, and professional certification programs to ensure Herrick, J.E., K.C. Urama, J.W. Karl, J. Boos, M.V. Johnson, informed and ethical applications of emergent sensor ca- K.D. Shepherd, J. Hempel, B.T. Bestelmeyer, J. Da- pabilities and knowledge-based systems. Lastly, we must vies, J.L. Guerra, C. Kosnik, D.W. Kimiti, A.L. Ekai, K. serve as effective advocates of advanced sensor develop- Muller, L. Norfleet, N. Ozor, T. Reinsch, J. Sarukhan, ment, standardized processing and modeling of soil data and L.T. West, 2013. The global Land-Potential Knowl- and environmental co-variates, and appropriate integration edge System (LandPKS): Supporting evidence-based, of soil information for effective assessment and monitoring site-specific land use and management through cloud of environmental impacts and societal decision making. computing, mobile applications, and crowdsourcing, J. Soil and Water Conservation, 68:5A-12A. References Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 281 pp. Barnes, E.M., K.A. Sudduth, J.W. Hummel, S.M. Lesch, D.L. Laliberte, A.S., J.E. Herrick, A. Rango, and C. Winters, 2010. Corwin, C. Yang, C.S.T. Daughtry, and W.C. Bausch, Acquisition, orthorectification, and object-based classi- 2003. Remote- and ground-based sensor techniques to fication of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for map soil properties, Photogrammetric Engineering and rangeland monitoring, Photogrammetric Eng & Remote Remote Sensing, 69:619–630. Sensing, 76:661–672. Baumgardner, M.F., L.F. Silva, L.L. Biehl, and E.R. Stoner, McBratney, A.B., M.L. Mendonsa-Santos, and B. Minasny, 1985. Reflectance properties of soils, Advances in Agron- 2003. On digital soil mapping, Geoderma, 117:3-52. omy, 38:1–44.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 293 Millar, C. E., 1932. The use of aerial photographs in the Michigan land economic survey, Soil Science Society of Authors America Journal, 13: 82–85. Stephen D. DeGloria Mulder, V.L., S. de Bruin, M.E. Schaepman, and T.R. Mayr, Cornell University 2011. The use of remote sensing in soil and terrain map- [email protected] ping – A review, Geoderma, 162:1–19. Dylan E. Beaudette Mulders, M.A., 1987. Remote Sensing in Soil Science, Devel- USDA – NRCS opments in Soil Science 15, Elsevier. New York. 378p. [email protected] Omuto, C.T., F. Nachtergaele, and R.V. Rojas, 2013. State of the Art Report on Global and Regional Soil Information: James R. Irons Where are we? Where to go? Global Soil Partnership NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center Tech. Report, United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture [email protected] Organization (FAO), Rome, 69p. Zamir Libohova Peter, K.D., S. d’Oleire-Oltmanns, J.B. Ries, I. Marzolff, and USDA – NRCS National Soil Survey Center A.A. Hssaine, 2014. Soil erosion in gully catchments [email protected] affected by land-levelling measures in the Souss Basin, Peggy E. O’Neill Morrocco, analyzed by rainfall simulation and UAV re- NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center mote sensing data, Catena, 113:24–40. [email protected] Rasmussen, J., J. Nielsen, F. Garcia-Ruiz, S. Christensen, Phillip R. Owens and J.C. Streibig, 2013. Potential uses of small un- Purdue University manned aircraft systems (UAS) in weed research, Weed [email protected] Research, 53:242–248. Renslow, M.S. (ed), 2012. Manual of Airborne Topographic Philip J. Schoeneberger Lidar, Am. Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing. USDA – NRCS National Soil Survey Center Bethesda Maryland, 528p. [email protected] Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Larry T. West United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Sur- Formerly USDA – NRCS National Soil Survey Center vey, URL: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/ (last date [email protected] accessed: 10 February 2014). Douglas A. Wysocki Viscarra Rossel, R.A., A.B. McBratney, and B. Minasny, USDA – NRCS National Soil Survey Center 2010. Proximal Soil Sensing, Progress in Soil Science 1, [email protected] Springer. 446p. Wysocki, D.A., P.J. Schoeneberger, D.R. Hirmas, H.E. LaGar- ry, 2012. Geomorphology and Soil Landscapes, Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Boca Raton, FL.

Cover Page Images Sources

Soil Landscape Model: United States Department of Agriculture, CONUS Shaded Relief Shuttle Radar Topography Soil Conservation Service, 1989. Soil Survey of Pottawattamie Coun- Mission (SRTM): ty, Iowa. Wysocki, D, 2010. United States Department of Agriculture, Jarvis A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara, 2008, Hole-filled seam- Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Cen- less SRTM data V4, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture ter, Soil Geomorphology Institute. (CIAT), available from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org.

Soil Systems: Schoeneberger, P., Libohova, Z., Wysocki, D., 2013. X-Ray Diffractometry: Ingham, J 2014. United States Department Soil Survey Principles and Practices: The Next Generation (Draft). of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conser- Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. vation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska SoilWeb App Smart Phone: Beaudette, D., 2014. United States Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): Doolittle, J., 2014. Ground Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Penetrating Radar facies for Weikert, Berks and Rushtown soil Topo- MLRA Office, Sonora, California. sequence in Pennsylvania . United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Cen- Thin Section: Wysocki, 2010. Thin section photograph of a Bt hori- ter, Lincoln, Nebraska. zon pore lined by a multi-laminated argillan with intercalated Fe- Mn. Plane polarized light, 200X, frame width ~2.0 mm. United States Soil Profile Image: Schoeneberger, P. and Wysocki, D, 2010. United Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

294 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING JEFF LOVIN INTERVIEW

Jeff Lovin is Senior Vice President and Managing Principal of the Geospatial Division of Woolpert, a national geospatial, design, and engineering firm headquartered in Dayton, Ohio. Mr. Lovin has spent his entire 28-year career in the geospatial profession at Woolpert, where he has developed a diverse technical background as well as project management skills, senior leadership expertise and advocacy experience.

Woolpert has been an ASPRS Sustaining Member since and photon counting systems becoming mainstream in the 1985. What do you see as being the largest advance- marketplace in the coming years. From a business perspec- ments in the industry since then? tive, UASs will show explosive growth, bringing many new I actually started my career around the same time in 1986, players into the geospatial market. In more traditional so I have been able to witness so much change over the segments of the market, we will continue to see consoli- last 28 years. If I had to name just a few of those changes, dation taking place due to both a struggling economy and it would have to be the shift to digital mapping and the the challenges firms face with keeping up with the invest- introduction of LiDAR. These two advancements changed ments needed for new technology and market shifts. our profession and market dramatically. The average person doesn’t think about the technology How has your ASPRS Sustaining Membership benefited used to create the GPS program in their phone but with Woolpert? Google Maps, GPS, and Amazon considering using UASs As a sustaining member of ASPRS, we are better able to deliver packages, what other mainstream applica- to demonstrate to our staff and clients our commitment tions do you see geospatial technology making a large to education, professionalism and advanced geospatial impact on? technologies. These are all benefits that come with being a Autonomous vehicles: As the automotive industry moves member of ASPRS. toward “driverless” automobiles, the enabling technology behind this movement varies from manufacturer to man- In 2013, Woolpert partnered with Altavian, a leading ufacturer, but involves such things as LiDAR, stereo and producer of UASs, and later purchased its first UAS, the infrared cameras and automated point clouds. Nova Block III. How do you see UAS technology affecting the geospatial market in the future? Is there anything I didn’t ask that you’d like readers to I believe the impact of UAS technology on the geospatial know? market will be substantial. I would say this impact will While Woolpert as a firm did not become a sustaining be just as noteworthy as LiDAR or digital mapping. I member until 1985, many of our staff were individual don’t think it is out of the realm of possibility that in my members many years before that. Woolpert actually lifetime, we will see a significant amount of airborne data entered the geospatial market in 1969. My father, Cliff collection being performed by UASs. Lovin (CP #R934), who recently retired, was one of a hand- ful of individuals who started that small photogrammetry Where do you see the industry going in the next 5-10 discipline within our firm. years in general? From a market perspective, over the next 5 to 10 years, I see LiDAR continuing to dominate the market as we look towards important programs like 3DEP and continue to see advancements in the technology with Geiger mode

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 295 STAND OUT FROM THE REST Attention earn asprs certification ASPRS Student Members ASPRS congratulates these recently An Invitation from ASPRS Certified and Re-certified individuals: If you have just graduated and are leaving the student life behind and starting your first “real job,” please consider retaining your membership CERTIFIED MAPPING SCIENTIST GIS/LIS in ASPRS. You are invited to continue your membership with ASPRS under our “Associate Michael Billmire, Certification # GS270 Member” status. We recognize that as you are Effective Feb 13, 2014, expires Feb 13, 2019 starting out in your new career, it may be easier to transition from a Student to an Associate Larry L. Krieger, Certification # GS269 membership at first. For an annual membership Effective Feb 13, 2014, expires Feb 13, 2019 fee of $90, Associate Members receive the same rights and privileges as Active Members, but at two thirds the cost. You may remain an Associate Member for up to three years before becoming an Active Member. ASPRS Certification validates For $90 a year, as an Associate Member, you your professional practice and continue to receive all of the benefits you enjoyed as a student member such as: experience. It differentiates you • Monthly subscription to PE&RS • Conference discounts from others in the profession. • Discounts on ASPRS publications • Access to job postings on the ASPRS web site, in PE&RS, at job fairs at ASPRS For more information on the ASPRS conferences, and sent straight to your Certification program: desktop. contact [email protected] But now, additional benefits include: • Opportunity to enroll in group insurance visit http://www.asprs.org/ programs membership/certification • Full voting rights in Society elections Continue your relationship with ASPRS now, at the Associate Member level, and join the community of thousands in the fields of photo- grammetry, remote sensing and image-based GIS mapping.

THE It is essential for people in the geospatial fields IMAGING & GEOSPATIAL to stay informed of the latest technological and INFORMATION SOCIETY methodological breakthroughs. We make it our job to stay abreast of the latest information in photogrammetry, remote sensing, and GIS. All you have to do to stay informed is to be a member of our community.

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296 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING OVERSEAS LANDS OF

rchaeological evidence suggests that the may have been settled “Aabout 200 BC from western Polynesia. In subsequent dispersions, Polynesians from the Marquesas migrated to the Hawaiian Island about 300 AD and reached the by about the 9th century. Large chieftainships were formed on Tahiti, Bora-Bora, and Raiatea. Teriaroa, north of Tahiti, was a royal retreat, and Taputapuatea, on Raiatea, was the most sacred shrine in the islands. European contact with the islands of French Polynesia was gradual. The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan sighted Pukapuka in the Tuamotu group in 1521. The southern Marquesas Islands were reached in 1595. The Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen in 1722 discovered , Bora-Bora, and Maupiti. Capt. Samuel Wallis in 1767 reached Tahiti, Moorea, and Maiao Iti” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014).

“With his ships La Boudeuse and ĽEtoile, Louis-Antoine de refused. They were placed under the French protectorate in Bougainville arrived in Tahiti in April 1768, less than a year 1889 and annexed in 1900. The were part of the after Wallis. At this time Wallis was still homeward bound, kingdom of the Pomare family of Tahiti, which came origi- so Bougainville was completely unaware that he was not the nally from Atoll. These islands were claimed as first European to set eyes on the island. His visit only lasted dependencies of Tahiti within the protectorate by France in nine days, but Bougainville was a more cultured, considered 1847 and became part of the colony in 1880. In the Marque- man than Wallis and had no unfriendly clashes with the Ta- sas, Nuku Hiva was annexed to the United States in 1813 by hitians. Bougainville explained that the Tahitians ‘pressed Capt. David Porter of the frigate Essex, but the annexation us to choose a woman and come on shore with her; and their was never ratified. French occupation of the group followed gestures, which were not ambiguous, denoted in what man- the landing of forces from a French warship, requested by the ner we should form an acquaintance with her.’ Bougainville’s chief of Tahuata (near Hiva Oa). Soon after there was a quar- reports of Venus-like women with ‘the celestial form of that rel with the French; in 1842 the chiefs ceded sovereignty to goddess’, and of the people’s uninhibited attitude towards France. The islands were administered as the French Colony matters sexual, swept through like wildfire” Lonely( of Oceania. French Polynesia was made an overseas territory Planet, 2014). In early 19th century volumes of the French of France in 1946” (op. cit., Britannica, 2014) Navy’s Annals Hydrographique, further descriptions can be French Polynesia consists of five archipelagoes:Archipel found of these storied customs of Tahiti! Des Tuamotu (Îles Australes), Îles Gambie, Îles Marquises, “The history of the Society Island group is virtually that Îles Tubuai, and the Society Islands. Slightly less than one- of Tahiti, which was made a French protectorate in 1842 third the size of Connecticut, the lowest point is the Pacific and a colony in 1880. French missionaries went to the Gam- Ocean (0 m), and the highest point is Mon Orohena (2,241 m). bier group in 1834, and in 1844 a French protectorate was There seems to be no geodetic work performed by the proclaimed, followed by annexation in 1881. The Tubuai Is- French Navy as directly reported in Annales Hydro- lands were also evangelized from Tahiti, and as late as 1888 graphiques or by the Institut Géographique National during Rimatara and Rurutu sought British protection, which was the 18th or 19th centuries with the single exception below

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 297 regarding Tahiti. Reports begin to appear during the 1930s For the Isle of Pitiahe, the origin is where: ϕo = 16° 28'

that consist of geodetic work performed in concert with hydro- 28.942" S, λo = 152° 14' 55.059" W, ho = 19.0 m, observed at graphic surveys, and primarily represent astrolabe observa- Terme Sud by M. J.P. Thouin, Ingénieur en Chef de ľArme- tions of island datum origins. (Wild T-3 theodolites were also ment (Hydrographie) in February, 1983. This observation used for triangulation, but apparently without the astrolabe is referenced to the WGS 72 Datum and ellipsoid where a = attachment for astronomical use.) These positions sometimes 6,378,135 m, and 1/f = 298.26 (Mission Océanographique du have baselines listed and sometimes also list orientation Pacifique 1 Oct 1982 – 3 Avril 1984, Annales Hydrographique). azimuths, but most are just summarized as single positions In 1954, a summary of practically all astro observations corrected for deviation of the vertical (Après Correction des performed in French Polynesia was published in Annales Déviations de la Verticale). Without exception, for French Hydrographique. The listing included actual observational Polynesian classical positioning the ellipsoid of reference is results along with deviations of the vertical and the following the International 1924 where: a = 6,378,388 m, and 1/f = 297. subsequent adopted positions: Sur La Déviation de la Verticale À Tahiti, M.A.Gou- genheim, 1939, Annales Hydrographiques, Annales 1940-1945, 1. ARCHIPEL DES TUAMOTU ET ÎLES GAMBIER Paris 1946: Punaauia (South End of Base) No. 1: 19° 36' 30.5" S 140° 25' 06.6" W

Φo = 17° 38' 08.0" S, Λo = 151° 56' 40.5" E, and αo = 178° 04' 18° 33' 19.2" S 139° 13' 02.2" W 38.4" Punaauia to Tataa. For this single published position on Anuanu Raro 20° 24' 42.4" S 143° 32' 12.8" W Tahiti only, this was from the analysis of triangulation from Ankuanu Ruga 20° 36' 15.1" S 143° 17' 30.5" W 1844, and those computations were based on the Dépôt de la Fagataufa 22° 16' 38.8" S 138° 45' 41.7" W Guerre ellipsoid where 1/f = 305. For New Caledonia (Nouvelle Calédonie) triangulation per- Gambier (Rikitea) 22° 07' 02.3" S 134° 58' 09.8" W formed in 1935, Nouméa South Base origin point for a local Hercheretue (Otetou) 19° 51' 50.7" S 144° 59' 57.5" W

hydrographic survey: Φo = 22° 16' 35.0" S, λo = 166° 26' 03.5" Makatea (Temao) 15° 49' 31.4" S 148° 16' 40.9" W

E. At Pointe Paagoumène, astrolabe observations were: Φo = Manuhagi 19° 10' 53.7" S 141° 14' 56.1" W

20° 29' 18" S, Λo = 164° 10' 57" E, and at Sommet Tano: Φo = Maria 22° 01' 10.5" S 136° 12' 10.4" W 20° 29' 01.1" S, Λo = 164° 24' 27.5" E, Ho = 461.83 m. (by M.A. Marutea 21° 28' 48.9" S 135° 38' 17.4" W Canuel, Enseigne de Vaisseau, Annales Hydrographiques, An- Maturei Vavao 21° 27' 17.5" S 136° 24' 36.8" W nées 1938-1939, Paris 1946). Morane 20° 36' 15.1" S 143° 17' 30.5" W For the Marquises, Haavei Bay (Ua-Huka or Île de Huka) Mururoa 21° 49' 59.0" S 138° 47' 04.0" W Astro: Φo = 08° 56' 00.8" S, Λo = 139° 35' 57.7" W, and αo = 270° 59' 22" (Solar), with a baseline = 255.08 m. For Île Hiva (Tavava) 19° 16' 37.9" S 138° 46' 24.2" W Nukutipipi 20° 41' 23.9" S 143° 03' 09.6" W Oa, Φo = 09° 48' 27.5" S, Λo = 139° 02' 02.7" W with a baseline = 336.31 m (Mission Hydrographique en Polynésie Française, 19° 07' 19.3" S 140° 43' 09.4" W 1956-1960, Annales Hydrographique, 1960). Pinaki 19° 23' 24.2" S 138° 40' 56.7" W

For the Isle of origin, Φo = 22° 16' 38.8" S, Λo = Pukaroa (Marautagaroa) 18° 16' 14.4" S 137° 04' 02.3" W 138° 45' 41.7" W with a baseline = 1,381.85 m, ± 5 cm. Elev- (Tapuarava) 18° 27' 54.5" S 136° 27' 46.3" W en 1st order points (9 monumented) were established on the Takakoto (Tumukuro) 17° 20' 39.8" S 138° 27' 09.6" W island, and 21 2nd order points were established, all with a 21° 37' 32.7" S 140° 37' 35.0" W Wild T-3 theodolite. On the Isle of , the astro point was: Temoe 23° 18' 59.5" S 134° 28' 56.5" W Φo = 18° 06' 29.5" S, Λo = 140° 54' 25.5" W, surveyed in 1958 (Annales Hydrographique, 1969). (Fakamaru) 20° 46' 12.9" S 138° 33' 54.5" W For the archipelago Îles Australes, the Tubuai Island astro Vahaga 21° 19' 18.2" S 136° 39' 38.1" W

station is where: Φo = 23° 20' 40.2" S, Λo = 149° 29' 08.6" W, (Temanufaara) 18° 46' 32.2" S 138° 51' 22.2" W

and αo = 40° 14' 16" from Mataura Terme Sud to Terme Nord. 19° 19' 43.9" S 139° 13' 04.2" W Lieutenant de vaisseau (Naval Lieutenant) Vallaux performed 20° 46' 11.4" S 139° 08' 25.9" W the observations with 16 sets of a Wild T-3 theodolite in Feb- continued on page 308 ruary 1969. On Tuamoto Atoll, the astro station is where: Φo

= 14° 28' 36.9" S, Λo = 145° 02' 11.8" W, and αo = 52° 42' 32.2" from Terme Sud to Terme Nord on a baseline of 5,213.36 m, observed in April, 1969. On Tureia, the astro station is where:

Φo = 20° 46' 20.5" S, Λo = 138° 34' 10.0" W, and was observed in June 1969 (Annales Hydrographique, No. 739, 1974).

298 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING BOOKREVIEW

Global Forest Monitoring from Earth Observation reviews the practice of monitoring forest resources at nation- al, regional, and global extents using satellite-based optical image remote sensing. The chapters describe techniques for characterizing forest area and area change using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat sensor systems. The text emphasizes the value of free access to Earth Observation (EO) data for supporting forest monitoring across spatial and temporal scales. The research presented in the text will be familiar to those involved in the field. However, the breadth and depth of both applications and technical descriptions will be useful to policy makers, land managers, and scientists unfamiliar with forest monitoring from remote sensing. The text can be read almost as a guidebook and is organized into 16 chapters that provide the reader with both the broad context and technical detail for understanding forest monitoring using MODIS and Landsat data. While the book has no distinct sections, the chapters are Global Forest Monitoring from Earth organized into two main parts: an introduction to forests and Observation remote sensing of forests using optical imaging (Chapters 1 – 5) and research applications describing the methods used for Frédéric Achard and Matthew C. Hansen forest area estimation and change detection (Chapters 6 – 14). (Editors) Chapter 15 discusses the importance of vegetation structure CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2013 xiv and 316 pp., diagrams, and applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for forest maps, photos, images, index. Hardcover. $129.95. monitoring. Chapter 16 provides concluding remarks on the ISBN 978-1-4665-5201-2 future of forest monitoring with remote sensing and the need for more universal access to Earth Observation datasets. Reviewed by: Jonathan P. Dandois, Ph.D. A central theme of the text is the importance of free access Candidate, Department of Geography and to large amounts of EO data, with particular attention on the Environmental Systems, University of Maryland MODIS and Landsat sensor systems (the data for which is Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD available to users for free with global and long-term coverage). The authors emphasize throughout that access to these data, and indeed multiple data sources, is invaluable for under- standing the state of national, regional, and global forest monitoring of forest area to rapid detection of deforestation on resources. Using these data, the authors of several chapters an almost real-time/daily basis, the authors demonstrate that demonstrate that the accuracies in area and area change access to EO data is vital for current land management and estimation are often comparable to more costly field-based forest policy programs. methods. In those cases, area and area change estimation There is, however, a dearth of discussion of LIDAR (Light had reported errors of 1% - 20% relative to national inven- Detection and Ranging) remote sensing for evaluating forests tories. Another central theme is the combination, or fusion, across large spatial extents. Several authors mention the of multiple data sources for forest monitoring applications. value of lidar forest structure measurements for assessing the The chapters describe methods or fully-fledged toolsets that quality and carbon content of forest areas (Chapters 2, 11, & often combine MODIS and Landsat imagery with data from 12), yet there is no mention of such instruments in the con- other sensors (e.g., IKONOS, SPOT; Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, cluding chapter of the text and no single chapter highlights 13, & 14), and three chapters make use of free high spatial lidar forest monitoring research. As the text has demonstrat- resolution imagery in GoogleEarth for validating forest area ed, those engaged in forest monitoring make use of remote products (Chapters 7, 8, & 11). sensing data collected from a wide range of sources, including The individual chapters are prepared with sufficient detail different satellite sensors, and ground and airborne observa- to allow those unfamiliar with forest monitoring to grasp the tions. Already, lidar collected at ‘wall-to-wall’ extents is being concepts and methods involved. The authors utilize tables, used for national and regional level forest monitoring, and sat- diagrams, and color figures to demonstrate work-flows and ellite based lidar measurements from the GLAS (Geoscience data products. By covering applications that range from global Laser Altimeter System) instrument on the ICESat satellite

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 299 have been used in concert with ground and airborne obser- MODIS and Landsat sensors as examples of systems that vations for forest assessment at global extents. Future forest work. Along with data access, the editors also make mention monitoring efforts will benefit from access to remote sensing of the tremendous value of measurements of vegetation struc- data collected at high spatial and temporal resolution that in- ture obtained from remote sensing systems, which should play cludes optical imaging as well as 3D structure measurements an equally important part in future satellite missions as the obtained from both SAR and lidar instruments. more traditional optical imaging systems. Overall, the text In Global Forest Monitoring from Earth Observation, the achieves its goal of demonstrating the value of EO remote authors have made the case that accurate understanding sensing for monitoring forest resources and makes a good case of the area, and change in area, of forest resources requires for more open data policies in the future. The text is well-suit- the kind of information that can be obtained with EO remote ed to those less familiar with the methods available for forest sensing. Achard and Hansen make it clear that data access monitoring from EO and is accessible to a wide audience of policies for current and future satellite missions are just as scientists and non-scientists alike. important as the data itself, and use the data policies of the

Hello! Let me first wish you a Happy New Year! I am inviting you to contribute chapters: To the “Handbook of Research on Geospatial Science and Technologies” scheduled to be published by IGI Global (formerly Idea Group Inc.), please see the attachment and please visit www.igi-global.com for more information. This publication is anticipated to be released in 2015. For more information about this book, please visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/call-for-papers/call-details/1165. To submit a Chapter, please visit the following LINK: http://www.igi-global.com/ChapterSubmission. aspx?ProjectId=a5f92966-cbf1-43e5-a966-95ea2c4de4dd. Please distribute as much as possible so that this call for chapters could reach the types of professionals for this publication. Kind Regards, Joyce Maphanyane Inquiries Dr. Joyce Gosata Maphanyane, University of Botswana Department of Environmental Science, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana Cell: +267 73 499 399; +267 72 878098; +267 71 220526 Fax: +267 355 2908 E-mails: [email protected] [email protected].

300 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING To have your press release published in PE&RS, contact Rae Kelley, [email protected]. INDUSTRYNEWS

ANNOUNCEMENTS streams from CZMIL's three sensors (lidar, RGB and hyperspectral) into one deliverable with many data fusion outputs, including seam- Optech, the world leader in the development, manufacture and less topographic/bathymetry, bottom classification, object detection, support of high-accuracy lidar 3D survey systems and productivi- and turbid water bathymetry products. For further information, ty-enhancing workflow software, is pleased to announce the launch of please contact [email protected]. our new and improved website. The new website introduces a brand-new look with the goal of making it much easier to find information about the sensors you need, or solutions for the applications you focus on. The site is designed to help you contact the right person when you need specific information about the latest sensor systems, workflow software or custom solutions. It also keeps you up-to-date about current news and events where we can meet and share ideas. Check out the new website at www.optech.com today!

ACQUISITIONS

Spatial Energy becomes a part of DigitalGlobe as the Energy customer and operational unit. DigitalGlobe is committed to the Spatial Energy unit continuing as an innovative provider of geospatial information into the workflow of the global energy enterprise. As an integrated customer and oper- ational unit, the Spatial Energy focus will stay intact: serving you, the customer. You will have the same dedicated team and choice of multiple suppliers for recommended solutions. Together, we will take CONTRACTS another important step toward our shared vision of becoming the indis- pensable source of information about our changing planet by 2020. For Clark Labs was recently awarded a grant from Esri to create a further information, please contact [email protected]. cloud-based version of their Land Change Modeler for ArcGIS. Currently, Clark Labs’ extension is for the ArcGIS desktop. Land EDUCATION Change Modeler for ArcGIS, first released in 2007 with Version 2 released this past month, is a software extension for ArcGIS users, MDA’s Information Systems group (MDA) announced today offering a suite of tools to assess and predict land change and that they will be hosting an exciting range of informative geospatial evaluate the impacts of such change. The new version is compatible webinars. Throughout 2014, you are invited to join MDA’s geospatial with ArcGIS Version 10.2 experts for an engaging series of webinar discussions on our range The Land Change Modeler offers an extensive suite of tools of advanced solutions using spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar for land change research in a simple and automated workflow. It (SAR). For further information, please visit www.mdacorporation.com. provides a variety of tools for land change analysis and prediction, as well as the impacts of those changes. The new version release Honeywell and NASA are celebrating 10 years of collaboration with of this fall provides significant enhancements, particularly for its FMA Live! Forces in Motion a newly expanded, award-winning, hip- utility for REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest hop physics education program that inspires middle school students Degradation). Land Change Modeler now includes functionality for to learn and enjoy math and science in a compelling, fun and modeling the impact of land cover change on carbon emissions. The memorable way. The popular show is in high demand, having been new version also provides more capability for estimating land change performed before more than 350,000 students at 933 middle schools impacts on habitat and biodiversity. With the grant from Esri, Clark in all 48 contiguous U.S. states, as well as in Mexico and Canada. Labs will be creating a cloud-based implementation of Land Change The spring tour launches in Houston, TX this week. Modeler for their platform. For further information, please contact While the United States still has the world's largest pool of scien- Clark Labs, Worcester, MA, 508-793-7526, [email protected]. tists and engineers, that lead is declining. In recent world rankings from the National Science Board, the United States lagged in science AWARDS and math performance with high school students showing below-aver- age math skills and ranking 26th in the world. Optech is pleased to announce that the Optech CZMIL HydroFusion Over the course of 10 weeks, the show, under the direction of software solution has won the 2014 MAPPS Geospatial Products Honeywell Hometown Solutions, will reach 30 public, private and and Services Excellence Award for Technology Innovation. Designed military-connected middle schools in nine central and southeast U.S. to handle the highly efficient data acquisition of the Optech CZMIL states, including stops in: Houston, TX; Baton Rouge, LA; Hattiesburg, airborne bathymetry system, CZMIL HydroFusion represents a MS; Atlanta, GA; Huntsville, AL; Nashville, TN; Pulaski, VA; significant advance in bathymetric and data fusion algorithms Columbia, SC; and Jacksonville, Miami and West Palm Beach, FL. while combining planning, acquisition optimization, and 3D voxel A similar schedule is slated for the western part of the United States visualization in the production of advanced fused environmental data this fall. For more information, visit http://fmalive.honeywell.com/. products. This tightly integrated workflow solution combines the data

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 301 Letter from the Sustaining Member Chair continued from page 288 value of personal involvement in professional organizations region and upon performing a quick Google search found the such as ASPRS. Not only is it a great mechanism to market region website and saw that the Secretary and Treasurer, yourself outside of normal day-to-day activities amongst Prof. Bon Dewitt, was located right here in Gainesville. I your peers; it also helps provide you with job insurance. By also found that their website was in some dire need of some recently connecting with Altavian, it has become clear to updating. I reached out to Bon and we soon grabbed lunch to me that ASPRS involvement is much more than a simple discuss ASPRS, and how I could become more involved in the alignment with an association, it solidifies in my mind that Region. The rest is history: I soon became a member recruit- this community of professionals is beneficial to not only ing champion, redesigned the region’s website, and eventually the member but, the direct alignment with highly relevant earned my way into a Region Director slot. I am now proud to industry corporations. be the region President. Let’s back up a few years, to trace how I came to be origi- Since that lunch meeting, my career was significantly nally involved with ASPRS boosted due to my willingness to get involved with ASPRS. I As an undergraduate, I absolutely loved the single course quickly went from being a Photogrammetric Technologist, to I took in GIS; yet, due to my unfamiliarity with the industry becoming a Production Manager, then becoming a Business I had absolutely no idea that there was an entire geospatial Development representative. In that time, I have also broad- industry out there for the taking. Had I known this, I would ened my professional network and community by establishing have also become aware that there was a company here in solid relationships and friendships with individuals both at a Gainesville that did nothing but geospatial. As a result regional level and at a national level, all throughout ASPRS. of my blatant ignorance, I defaulted to becoming a retail I am not telling all of this to you in order to boast. I am banker. While this was a great learning experience, I quickly telling you this because if you are “just a member” of ASPRS, became very dissatisfied with my job and began perusing like I once was, I hope that this letter motivates you to other options. In the classifieds I saw an ad for a "GIS consider doing more and to become more involved. ASPRS Analyst" position, and it was there that I decisively switched isn’t just a conference, or an expo, or career fair, or a journal industries. subscription – it is an invaluable networking opportunity, Soon after my switch, I eventually landed a job with a local allowing any individual to get involved at any level: chapter, Gainesville geospatial company, 3001, inc., as an entry level regional, national division or committee. From my personal Geospatial Analyst. Upon starting there, one of the benefits story, I hope to encourage you to get more engaged, if you are offered was two paid professional memberships. My manager not already. Also, bring some of your coworkers along for the recommended two organizations: ASPRS and the Florida ride. Your investment of time will payoff through terrific job Surveying and Mapping Society. placement opportunities, increased salary, and most impor- "A.S….what?" tantly the opportunity to develop great friendships within My reaction was probably not too dissimilar from many a wonderful industry. For your employer, your involvement others’ reactions upon learning about ASPRS, especially con- means improved qualifications, relevance in the industry, sidering that at that time “photogrammetry" was just barely increased networking potential and hopefully increased sales making its way into my vocabulary. I blindly signed up. for your company. With corporate growth, I can only hope Years after, I eventually found myself as a photogram- that those companies will continue to proudly sustain ASPRS. metric technologist where I have been receiving and reading PE&RS journals for a few years now. Like any passive mem- Brian E. Murphy, CP, GISP ber of an organization, I found little benefit from my mem- Vice President of Business Development, Altavian bership. I was soon enlightened that ASPRS had a Florida

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302 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ASPRSNEWS ASPRS Election Results | New Sustaining Members

CHARLES TOTH ELECTED AS ASPRS VICE PRESIDENT SCOTT PERKINS, JOHN MCCOMBS, JASON STOKER, AND FRANK TAYLOR ELECTED AS ASSISTANT DIVISION DIRECTORS SPRS, The Imaging and Geospatial Information ASociety, announces the results of its 2014 elections for National Officers. The Tellers Committee reported that Charles Toth, of The Ohio State University (OSU), won the election to become ASPRS Vice President for 2014. With the installation of officers at the ASPRS Annual Conference in March, Stewart Walker moves into the position of President; Lynn Usery becomes President-Elect; and Stephen DeGloria becomes Immediate Past President. Vice President-Elect Charles K. Toth is a Research Profes- degree as a working professional. He is Director and sor in the Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Treasurer of the ASPRS Central Region. He is also Vice Chair Engineering at OSU. He received his MSc in Electrical Engi- of the Hydrographic Services Review Panel of the National neering and a PhD in Electrical Engineering and Geo-Infor- Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and serves mation Sciences from the Technical University of , on the Office of the National Ombudsman Regulatory Fairness Hungary. He has published over 300 peer-reviewed journal Board of the Small Business Administration (SBA). Perkins and proceedings papers, and he is the co-editor of the widely said, “we have important work ahead as we work to com- popular book LiDAR: Topographic Ranging and Scanning plete new ASPRS Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Principles and Processing. Toth joined ASPRS in 1988. From Data, to replace the existing ASPRS Accuracy Standards for 2004-2008 he served as Assistant Director, then Director of Large-Scale Maps, 1990, and the ASPRS Guidelines, Vertical the Photogrammetric Applications Division (PAD). Since 2008 Accuracy Reporting for Lidar Data, 2004.” he has served as the ASPRS Eastern Great Lakes Region Na- John McCombs was elected Assistant Director of the tional Director. He is also President for the 2012-2016 Con- Remote Sensing Applications Division (RSAD). McCombs gress Period of Technical Commission I for the International is a Senior Image Analyst with the Baldwin Group. For the Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). last 10 years he has led NOAA’s Coastal Change Analysis Toth said, “ASPRS is the premier society for geospatial Program. He earned his MS from Virginia Tech, where he information science and engineering professionals, uniquely concentrated on using topographic factor maps in a geograph- blending government, the private sector, and academia. It is ic system to improve wildlife management. He has been an absolutely essential for the entire society to maintain its posi- active ASPRS member for 14 years, and recently chaired tion of leadership as the broad use and application of remote the RSAD Climate Change Committee. He is currently lead- sensing and geospatial data reaches many users who are not ing the revision of the remote sensing terms for the ASPRS traditional members of ASPRS.” Toth continued, “we must Glossary of the Mapping Sciences. McCombs said, “the last be more proactive, demonstrating our knowledge and com- few years have seen new sensors being deployed and used petence to solve problems for humankind, including disaster both commercially and in research. Turning this data into response, environment, climate change, peacekeeping, and usable information through consistent, accurate, peer-re- food supply… I look forward to serving as an officer of ASPRS viewed methods should be a large focus of the Society, and with honor and responsibility.” this Division in particular.” Jason Stoker was elected Assistant Director of the Scott Perkins was elected Assistant Director of the LiDAR Division (LD). Stoker is a Physical Scientist with Photogrammetric Applications Division (PAD). Perkins is Vice the US Geological Survey (USGS) at the Earth Resources President of Federal Programs at Aero-Metric, Inc., now part Observation and Science (EROS) Center. He was the for- of Quantum Spatial. He was a member of the inaugural class mer Director of the USGS Center for Lidar Information of the Photogrammetric Modeling Program at Ferris State Coordination and Knowledge (CLICK). He earned his BS in University, and he later earned a Business Management Natural Resource Management and his MS in Geospatial

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 303 ASPRSNEWS

Science, both from Colorado State University. He has been a conference keynote speaker for ASPRS and was guest ed- itor for a special issue of Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (PE&RS), the Journal of the Imaging and ASPRS Geospatial Information Society. Within the LD he has focused on new specifications, standards, and best practices for 3-D WEBINAR SERIES data generally, not just from LiDAR. Stoker said, “use of lidar… has grown incredibly quickly… and is being used in Have you wanted to attend an many sectors and applications... ASPRS should embrace those who may have untraditional ideas about 3-D data, while at ASPRS conference workshop but the same time try to maintain consistency and interoperabili- didn’t have the time to spend away ty between different systems and data structures.” from the office? Are your travel Frank R. Taylor was elected Assistant Director of the Professional Practice Division (PPD). Taylor is the Marketing funds limited? Development Manager for Midwest Aerial Photography. He is a licensed Professional Photogrammetric Surveyor in two No problem. Here’s why. states and an ASPRS Certified Photogrammetrist. He earned his BS degree in Geology from Tennessee Tech University. He is an expert in the field of aerial triangulation (AT) and has written numerous workflow procedures/standards for AT and photogrammetry. An ASPRS member since 1989, he has served as the Indiana State Director of the Western Great Lakes Region of ASPRS. Taylor said, “my goal… would be to… strive for better collaboration between Geospatial profes- sionals, the Engineering and Surveying professions, and both state and national boards in order to help develop standards and best practices for the Society and the geospatial industry.”

EMPLOYMENT ASPRS Workshops are at your fingertips Looking for a challenging opportunity and growth with- with the ASPRS Webinar Workshop in a dynamic organization, then consider the career opportunities offered at Wallace Montgomery LLP. Series. Now you can take popular ASPRS WM has an opening for a Stereo Compiler with min- imum 3 years’ experience to work on a wide range of Workshops from your home or office survey/engineering projects. Softcopy and DAT/EM experience is desirable, but not required. Land Survey- through the ASPRS Webinar Workshop ing/Engineering background preferred. BS in Geogra- phy or related field considered a plus WM maintains Series. Just sign up and log in on the an exceptional work environment. We offer excellent Webinar date. You will be able to interact salaries and benefits packages with choices of medical plans, dental & vision coverage, 401k, profit sharing with others attending the Webinar and ask and tuition reimbursement. You can apply online at www.Wallacemontgomery.com or send your resume to: questions, just as if you were attending the [email protected] Workshop at one of our conferences. The

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304 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ASPRSNEWS NEW SUSTAINING MEMBERS ASPRS is proud to welcome the following new Sustaining Members. More information on becoming a Sustaining Member is available at http://www.asprs.org/Join-Now/Corporate-Sustaining-Membership.html

Altavian attending our events. We maintain the industry’s largest and Apostolos Mamatas most knowledgeable editorial and management team, each 1724 NW 2nd Street, Gainesville, FL 32606 (855) 325-8284 member having substantial experience as a practitioners and [email protected]; www.altavian.com entrepreneurs of geospatial technology. This allows Directions Member Since: 2/2014 Media to not only report on current news and applications, but also provide commentary and advice on industry trends. And we are driven to serve our advertisers by bringing them broad exposure through our worldwide reach.

Altavian manufactures the Nova family of small Unmanned CompassData, Inc. Aerial Systems (sUAS), built with the primary purpose of 12353 East Easter Avenue meeting the challenging demands of the photogrammetry and Centennial, CO 80112 remote sensing communities. While the Nova payloads also (303) 627-4058; (888) 766-2488 include low-cost non-metric, multispectral, and gimbaled ther- [email protected]; www.compassdatainc.com mal IR + Full Motion Video (FMV), Altavian’s principle focus is Member Since: 3/2014 designing their systems on a solid foundation of photogrammet- ric principles. The Altavian autonomous navigation system has been customized and designed to dynamically adjust to weather conditions, ensuring sufficient exposure overlap to create ortho- mosaics without repeating a mission. The onboard dual-fre- CompassData is a worldwide provider of high-quality Ground quency GPS/IMU available on the metric payload facilitates Control Points (GCP) and field data collection services for faster post-processing times while also resulting in precisions GIS, photogrammetric and remote sensing applications. and accuracies achieved by few competing technologies. Our Established in 2003 as a woman-owned small business, metric payload acquires data at a native 14-bit spectral resolu- CompassData has developed standardized methods of tion allowing for faster and easier radiometric adjustments that collecting and processing GPS ground control that ensures result in a nicely color balanced end data product. every point is globally consistent regardless of where it was Our focus is on providing the affordable economy of scale captured. Every GCP meets or surpasses rigorous standards required to acquire data for smaller-sized areas of interest, for quality and accuracy. normally not able to be acquired cost-effectively using tradi- CompassData performs custom collection of ground control tional manned airborne systems. Additionally, our customers and data sets for clients worldwide through highly experi- are able to swap and configure their payloads effortlessly, enced in-house geodetic survey teams and an international allowing them to conduct a precision agriculture remote network of select partners. GCPs can be captured and deliv- sensing project on one day while performing a 1cm orthoim- ered with guaranteed quality anywhere in the world within agery project the next day, using the same aircraft. Whether two to six weeks of order placement your mission is for precision agriculture, natural resource Off-the-shelf GCPs are available for immediate purchase assessments, or traditional aerial surveys, Altavian has all of from the CompassData online database, the world’s largest your bases covered. commercial GCP archive containing over 26,000 photo-identi- fiable points in 100 countries. CompassData makes the GCP data and metadata available for viewing and direct download Directions Magazine in a reduced-accuracy format from its website to enable 1001 Green Bay Road, Ste.145, Winnetka, IL 60093 clients to review points and license details before ordering the (847) 242-0412 final data in the accuracy level required. [email protected] Used extensively to orthorectify or correct aerial, satellite Member Since: 2/2014 and UAS imagery as well as LiDAR data, CompassData GCPs are utilized to verify the accuracy of imagery, LiDAR and GIS datasets. Remote sensing satellite operators also use GCPs to calibrate newly deployed sensors. CompassData routinely provides archived and new GCPs to gas and electric utilities, energy exploration companies, government offices, geospatial product vendors, and telecommunications organizations. Each Directions Magazine is the leading source of geospatial GCP is processed to CompassData accuracy specifications and information technology, news and commentary for “all things delivered with accompanying metadata and station diagram location.” We keep our readers informed with the latest describing how it was acquired. geospatial technology trends and issues through newslet- The standard delivery format is WGS84, and CompassData ters, blogs, podcasts, industry Channels and webinars. Our offers optional deliveries in any datum, projection and epoch readers gain an “inside edge” by reading our publications and required by the client.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 305 REVIEWERS FOR 2013 THANK YOU to the following people who have served as reviewers of peer-reviewed articles in PE&RS over the past year. These people provide the expertise needed to ensure the high quality of articles we publish each month. Anyone interested in serving as a reviewer should contact Dr. Russell G. Congalton, Editor-in-Chief of PE&RS at [email protected]. Devrim Akca Hadiseh Hasani Xuelian Meng Gunho Sohn Mohanned Al-Durgham Guojin He James W. Merchant Ben Somers Luciano Alparone Christian Heipke Carolyn J. Merry Forrest R Stevens Benjamin Arias Perez Scott Hensley Joseph P. Messina Douglas A. Stow Mohammad Awrangjeb David Hernández Xin Miao Ramanathan Sugumaran Timo Balz Ana Hernando Gallego Cristina Milesi Guang-Cai Sun Ki-in Bang Peter Hoffman George C. Miliaresis Sharmistha Swain Asim Banskota Bernhard Hofle Mehdi Momeni Xinmin Tang Larry L. Biehl Christopher Hopkinson Abu S.M. Mosa Gulsen Taskin Kaya Anne Bienert Janet Hoyt Giorgos Mountrakis Tee-Ann Teo Behnaz Bigdeli Xin Huang Soe W. Myint Prasad S. Thenkabail Christoph C Borel Glynn Hulley Carla Nardinocchi Nancy Thomas Andrew J. Brenner Juha Hyyppa Glenn Newnham Valerie A Thomas James Campbell John Iiames Xutong Niu Dirk Tiede Michael J. Campbell Jungho Im David J. Nowak James C. Tilton Javier Cardenal-Escarcena James R. Irons Tom Oda Charles K. Toth Constantinos Cartalis Umit Isikdag Chris W O'Dell John C. Trinder Isabel Castillejo-Gonzalez Ryan R. Jensen Mutlu Ozdogan Andre Twele Kerry Cawse-Nicholson Lei Ji Naresh Pai E. Lynn Usery Chi Chen Weili Jiao Frank Paul Tim Van de Voorde Gang Chen Kasper Johansen Jose M Pena-Barragan Sander Veraverbeke Liang-Chien Chen Yoonseok Jwa Elli Petsa David Verbyla Qi Chen Zhizhong Kang Norbert Pfeifer Richard Vincent Yunhao Chen Maggi Kelly William Philpot James E. Vogelmann Liang Cheng Iman Khosravi Lars Pierce Michele Volpi Jonathan Chipman Minho Kim Antonio Plaza Alan Voss Edwin Chow Taejung Kim Daniela Poli Guangxing Wang Nicholas Clinton Joseph Knight Jen Pontius Jie Wang John W Coulston Peter Kootsookos Sorin C Popescu Le Wang Kevin Czajkowski Jenna Kovacs Christopher Potter Menghua Wang Kaichang Di Lalit Kumar Marketa Potuckova Qunming Wang Gene Dial Andrea Laliberte Steve Prisley Ruirui Wang Mark Dougherty Rick Landenberger Cesar Puente Xin Wang Jeff Dozier Lawrence Lass Fang Qiu Pakorn Watanachaturaporn Iryna Dronova Rick Lawrence Lindi J. Quackenbush Keith T. Weber Mark Ducey Franz Leberl Lloyd Queen Wei Wei Stephen Egbert I-Chieh Lee Bruce Quirk Xinguo Wei Ryan N. Engstrom Guido Lemoine Pullur Variam Radhadevi Qihao Weng David L. Evans Lucie Lepine Maryam Rahnemoonfar Frankie K.K. Wong Michael J. Falkowski Shuang Li Umamaheshwaran Rajasekar Bo Wu Lynn Fenstermaker Wenkai Li Lian P. Rampi Zhuoting Wu Sagi Filin Xia Li Mehdi Ravanbakhsh Hongjie Xie Shannon Franks Xiaodong Li Peter Reinartz Qinchuan Xin Clive S. Fraser Ying Li Dar A. Roberts Zhen Xiong Antonio Maria Garcia Tommaselli Xinlian Liang Fabio Rocca Kistina H. Yamamoto Markus Gerke Donald Light Víctor Francisco Rodriguez-Galiano Bisheng Yang Dean B. Gesch Chun Liu John Rogan Byungyun Yang Mohsen Ghanea Jianhong Liu Franz Rottensteiner Xiaojun Yang Suddhasheel Ghosh Yang Liu Melissa Rura Stephen R. Yool John S. Gierke Zhaoqin Liu Vince V. Salomonson Rey-Jer You Chandra Giri Danny Lo Seen Aparajithan Sampath Bo Yu Nancy F. Glenn Tom Loveland Temuulen Sankey Yunyue Yu Craig Glennie Ross S. Lunetta Amin Sarafraz Caiyun Zhang Jun Gong John Lyon Marco Scaioni Chunsun Zhang Peng Gong Ruijin Ma John Schalles Guo Zhang Kass Green Hans-Gerd Maas Mathias Schneider Liangpei Zhang Jacek F. Grodecki Ann L. Maclean Karen Schuckman Liqiang Zhang Gerhard Groger Meghan Graham MacLean Guy Schumann Xiaodong Zhang Stanley I. Grossman Robb MacLeod Dominik DS Seidel Xiaoyang Zhang Jianyu Gu Steen Magnussen Jie Shan Yongjun Zhang Qinghua Guo Michael Marshall Wei Shi Kaiguang Zhao Barry Haack David F. Maune Yun Shi Zheng Zhao Ayman F. Habib John McCombs Yosio Shimabukuro Benrui Zheng Dong Yeob Han Stuart K McFeeters Andrew K. Skidmore Demetrio Zourarakis You Kyung Han James Chris McGlone Terrance Slonecker Joel Hartter Ronald E. McRoberts Christopher Small

306 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING ASPRS Meeting Schedule ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Save the dates!!! ASPRS would like to welcome Pecora 19 & ISPRS Commission I Symposium the following new members! November 17–20, 2014 Renaissance Denver Hotel, Denver, Colorado USA

ASPRS 2015 Annual Conference Tampa Bay Marriott Waterside Hotel At Large New England Tampa, Florida May 4-8, 2015 Oluseun Adeluyi Patrick Cowan Abdullah Al-Shahrani Nicole Cyr Fall 2015 Conference P. Eng Xiyu Li* Location TBD April 2016 Robert Dicker* Deanna Sarro* Joseph Eta David T. Sewall ASPRS 2016 Annual Conference Miaoting Li Grand Sierra Hotel Potomac Reno, Nevada Central US Jeffrey D. Colby April 18-22, 2016 E Bacon* Mike Greeson Fall 2016 Conference Eric Guenther* Location TBD Columbia River Spencer Johnson* Jed Roberts ASPRS 2017 Annual Conference Gina Li* Baltimore, Maryland Eastern Great Lakes Timothy Matusiewicz* Logan Barnett Adam Oliphant* Eric Weaver* Matthew A. Thexton* Check www.asprs.org for updates and important Anthony Trojanowski program information. Florida Junnio Freixa* Puget Sound John Ong Mid-South Conor Barber Rocky Mountain REGION OF THE MONTH Laura Benneyworth* Amanda Aragon* Emily Burchfield* Saundra Daras* D THE WINNER IS… Erica Carr Andy Dinville AN Suzanne Irwin* Brian Everitt Jennie Sturm* Matt Kitchen MID-SOUTH REGION Virginia McClure* Southwest US

Jonathan Perez*

The Mid-South Region sponsored 11 new Christopher R. Lung

Adam Pike

members during the month of February.

Nancy Velez* Western Great Lakes

Li Wang* Douglas Norgord

Tyler Stentz

In recognition of their commitment to the Society,

Northern California MJ Whittaker they receive the following: Juliana Lo* • A certificate from ASPRS acknowledging their Dirk Tanoury* *indicates student member work in membership recruitment. • ASPRS Buck$ vouchers valued at $50 to be used toward merchandise in the ASPRS Bookstore. • This special recognition in this issue of PE&RS of FOR MORE INFORMATION ON their designation as “Region of the Month,” a true ASPRS MEMBERSHIP, VISIT display of their commitment to the Society. HTTP://WWW.ASPRS.ORG/JOIN-NOW/

This is an ongoing regional recruitment campaign. We hope other regions will be listed here in future months. Your path to success in the geospatial community

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 307 Grids & Datums A subsequent report on the Marquises offered some more continued from page 298 recent transformation details. In particular, for Atoll, the 1963 cadastre was oriented in 1988 by the Mission 2. ARCHIPEL DE LA SOCIÉTÉ Océanographique du Pacifique from (MOP 88) to the WGS72 Bellingshausen Atoll 15° 48' 32.7" S 154° 32' 02.3" W datum as: ΔX = +133.9 m, ΔY = +183.7 m, ΔZ = +162.4 m. Bora-Bora 16° 30' 25.8" S 151° 44' 57.5" W Furthermore, a number of transformation parameters were Huahine 16° 42' 47.9" S 151° 02' 05.3" W offered from IGN 72 Datum (referenced to the International Maiao (Tubuai – Manu) 17° 38' 17.7" S 150° 38' 15.1" W 1924 ellipsoid) to WGS 84 datum where: a = 6,378,137 m and Maupiti 16° 26' 53.1" S 151° 14' 51.8" W 1/f = 298.25723563 where: Meetia 17° 52' 41.1" S 148° 03' 40.2" W ΔX ΔY ΔZ Moorea (Papetoai) 17° 29' 31.5" S 149° 52' 16.1" W Nuku Hiva* +133 m* +191 m* +183 m* Mopelia Atoll 16° 47' 01.9" S 153° 58' 26.1" W Hiva Oa +332 m –11.5 m +60 m Raitea-Tahaa 16° 33' 21.0" S 151° 29' 06.2" W Tahuata +332 m –11.5 m +60 m Scilly Atoll 16° 30' 36.5" S 154° 38' 47.1" W Ua Pou +132 m +186 m +192 m Tahiti (Punaauia-IGN) 17° 38' 05.0" S 149° 37' 00.0" W Ua Huka +84 m +274 m +64.5 m Tahiti Astro 17° 32' 26.0" S 149° 34' 17.9" W Fatu Iva +60 m +284.5 m +115.5 m Tahiti (Pointe Venus) 17° 29' 41.8" S 149° 29' 37.2" W Eiao +332 m –64 m +251 m Tetiaroa Atoll 17° 01' 47.7" S 149° 33' 43.6" W (Mission Océanographique du Pacifique, Échelon de Polnésie, Tupai Atoll (Motu-iti) 16° 14' 09.0" S 151° 50' 20.5" W Dec 1982-Jul 1990, Annales Hydrographiques, Vol. 19, No. 3. ÎLES AUSTRALES 766, 1993). *In regard to the Nuku Hiva transformation parameters, Maria Atoll 21° 47' 42.7" S 154° 41' 56.3" W the French Institut Géographique National website more re- Raevavae (Rairua) 23° 52' 04.8" S 147° 41' 17.2" W cently listed different values from local to WGS 84 as: Rapa (Ahurei) 27° 37' 15.4" S 144° 20' 04.7" W ΔX ΔY ΔZ Rimatara (Anapoto) 22° 38' 38.8" S 152° 49' 03.4" W Nuku Hiva (IGN72) +84 m +274 m –251 m Rurutu (Moerai) 22° 27' 13.9" S 151° 20' 04.6" W Furthermore, IGN also offered the following transformation Tubuai (Mataura) 23° 20' 40.2" S 149° 29' 08.6" W parameters from local to WGS 84: 4. ÎLES MARQUISES Nouvelle-Calédonie (Lifou) +336 m +223 m –231 m Eiao (Baie Vaitua) 07° 59' 38.7" S 140° 42' 42.2" W Nouvelle-Calédonie (MHNC72) –13 m –348 m +292 m. Fatu Hiva (Hanavave) 10° 27' 53.3" S 138° 39' 46.6" W

Hiva Oa 09° 48' 27.5" S 139° 02' 02.7" W Thanks to the Librarians at the Maury Oceanographic Nuku Hiva (Taiohae) 08° 54' 56.2" S 140° 05' 35.1" W Library that suffered my rummaging through their stacks Ua Pou (Hakahetau) 09° 21' 33.6" S 140° 06' 16.1" W in the 1990s while I was lecturing to the U.S. Naval Oceano- Ua Uka (Vaipae) 08° 56' 17.8" S 139° 34' 18.1" W graphic Office and the Naval Research Laboratories at Sten- nis Space Center in Mississippi. 5. SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS (UNCOR- RECTED FOR DEFLECTIONS) The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who is Mopelia 16° 46' 20.0" S 153° 56' 46.8" W responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of Mururoa 21° 50' 22.3" S 138° 56' 44.1" W the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and/ 4 Nukutavake (Tavava) 19° 16' 28.4" S 138° 46' 19.9" W or the Louisiana State University Center for GeoInformatics (C G). 18° 16' 08.8" S 137° 04' 10.4" W Reao (Tapuarva) 18° 27' 47.4" S 136° 27' 57.8" W Takakoto (Tumukuru) 17° 20' 56.8" S 138° 27' 01.6" W Tureia (Fakamaru) 20° 45' 57.7" S 138° 33' 56.8" W Tureia (Sud du Lagon) 20° 50' 47.5" S 138° 31' 24.0" W Vahitahi (Temanufaara) 18° 46' 29.9" S 138° 51' 28.0" W Vairaatea 19° 19' 30.0" S 139° 13' 03.0" W (Mission Géodésique des Tuamotu, (Juin 1950-Septembre 1953) par M. François Vallaux, Lieutenant de Vaisseau, An- nales Hydrographiques, 1954, pp. 90-116).

308 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Special Issue Foreword Remote Sensing of Soils for Environmental Assessment and Management Stephen D. DeGloria, James R. Irons, and Larry T. West

The next generation of imaging systems integrated In the second paper, “Mapping the Subaqueous Soils with complex analytical methods will revolutionize of Lake Champlain’s Missisquoi Bay using Ground- the way we inventory and manage soil resources across Penetrating Radar, Digital Soil Mapping and Field a wide range of scientific disciplines and application Measurements,” Libohova et al. convey the importance domains. This special issue highlights those systems of mapping soils in subaqueous environments to and methods for the direct benefit of environmental improve understanding of depositional environments professionals and students who employ imaging and in fresh water systems. They focus on characterizing geospatial information for improved understanding, chemical and physical properties using ground management, and monitoring of soil resources. penetrating radar and laboratory analyses and relating We solicited articles for this special issue of those properties to selected subaqueous depositional Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing landscapes and aquatic vegetation types using digital (PE&RS) on the following topics: soil mapping techniques. Several landscape units • Imaging and geospatial information for were defined based on interpretation of radar data characterizing dynamic soil properties in conjunction with subaqueous soil properties, • Airborne topographic lidar for mapping terrain geomorphic setting, and differences in water depth. derivatives and landscape conditions The authors argue that such data from active sensors • Multi- and hyper-spectral image processing and when combined with terrain analysis and limited field analysis for soil survey sampling can be used to map subaqueous soils in other • Radar remote sensing of soils freshwater lakes and ponds in temperate latitudes. • Remote and proximal sensing of soil properties for In the third paper, “Geostatistical Methods digital soil mapping for Predicting Soil Moisture Continuously in a • Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for soil Subalpine Basin,” Williams and Anderson explore characterization and monitoring the use of spatial statistical methods to map the • Geospatial data fusion for soil inventory, mapping, spatial distribution of soil moisture conditions in and resource management a mountainous landscape. They apply regression • Web-enabled soil assessment and monitoring modeling and interpolation methods to optimally combine remotely sensed imagery and lidar data for We received a number of manuscripts which were predicting the spatial distribution of a soil property key subjected to the standard peer-review process for papers to understanding alpine ecosystems. Their approach submitted to PE&RS. From that set, we selected six is well-suited to characterizing soil properties and papers for publication in this special issue. The special advancing our understanding of local variations of issue Highlight Article complements these six papers soil moisture conditions under short-range terrain by providing an overview of other forms of remotely differences as controlled by slope position. This paper and proximally sensed data and related geospatial is an excellent example of how regression modeling information for soil investigations. with remotely sensed predictor variables is being used In the first paper, “Toward Linking Aboveground to estimate soil properties in diverse landscapes. Vegetation Properties and Soil Microbial Communities In the fourth paper, “Mapping Impervious Surfaces Using Remote Sensing,” Hamada et al. provide an Using Object-oriented Classification in a Semiarid Urban extensive literature review on the importance of Region,” Sugg et al. address the challenge of mapping advancing our understanding of the spatial distribution impervious surfaces in urban areas where traditional of soil microorganisms which contribute significantly methods tend to yield unreliable results. Employing to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. They posit remotely sensed imagery of high spatial resolution, they that remote sensing and attendant imaging technologies, successfully mapped impervious surfaces using advanced when integrated with soil microbial research findings, image classification techniques without relying on can enhance our ability to map the spatial distribution of spectral indicators common to mapping such surfaces. By these communities at landscape scale. They advocate for attaining high classification accuracy, they demonstrate a new research paradigm to integrate biophysical remote a more efficient methodology comparable to manual sensing with soil microbial community biogeography interpretation of high resolution imagery for monitoring through standardization of taxonomy, improve strategies impervious surfaces associated with urban growth in arid to scale and correlate observed surface properties with and semi-arid environments. This mapping approach characteristics of subsurface microbial communities, holds promise for hydrologic modeling and watershed and promote interdisciplinary collaborations. management at variable spatial scales.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 309 In the fifth paper, “Semi-Automated Disaggregation of of built-up land and estimate the rate of soil sealing Conventional Soil Maps Using Knowledge Driven Data over a twelve-year period. Using well-established Mining and Random Forests in the Sonoran Desert, spatial analysis methods, vulnerability of agricultural USA,” Nauman et al. demonstrate the importance of soils to urban development was mapped in relation to integrating legacy soil surveys, appropriately processed, urban infrastructure proximity, population growth, and with several environmental covariates derived from economic development. Their results reinforce the need remotely sensed data and digital elevation models. for smart growth modeling in suburban areas supported Their methodology employs disaggregation of soil by spatial data derived from aerial imagery. survey data to provide a finer scale field data set for We thank those authors who contributed papers to use by environmental professionals to implement this special issue and express our sincere appreciation resource conservation strategies in diverse landscapes. to all reviewers who conducted their reviews with Given the high level of agreement with independent due diligence in a timely manner and with a high field validation sites, the disaggregated maps not degree of professionalism. We are grateful for the only provide useful soil property information at finer opportunity afforded to us by the PE&RS Editor-in- resolution than the original soil survey data but also Chief to convey to our fellow geospatial professionals generate estimates of prediction uncertainty useful for the critical importance of imaging and geospatial data resource management purposes. for characterizing, mapping, and monitoring our most Our sixth paper in this issue is an Applications valuable natural resource. Paper, “Monitoring Agricultural Soil Sealing in Peri- Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing,” in which Su et Special Issue Editors al. effectively integrate remote sensing, geographic Stephen D. DeGloria, Department of Crop and Soil information systems, and digital soil data to Sciences, Cornell University, [email protected] characterize the dynamics of agricultural soil loss, James R. Irons, Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard defined as sealing of the soil surface due to rapid Space Flight Center, [email protected] construction of urban infrastructure, or urbanization. Using traditional manual interpretation of aerial Larry T. West, formerly USDA-NRCS National Soil photographs, they were able to monitor the expansion Survey Center, [email protected]

310 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Toward Linking Aboveground Vegetation Properties and Soil Microbial Communities Using Remote Sensing

Yuki Hamada, Jack A. Gilbert, Peter E. Larsen, and Madeline J. Norgaard

Abstract studies have shown spatial patchiness (Ushio et al. 2010), Despite their vital role in terrestrial ecosystem function, the restricted distributions (van der Heijden et al., 2008), and distributions and dynamics of soil microbial communities population isolation and endemism (Green and Bohannan, (SMCs) are poorly understood. Vegetation and soil proper- 2006). Because microbial community compositions can affect ties are the primary factors that influenceSMCs . This paper the rest of the ecosystem and vice versa, knowledge about discusses the potential effectiveness of remote sensing science their spatial distributions is critically important in gaining and technologies for mapping SMC biogeography by char- a comprehensive understanding of terrestrial ecosystems, as acterizing surface biophysical properties (e.g., plant traits well as in other fields, such as agronomy (Ranjardet al., 2010) and community composition) strongly correlated with SMCs. and climate change (Reid 2012). Using remotely sensed biophysical properties to predict SMC If we wish to understand the relationship between vegeta- distributions is extremely challenging because of the intricate tion properties, edaphic properties, and microbial community interactions between biotic and abiotic factors and between structure and function, in situ observation or experimental above- and below-ground ecosystems. However, the integra- manipulation of soil systems is generally considered to be tion of biophysical and soil remote sensing with geospatial required (Paul, 2007). While in situ observation of these prop- information about the environment holds great promise erties is undoubtedly the “gold standard” for obtaining such for mapping SMC biogeography. Additional research needs data (Larsen et al., 2012a), applying these techniques to large involve microbial taxonomic definition, soil environmental sample sizes and/or large areas is often constrained by cost complexity, and scaling strategies. The collaborative effort and physical accessibility (Graetz 1990; Hamada et al., 2010; of experts from diverse disciplines is essential to linking Roughgarden et al., 1991). Botkin (1986) indicated the poten- terrestrial surface biosphere observations with subsurface tial utility of remote sensing for characterizing environmental microbial community distributions using remote sensing. variables for studying soil microbial communities (SMCs) near- ly 30 years ago, but such investigation was not possible until recently because of limitations in remote sensing technologies Introduction and the understanding of SMC structure. Remotely sensed data Microorganisms comprise a significant proportion of terrestri- provide a synoptic view of the landscape containing land al biomass and provide diverse ecosystem services, including surface features and properties (Jensen, 2007). The advances decomposition of wastes, soil fertilization, and water puri- of remote sensing science and technologies, such as very high fication (Whitmanet al., 1998). Their metabolism plays an resolution (VHR) imaging, hyperspectral radiometry, and Light important role in all known biogeochemical cycles, and they Detection and Ranging (lidar) systems, in conjunction with affect global climate (Bardgett et al., 2008). Despite these con- sophisticated data processing models and algorithms, permit tributions, the function and distribution of many microbes are more detailed and reliable characterization and mapping of poorly understood because of the significant complexity in terrestrial surfaces than ever before (e.g., Dahlin et al., 2012; interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, and between Laliberte et al., 2011). If key terrestrial surface properties that above- and below-ground ecosystems. The complexity of influence and are influenced bySMC dynamics are reliably the interactions is heterogeneous across scales, and cross- characterized and mapped at appropriate spatial and tempo- scale complexity varies further across geographic locations ral scales, it will significantly contribute to the investigation (Bardgett et al., 2008; van der Heijden et al., 2008). The of patterns and associations between environmental factors substantial difference between the scale at which microbes and microbial community properties using mathematical act (e.g., micrometer-scale) and the scale at which climate im- modeling of ecosystem processes (e.g., Larsen et al., 2012a). pacts are experienced (e.g., regional, continental, and global This approach has been successfully applied to map distribu- scales) imposes additional challenges. While most microbes tions of microbial communities and their functions in marine were previously thought to have no spatial patterns, recent environments (Larsen et al. 2012b). For terrestrial environments, developing such an approach is extremely challenging because a highly complex environ- Yuki Hamada is with Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Bldg 240, Lemont, IL 60439, ([email protected]). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Jack A. Gilbert and Peter E. Larsen are with Argonne National Vol. 80, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 311–321. Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Bldg 202, Lemont, IL 60439. 0099-1112/14/8004–311 Madeline J. Norgaard is with the College of Saint Benedict © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry and Saint John’s University, 37 College Avenue, St. Joseph, and Remote Sensing MN 56374. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.4.311

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 311 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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312 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 313 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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314 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 315 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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316 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 317 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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318 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 319 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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320 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 321 FORTHCOMING ARTICLES

Forthcoming Articles Hongbo Pan, and Xiaoyang Zhu, Planar Block Adjustment and Mostafa Kabolizade, Hamid Ebadi, and Mehdi Mokhtarzade, Orthorectification of ZY-3 Satellite Images. Automatic Building Extraction Using a Fuzzy Active Contour Model. Pengjie Tao, Luping Lu, Yong Zhang, Biao Xu, and Songbai Zou, On- Ali Akbar Matkan, Mohammad Hajeb, and Saeed Sadeghian, Orbit Geometric Calibration of the Panchromatic/Multispectral Road Extraction from Lidar Data Using Support Vector Machine Camera of the ZY-1 02C Satellite based on Public Geographic Data. Classification. Iman Khosravi, Mehdi Momeni, and Maryam Rahnemoonfar, George Ch. Miliaresis, Daily Temperature Oscillation Enhancement of Performance Evaluation of Object-Based and Pixel-Based Building Multitemporal LST Imagery. Detection Algorithms from Very High Spatial Resolution Imagery. Minfeng Xing, Binbin He, Xingwen Quan, and Xiaowen Li, An So-Ra Kim, Anup K. Prasad, Hesham El-Askary, Woo-Kyun Lee, Doo- Extended Approach for Biomass Estimation in a Mixed Vegetation Ahn Kwak, Seung-Ho Lee, and Menas Kafatos, Application of the Area Using ASAR and TM Data. Savitzky–Golay Filter to Land Cover Classification Using Temporal Lian P. Rampi, Joseph F. Knight, and Keith C. Pelletier, Wetland MODIS Vegetation Indices. Mapping in the Upper Midwest United States: An Object-Based Bo Yu, Li Wang, Zheng Niu, and Muhammad Shakir, An Effective Approach Integrating Lidar and Imagery Data. Morphological Index in Automatic Recognition of Built-Up Area Sara Jurado, Marta Yebra, Patricia Oliva, and Emilio Chuvieco, Suitable for High Spatial Resolution Images as ALSO and SPOT Data. Laboratory Measurements of Plant Drying: Implications to Daniel M. Howard and Bruce K. Wylie, Annual Crop Type Estimate Moisture Content from Radiative Transfer Models in Two Classification if the U.S. Great Plains for 2000 to 2011. Temperate Species. Dora Roque, Nuno Afonso, Ana M. Fonseca, and Sandra Heleno, OBIA Niva Kiran Verma, David W. Lamb, Nick Reid, and Brian Wilson, A Flood Delimitation Assisted by Threshold Determination with PCA. Comparative Study of Land Cover Classification Techniques for Amin Alizadeh Naeini, Mohammad Saadatseresht, and Saeid “Farmscapes“ Using Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Data. Homayuni, Automatic Estimation of Number of Clusters in Taoyang Wang, Guo Zhang, Deren Li, Xinming Tang, Yonghua Jiang, Hyperspectral Imagery.

CALENDAR MAY 2014 AUGUST 2014 5–9, SPIE DSS 2014, Baltimore, Maryland. For more 2–10, 40th Scientific Assembly of the Committee on Space information, visit http://spie.org/defense-security. Research (COSPAR) and Associated Events — “COSPAR xml?WT.mc_id=RCal-DEFW 2014”, , Russia. For more information, visit http:// 7–8, 2014 Indiana GIS Conference – “Mapping a www.cospar-assembly.org or http://cospar2014moscow. Difference”. Indianapolis, Indiana. For more information com/. visit www.igic.org/conference 17–21, Optical Engineering + Applications 2014 - Part of 7–9, ICAO 2nd Air Transport Symposium. Montréal, SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego Convention Center, Canada. For more information visit www.icao.int/ San Diego, California, USA. Meetings/iats2014/ SEPTEMBER 2014 19–21, PAS Technology Conference, Houston, Texas. For 8–11, GIS-Pro 2014: URISA’s 52nd Annual Conference, more information, visit http://www.pas.com/ptc New Orleans, Louisiana. For more information, visit www. 28–29, GEO Business 2014, Business Design Centre, gis-pro.org or www.urisa.org. , UK. For further information visit September 22-26, 2014. GeCo in the Rockies, Grand www.geobusinessshow.com. Junction, Colorado. For more information, visit http:// June 2014 www.gecointherockies.org/ 12–13, Optech's 7th International Terrestrial Laser Scanning User Meeting. Rome, Italy. For more OCTOBER 2014 information, visit www.optech.com/ugm2014 or email [email protected] 7–9, INTERGEO and imaGIne-2 Congress, , Germany. 16–20, The 34th EARSeL Symposium 2014. Warsaw, Poland. For more information, visit http://www.earsel. NOVEMBER 2014 org/symposia/2014-symposium-Warsaw/index.php 17-20, ASPRS 2014 Pecora 19 Symposium, Denver, JULY 2014 Colorado. Web site launch expected for February 2014. 15–18, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, MAY 2015 Systems and Applications: CITSA 2014 & Engineering and 4–8, ASPRS 2015 Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida. Technological Innovation: IMETI 2014, Orlando, Florida. For more information, visit www.asprs.org. For more information, visit http://www.iiisconferences2014. org/citsa or http://www.iiisconferences2014.org/imeti.

322 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Mapping the Subaqueous Soils of Lake Champlain’s Missisquoi Bay Using Ground- Penetrating Radar, Digital Soil Mapping and Field Measurements

Zamir Libohova, James Doolittle, Reed Sims, Thomas Villars, and Larry T. West

Abstract Advisory Committee - Montérégie, 2004). Row crops require Eutrophication associated with high concentrations of large quantities of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, and phosphorus in Missisquoi Bay has raised concerns about lead to higher soil erosion rates than forage crops and pasture. its influence on submersed aquatic vegetation. Subaqueous Missisquoi Bay has the highest reported levels of phospho- soils could play an important role in nutrient cycling, al- rus measured in Lake Champlain. The increased phosphorus gae blooms, the spread of invasive aquatic vegetation, and loading into Missisquoi Bay has been associated with eutro- water quality. The objectives of this study were to (a) char- phication and episodic proliferations of dense blue-green acterize some of the morphological, physical and chemical algae blooms (cyanobacteria) (Missisquoi Bay Inter-Agency properties of subaqueous soils in Missisquoi Bay based on Advisory Committee - Montérégie, 2004). ground-penetrating radar and soil analysis; and (b) assess Knowledge of the near-shore, submersed soil landscapes relationships among the subaqueous soil landscapes, radar of Lake Champlain and its bays can be extremely useful in facies, and submersed aquatic vegetation. Coarse Strati- addressing nutrient management, sedimentation, and water fied Sediments and Lacustrine Silt radar facies associated quality issues. The recognition of subaqueous soils and their with Delta/Nearshore and Lakebed/Bay Bottom subaqueous importance for submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) and other soil-landscape units covered 90 percent of the study area. ecological functions has led to efforts in distinguishing them The Lacustrine Silt radar facies occurred in relatively deep, from geologic concepts traditionally used for their character- low-energy, depositional areas and had the highest P con- ization. Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 2010) recognizes centrations. The majority of the submersed aquatic vege- subaqueous soils within Entisols and Histosols orders in the tation was associated with Delta/Nearshore and Fringing Wassents and Wassists suborders. They are defined as soils Peatland subaqueous soil landscapes under shallow water. that have “positive water potential at the soil surface for more than 21 hours of each day in all years.” Like upland “subaeri- al” soils, subaqueous soils can be classified to the series level Introduction in Soil Taxonomy. Each subaqueous soil series has a distinct The large watershed, extensive shoreline, and numerous range in physiochemical properties, and also like upland shallow bays of Lake Champlain make it exceptionally vul- soils, can have specific relationships to landscape position, nerable to detrimental effects associated with land-use change slope gradient, temperature, and other soil-forming factors and wastewater effluents (Faceyet al., 2012). Urban growth (Demas and Rabenhorst, 2001). Estuarine and fresh water and changes in land management are factors cited for the restoration efforts and initiatives (Hartley, 2007) have created increased eutrophication and sedimentation of Lake Cham- a demand for more detailed and spatially explicit representa- plain and its numerous bays (Poirier et al., 2012). The area tion of subaqueous soils distribution, depth and physical and surrounding Missisquoi Bay, a shallow (<5.0 m), eutrophic chemical properties. bay of Lake Champlain, has witnessed a significant expansion Distinct relationships are known to exist among subaque- in the acreage devoted to row crops (principally corn and soy- ous soils, aquatic vegetation, habitats, sediments, and land- bean) and a reduction in the acreage devoted to forage crops scapes (Bradley and Stolt, 2003; Demas and Rabenhorst, 1999 and pasture (Facey et al., 2012; Missisquoi Bay Inter-Agency and 2001; Osher and Flannagan, 2007). These relationships have fostered the recognition of distinct subaqueous soil land- Zamir Libohova is with the USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey scape units. Subaqueous soil landscape units are identified Center, 100 Centennial Mall North, Federal Building, Room on the basis of bathymetry, slope gradient, landscape shape, 152, Lincoln, NE 68508 ([email protected]). sediment type, and geographical location (Bradley and Stolt, James Doolittle is with the USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey 2003). Bradley and Stolt (2003) and Demas and Rabenhorst Center, 11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200, Newtown Square, PA (1999 and 2001), argue that subaqueous landscapes are simi- 19073. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Reed Sims is with the USDA-NRCS, 356 Mountain View Vol. 80, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 323–332. Drive, Suite 105, Colchester, VT 05446. 0099-1112/14/8004–323 Thomas Villars is with the USDA-NRCS, 28 Farmvu Drive, © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry White River Junction, VT 05001. and Remote Sensing Larry T. West is retired and working as a private consultant. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.4.323

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 323 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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324 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 325 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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326 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 327 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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328 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 329 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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330 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 331 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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332 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Geostatistical Methods for Predicting Soil Moisture Continuously in a Subalpine Basin

Katherine E. Williams and Sharolyn J. Anderson

Abstract melt, ground and air temperatures, and topography and soil This study presents spatial statistical methods for examining moisture reveal complex, interdependent relationships (Kim the distribution of soil moisture in a sub-alpine environ- and Kim, 2007; Molotch et al., 2009; Emanuel et al., 2010; ment. The high local variability of soil moisture is not well Kampf et al., In review). Understanding the distribution and characterized by spatial interpolation from dispersed data dynamics of soil moisture will help researchers and managers points. Interpolation using only field samples from Loch identify areas susceptible to effects of climate change, such as Vale, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado produced drought stress and increased erosion potential. coarse estimates that followed mean soil moisture trends, The intent of this Soil Moisture Spatial Survey (SMSS) but failed to capture local mid-slope variation. A properly Study was to examine the relationships between soil moisture specified regression model was identified by using dispersed and other physical variables such as land cover and micro- field samples and ancillary data derived from Ikonos-2 and topographical features such as bedrock outcrops and seeps. lidar data. This model predicted soil moisture patterns at a However, soil moisture is difficult to predict or interpolate much finer spatial resolution. An intensive field campaign based on field measurements alone because soil moisture ex- provided independent soil moisture measurements that hibits extreme local, spatial, and temporal variability (Kampf were used to assess the model’s accuracy. The modeled soil and Burges, 2007). Generating a detailed predicted surface us- moisture estimates captured local variability associated with ing standard interpolation methods results in smoothing that topographic terrain differences along mid-slope areas. mutes the real local variability of soil moisture in the field. Other studies have shown that this local variability is often associated with topographic features and suggested further Introduction study of these relationships (Kampf and Markus, 2009). The Soil moisture is an important environmental variable with SMSS Study was an effort to use both field samples and geosta- implications for hydrologic and climate change research in tistical methods to provide a soil moisture surface based on sub-alpine environments such as Loch Vale watershed in robust statistical predictions. A continuous surface of pre- Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. As temperatures in- dicted soil moisture throughout a study area is desirable for crease worldwide, mountain environments are recognized as examining relationships with other environmental variables regions that will be significantly affected. These systems hang as well as for other modeling purposes and identifying target in a delicate balance between short growing seasons, harsh areas for local studies. environmental extremes, and dynamic processes related to The SMSS used a combination of field sampling, regres- steep verticality (Funnell and Parish, 2001). Soil moisture is sion, and interpolation techniques. This research extends an important part of mountain ecosystems and is related to the Hillslope Study conducted in Loch Vale (Kampf and vegetation distributions, habitat boundaries, erosion poten- Markus, 2009; Kampf et al., In review). The SMSS Study used tial, and change over time. Soil facilitates water transport and a dispersed method for field measurements in contrast to supports vegetation structures that are sensitive to change the Hillslope Study where soil moisture measurements were (Molotch et al., 2009). Soil moisture regulates plant commu- taken at regular intervals along linear transects. The Hillslope nity distribution and vigor, nutrient turnover in the soil, and Study’s data were used as an independent validation of the response to precipitation events. In high elevation ecosys- prediction surface we generated. The data products of the tems, the maintenance of soil moisture is critical because the SMSS Study allow researchers to analyze soil moisture across soils are often shallow with poorly developed organic hori- the larger study area where the two Hillslope transects are zons (Reuth et al., 2003; Molotch et al., 2009). Water tends to undergoing extensive research. evaporate more readily in these soils due to limited organic material on the surface, leading to a disruption of moisture Site Description and Background on the Hillslope Study regulated soil processes. As air temperatures increase, the The SMSS Study was located in the Loch Vale watershed in evaporation rate will also increase. Studies of the relation- Colorado (Figure 1). High elevation and position at the Conti- ship between vegetation, seasonal snow accumulation and nental Divide create extreme seasonal weather conditions to which the alpine/subalpine ecosystem is delicately attuned. High levels of atmospheric nitrogen are deposited on this Katherine E. Williams is with Placeways LLC, 1790 30th location from Colorado’s Front Range, and annual mean tem- Street, Suite 314, Boulder, CO 80301, and formerly with the Department of Geography, University of Denver, 2050 E. Iliff Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Ave., Denver, CO 80208 ([email protected]). Vol. 80, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 333–341. 0099-1112/14/8004–333 Sharolyn J. Anderson is with the University of South Aus- tralia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, and © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry formerly with the Department of Geography, University of and Remote Sensing Denver, 2050 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO 80208. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.4.333

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 333 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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334 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 335 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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336 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 337 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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338 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 339 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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340 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 341 Advances and New Perspectives in Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis Guest Editors Dr. Ioannis Gitas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Email: [email protected] Dr. Giorgos Mallinis, Democritus University of Thrace Email: [email protected] Deadline for submission of manuscripts: August 1, 2014 Tentative publication date: June 1, 2015

A Special Issue oin “Advances and New • Multi-sensor data integration and information Perspectives in Geographic Object-Based Image fusion Analysis” will focus on recently introduced • Complex geospatial feature detection theories and innovations as well as future • Ontologies research trends in Geographic Object-Based • Synergies with GIScience Image Analysis (GEOBIA) by remote sensing • Open source software scientists and professionals. • Local, regional and global scales applications • Web-based GEOBIA services and semantics Since emerging early in the 21st century, • Future developments GEOBIA has incorporated and further upgraded established concepts in remote sensing and All submissions will be peer-reviewed in line interrelated spatial sciences. It has gained wide with PE&RS policy. Because of page limits, not popularity and attracted the interest of both all submissions recommended for acceptance by the scientific and professional communities, for the review panel may be included in the special its efficiency to provide enhanced and reliable issue. Under this circumstance, the guest editors geospatial intelligence. The growing interest will select the most relevant papers for inclusion in GEOBIA is demonstrated by the increasing in the special issue. Papers that are reviewed number of high-quality manuscripts appearing favorably, but will not fit within the Special in the literature and the recent development Issue, can be revised and submitted for review of GEOBIA-related (open source/commercial) as a new paper to the PE&RS Editor-in-Chief software packages. Towards that end, the bi- for possible publication in a future regular issue annual GEOBIA conferences held in Salzburg of PE&RS. Authors must prepare manuscripts (2006), Calgary (2008), Ghent (2010), Rio de according to the PE&RS Instructions to Janeiro (2012) and Thessaloniki, Greece (2014), Authors, published in each issue of PE&RS and have provided the impetus for much progress in also available on the ASPRS website at http:// Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis. www.asprs.org/PE-RS-Submissions-Policy-and- Guidelines/blog.html. Specifically, this special issue aims to bring together articles that report advances and set up Important Dates: new perspectives in GEOBIA theory, methods Manuscripts Due: August 1, 2014 and innovative applications including but not Notification to Authors: November 1, 2014 limited to the following: Final Papers Due: December 1, 2014 Call for Papers Publication: June 1, 2015 • Image segmentation algorithms • Integration with novel classification algorithms Please submit your manuscript by email directly to the • Classification/error assessment, uncertainty, Guest Editor: statistical analysis Dr. Ioannis Z. Gitas • Object-based change detection Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece • Multi-scale and multi-temporal classifications Email: [email protected] strategies and representations,

342 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Mapping Impervious Surfaces Using Object-oriented Classification in a Semiarid Urban Region

Zachary P. Sugg, Tobias Finke, David C. Goodrich, M. Susan Moran, and Stephen R. Yool

Abstract the physical content of urban environments (Chormanski et Mapping the expansion of impervious surfaces in urbaniz- al., 2008; Shuster et al., 2005). Mapping impervious surfaces ing areas is important for monitoring and understanding the with remote sensing techniques is an effective way to quantify hydrologic impacts of land development. The most common impervious cover (Slonecker et al., 2001; Weng, 2007) and approach using spectral vegetation indices, however, is thereby improve understanding of the impacts of urbanization difficult in arid and semiarid environments where vegetation on runoff processes. The most common approach using spec- is sparse and often senescent. In this study object-oriented tral vegetation indices, however, is problematic in arid and classification of high-resolution imagery was used to devel- semiarid environments where vegetation is patchy and often op a cost-effective, semi-automated approach for mapping senescent. impervious surfaces in Sierra Vista, Arizona for an individual This paper describes a method for mapping impervious neighborhood and the larger sub-watershed. Results from surfaces using supervised object-oriented classification of the neighborhood-scale analysis show that object-oriented high-resolution imagery for an urbanizing semi-arid area. classification of QuickBird imagery produced repeatable Insights are provided at the scale of an individual neighbor- results with good accuracy. Applying the approach to a 1,179 hood as well as the larger sub-watershed to show that despite km2 region produced maps of impervious surfaces with a utilizing high-resolution imagery, the method is not limited to mean overall accuracy of 88.1 percent. This study demon- only small geographical areas. The first section provides back- strates the value of employing object-oriented classification ground on the use of object-oriented classification approaches of high-resolution imagery to operationally monitor urban for detecting impervious surfaces and identifies the need for growth in arid lands at different spatial scales in order to fill applications to arid and semi-arid locations, followed by a knowledge gaps critical to effective watershed management. description of the study areas and imagery used. The next section describes the methods and results from the neighbor- hood scale classification (phase 1); then, the methods, results, Introduction and Background and errors and limitations of the regional scale classification Recent trends of population in-migration related to environ- (phase 2) follow. The final section offers conclusions and rec- mental amenities in Arizona and many other parts of the ommendations for refining the classification method. Rocky Mountain region of the US have been associated with high rates of urbanization and land development (Vias and Object-oriented Approaches to Mapping Impervious Surfaces Carruthers, 2005). Impervious surfaces (materials that pre- Earlier strategies for mapping impervious surfaces are based vent the infiltration of water into soil (Sloneckeret al., 2001)) largely on user-guided, manual delineation (Lee and Heaney, are created by construction activities, affecting land surface 2003; Shuster et al., 2005). The advantage of this method is its temperature, water quality, and watershed properties direct- ability to distinguish between directly and indirectly con- ly. Increases in the amount and distribution of impervious nected impervious areas, which is important information for surfaces in rapidly urbanizing areas can produce potentially hydrologic modeling. The major disadvantage, however, is the significant changes in hydrological processes in watersheds time and effort required to produce delineations, thus limit- by altering runoff regimes, increasing peak flows, and degrad- ing application to small areas (McMahon, 2007). A secondary ing water resources (Arnold, Jr. and Gibbons, 1996; Kennedy drawback is that the digitization of impervious areas by hand et al., 2013; Shuster et al., 2005). Additionally, the spatial can affect data consistency and accuracy. distribution of impervious areas is an important descriptor of Recent remote sensing approaches for automated mapping of urban impervious areas frequently use spectral vegetation indices as proxies for imperviousness, assuming for example Zachary P. Sugg is with the School of Geography and Devel- that vegetated areas represent pervious surfaces (Bauer et al., opment, University of Arizona, 443 Harvill Building, Univer- 2002; Sawaya et al., 2003; Thanapura et al., 2007). Proxies are sity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 ([email protected]). thus based on indices such as Normalized Difference Vegeta- Tobias Finke is a Consultant; 756 E. Winchester Street, Ste. tion Index (NDVI), where: 400, Salt Lake City, UT, and formerly with School of Geog- raphy and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ NDVI = (DNNIR – DNRED) / (DNNIR + DNRED) (1) 85721. David C. Goodrich and M. Susan Moran are with the USDA Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 E. Allen Vol. 80, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 343–352. Road, Tucson, AZ, 85719. 0099-1112/14/8004–343 Stephen R. Yool is with the School of Geography and De- © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry velopment, 435C Harvill Building, University of Arizona, and Remote Sensing Tucson, AZ 85721. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.4.343

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 343 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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344 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 345 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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346 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 347 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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348 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 349 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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350 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 351 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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352 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Semi-Automated Disaggregation of a Conventional Soil Map Using Knowledge Driven Data Mining and Random Forests in the Sonoran Desert, USA

Travis W. Nauman, James A. Thompson, and Craig Rasmussen

Abstract to climate change (Brady and Weil, 2008). However, our Conventional soil maps (CSM) have provided baseline soil knowledge of soils is imprecise as demonstrated by estimates information for land use planning for over 100 years. Al- of global soil carbon stocks in the top meter of soil that range though CSM have been widely used, they are not suitable to from 1,400 to 3,250 petagrams (Grunwald et al., 2011). In meet growing demands for high resolution soil information light of the projected challenges that climate change presents at field scales. We present a repeatable method to disaggre- to ecosystem services (IPCC, 2007), high quality soil informa- gate CSM data into ~30-meter resolution rasterized soil class tion is central to natural resource management and land use maps that include continuous representation of probabilis- planning. Although many soil inventories in the form of CSM tic map uncertainty. Methods include training set creation have been carried out around the world, the scope and coarse for original CSM component soil classes from soil-landscape spatial resolution of many soil databases have been criticized descriptions within the original survey database. Training sets as limitations to effective incorporation of soil information are used to build a random forest predictive model utilizing into models of ecosystem services and other earth surface environmental covariate maps derived from ASTER satellite processes (Burrough, 1989; Burrough et al., 1997; Grunwald, imagery and the USGS National Elevation Dataset. Results 2009; Grunwald et al., 2011; McBratney et al., 2003). The showed agreement at 70 percent of independent field vali- field ofDSM has responded to this challenge with concerted dation sites and equivalent accuracy between original CSM efforts to quantitatively improve CSM soil information using a map units and the disaggregated map. Uncertainty of predic- wide array of statistical, spatial, and information technology tions was mapped by relating prediction frequencies of the (Behrens et al., 2005; Bui et al., 2009; Bui et al., 2006; Bui et random forest model and success rates at validation sites. al., 1999; Bui and Moran, 2001; Cook et al., 1996a; Cook et al., 1996b; de Bruin et al., 1999; Häring et al., 2012; Kempen et al., 2009; Kerry et al., 2012; McBratney, 1998; Minasny and Introduction McBratney, 2010; Nauman and Thompson, 2014; Nauman et The increased availability of both digital elevation data and al., 2012; Thompson et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2011; Zhu, 1997; remote sensing data have prompted many studies that use Zhu et al., 1997, 2001). these data to improve soil property prediction and inventory One of the main challenges to improving CSM data repre- in a field that has been coined “digital soil mapping” DSM( ) sentation is that the original intent of CSM was management (Grunwald et al., 2011; Grunwald, 2009; McBratney et al., oriented, and properties attributed to soils were often esti- 2003; Scull et al., 2003). Many of these studies use elevation mates based on sparse data at representative locations and data and remotely sensed imagery to represent one or more not quantifications based on rigorous statistical sampling and soil forming factors that include climate, organisms, relief, interpolation (USDA-NRCS, 2013). A large part of the goals of parent material, and time (Jenny, 1941). In this form, soil the original design of CSM was to provide somewhat quali- classes or properties are predicted from topographic or spec- tative interpretations intended to provide pragmatic initial tral indices derived from elevation and imagery. guidance to developers, farmers, and other land management Soil properties and functions influence many societal institutions (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). However, many current challenges particularly the response of ecosystem services users of soil information, particularly those not familiar with such as carbon and nutrient cycling; water storage, purifica- CSM history and evolution, have attempted to use CSM data tion and cycling; pollutant transport; and vegetation growth beyond their original purposes leading to the potential for spurious relationships and possible incorrect data and pro- cess interpretation. Travis W. Nauman is with the US Department of Agriculture, Various models and analyses have been developed using Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey spatial soil information from CSM (e.g., Gatzke et al., 2011; Center, Geospatial Research Unit, and the West Virginia Uni- Lineback Gritzner et al., 2001; Thomas-Van Gundy et al., versity, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, 1090 Agricultural 2012; Thomas-Van Gundy and Strager, 2012). In the US, both Sciences Building, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506 the US General Soil Map (STATSGO2) and the Soil Survey ([email protected]). James A. Thompson is with the West Virginia University, Di- Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing vision of Plant and Soil Sciences, 1090 Agricultural Sciences Vol. 80, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 353–366. Building, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506. 0099-1112/14/8004–353 Craig Rasmussen is with the University of Arizona, Depart- © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry ment of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, 429 Shantz and Remote Sensing Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.4.353

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 353 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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354 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 355 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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356 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 357 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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358 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 359 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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360 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

To join, go to www.asprs.org

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 361 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

ASPRS Members can log in to the ASPRS website with their user name and pass- word to access the peer reviewed articles. Individual Subscribers should click on the link provided to them and log in with their unique user name and password.

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Individual articles may be purchaed through Metapress for $28 each.

ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

To join, go to www.asprs.org

362 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

ASPRS Members can log in to the ASPRS website with their user name and pass- word to access the peer reviewed articles. Individual Subscribers should click on the link provided to them and log in with their unique user name and password.

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To subscribe-only to PE&RS, go to www.asprs.org/subscriptions

Individual articles may be purchaed through Metapress for $28 each.

ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

To join, go to www.asprs.org

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 363 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

ASPRS Members can log in to the ASPRS website with their user name and pass- word to access the peer reviewed articles. Individual Subscribers should click on the link provided to them and log in with their unique user name and password.

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Individual articles may be purchaed through Metapress for $28 each.

ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

To join, go to www.asprs.org

364 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

ASPRS Members can log in to the ASPRS website with their user name and pass- word to access the peer reviewed articles. Individual Subscribers should click on the link provided to them and log in with their unique user name and password.

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

To join, go to www.asprs.org

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 365 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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366 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING Monitoring Agricultural Soil Sealing in Peri-Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing

Shiliang Su, Rui Xiao, and Yuan Zhang

Abstract cause of soil resource consumption, and is especially severe Soil degradation by expansion-driven sealing increases at an in peri-urban areas in proximity to large cities (Scalenghe unexpected rate globally, but the dynamics of agricultural soil and Marsan, 2009; Munafò et al., 2010). Soil degradation by sealing in peri-urban areas remain poorly understood. This sealing increases at an unexpected rate globally, and several study used aerial photographs to monitor patterns of built-up studies have been conducted to monitor its process and pat- land expansion and subsequent agricultural soil sealing be- tern (Imhoff et al., 1997; Rodríguez and González, 2007; Wes- tween 1994 and 2006 in peri-urban areas of Shanghai, China. solek, 2008; Salvati, 2013). However, previous studies mostly Results indicated that a total of 152,706.5 ha of agricultural focused on large cities in Europe and USA, and the dynamics soils were sealed. In particular, residential land and industrial of agricultural soil sealing in peri-urban areas remain poorly land were the major contributors. Buffer analysis demonstrat- understood. Few studies have been published which quan- ed that agricultural soils with high proximity to roads and titatively analyze the relationship between agricultural soil urban centers are more vulnerable to be sealed. Percentage of sealing and urbanization. sealed agricultural soils of total agricultural soils had linear Remote sensing (RS) has the capability of detecting built- relationships with population growth and economic develop- up land, as well as monitoring and modeling land-use and ment. These results quantitatively document the impacts of land-cover change during rapid urbanization (Herold et al., urbanization on agricultural soil sealing. From a management 2003; Xian et al., 2008; Mohapatra and Wu, 2010; Meng et perspective, we argue that the protection of agricultural soils al., 2012). The areal extent of built-up land as extracted from should be integrated with urban planning efforts in China. remotely sensed data, facilitated by a geographical informa- tion system (GIS), can be combined with digital soil maps to characterize spatial patterns of soil sealing (Su et al., 2011; Introduction Xiao et al., 2013a). Imhoff et al. (1997) advocated the applica- Urbanization is progressing aggressively worldwide. More tion of RS in monitoring impacts of urban expansion on soil than half of the world’s population is now concentrated resources. Nevertheless, few studies have integrated high-res- in urban areas (United Nations, 2009). Population growth olution RS images, GIS, and digital soil data into agricultural in cities stimulates large scale settlement expansion at the soil management applications. The objective of this study was peri-urban interface, leading to dramatic interactions between to monitor spatial patterns of built-up land expansion and subsequent environmental modifications and agricultural subsequent agricultural soil sealing between 1994 and 2006 in production (Vagneron, 2007; Thapa and Murayama, 2008). peri-urban areas of Shanghai City, China. Peri-urban agriculture is an important sector of food supply to urban people; however, it is subjected to dramatic land use transformations during expansion (Vagneron, 2007; Thapa Materials and Methods and Murayama, 2008). Many cases document that peri-urban agricultural soils suffer from various degradation processes, Study Area including compaction, erosion, contamination, declined Shanghai, located in the Yangtze River Delta on the eastern productivity and biodiversity, as well as sealing (Diodato and coast (Figure 1), is the most urbanized city of China. Its geo- Ceccarelli, 2004; Chen, 2007; Zeng et al., 2008). graphical extent ranges from 120°52′E to 122°12′E, and from 2 Sealing is referred to as the permanent covering of soil 30°40′N to 31°53′N, covering approximately 6340.5 km . Ter- surfaces by expanding built-up land (e.g., paving and hous- rain is flat with elevation averaging 4 m above mean sea level. ing) (European Environmental Agency, 2006). Compared to The population density (PD) is approximately 3,702 persons/ 2 visible biophysical changes, sealing is a silent form of soil km . Influenced by subtropical monsoon climate, this area degradation (Munafò et al., 2013). As a common phenomenon has short spring and autumn seasons, but long summer and in urbanizing regions, expansion-driven sealing is a principal winter seasons. Annual average temperature is 16.4°C, and rainfall is approximately 1,237 mm. Given climate and topo- graphic conditions, agricultural soils in Shanghai peri-urban Shiliang Su is with the School of Resource and Environmen- areas are fertile and productive. tal Sciences, Wuhan University, China, and the Key Laborato- Shanghai is China’s financial and commercial center, and ry of Geographic Information Systems, Ministry of Education, one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities worldwide during Wuhan University, China ([email protected]). Rui Xiao is with the College of Environmental and Resource Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Sciences, Zhejiang University, China. Vol. 80, No. 4, April 2014, pp. 367–372. 0099-1112/14/8004–367 Yuan Zhang is with the Key Laboratory of Geographical In- formation Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal © 2014 American Society for Photogrammetry University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China and Remote Sensing ([email protected]). doi: 10.14358/PERS.80.4.367

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 367 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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368 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 369 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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370 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

To join, go to www.asprs.org

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING January 2014 371 The complete version of each peer reviewed article may be viewed in its entirety at www.asprs.org/e-journal

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ASPRS MEMBERSHIP Your path to success in the geospatial community

ASPRS Members Are Individuals Like You… Become a member of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the premier international society of over 6,500 geospatial professionals from private industry, government, and academia. Together we advance imaging and geospatial information into the 21st century.

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372 January 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 373 Journal Staff BE AN ASPRS

Publisher MEMBER CHAMPION James R. Plasker, [email protected] ASPRS is recruiting new members and YOU benefit from each new member YOU champion. Not only can you Editor contribute to the growth of ASPRS, but you can earn discounts on dues and merchandise in the ASPRS Store. Russell G. Congalton, Member Champions by Region [email protected] from January 1, 2013 – February 28, 2014 Technical Editor Alaska Potomac Allan Falconer Michael S. Renslow, Sharon W. George Allan Falconer Bradley Foltz, CP [email protected] Josef Jansa Barry N. Haack Sharon W. George Ashley Christine Holt Ashley Christine Holt Assistant Editor Central New York Michael Krimmer Ming-Chih Hung Jie Shan, [email protected] William M. Stiteler, CMS John F. Manzer Josef Jansa Assistant Director — Publications Jane M. Read Susan D. Oakley Michael Krimmer Rae Kelley, [email protected] Central US Janice Ouellette Kin M. Ma John F. Manzer Electronic Publications Manager/ Kevin P. Price Joshua Sisskind L. Monika Moskal Graphic Artist Puget Sound Matthew Austin, [email protected] Columbia River Brian E. Murphy, CP Steven P. Lennartz, CMS L. Monika Moskal Susan D. Oakley Manuscript Coordinator Sarah Praskievicz Rocky Mountain Janice Ouellette Jeanie Congalton, Sarah Praskievicz Michael S. Renslow, CP Michaela Buenemann [email protected] Jane M. Read Circulation Manager Eastern Great Lakes Saint Louis Michael S. Renslow, CP Sokhan Hing, [email protected] Charles W. Emerson Ming-Chih Hung Bradley C. Rundquist Kin M. Ma Bingqing Liang Joshua Sisskind Advertising Sales Representative William F. Welsh Todd Wever William M. Stiteler, CMS Mohanna Sales Representatives Bradley C. Rundquist William F. Welsh Brooke King, [email protected] Florida Qihao Weng, Ph.D. Kelli Nilsson, [email protected] Bon A. Dewitt Western Great Lakes Todd Wever Brian E. Murphy, CP Qihao Weng, Ph.D. Andrew James Williams Contributing Editors Xiaojun Yang Andrew James Williams Recruited 5 and more new Grids & Datums Column Mid-South Member Champions by members Clifford J. Mugnier, [email protected] Eugenio Arima number of new members Haluk Cetin (8) Book Reviews Haluk Cetin recruited Barry N. Haack (8) John Iiames, New England Recruited from 1 to 4 Steven P. Lennartz, CMS [email protected] (15) Russell G. Congalton new members Mapping Matters Column Xiaojun Yang (11) Eugenio Arima Bingqing Liang (6) Qassim Abdullah, North Atlantic Michaela Buenemann [email protected] Bradley Foltz, CP Kevin P. Price (5) Russell G. Congalton Karen L. Schuckman, CP Website Bon W. Dewitt (15) [email protected] Charles W. Emerson

ASPR Member Champions is our yearly recruitment drive; by including their membership number on their recruit’s membership application, ASPRS members can receive discounts on dues and books as a thank you for helping increase membership. For membership materials, contact ASPRS at 301-493-0290, ext. 109/104 or email: [email protected].

The perks of being an ASPRS Member Champion include discounts on ASPRS dues and books, gift certificates to the ASPRS Bookstore, and free membership. For a full listing of ASPRS Member Benefits, visit: http://www.asprs.org

374 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING WHO’S WHO IN ASPRS

BOARD OF DIRECTORS New England Region - TBA Sustaining Members Council Chair www.asprs.org/All-Regions/New-England. – 2015 OFFICERS html Brian E. Murphy President Stephen D. DeGloria* North Atlantic Region - 2016 Northrop Grumman Information Systems Cornell University [email protected] [email protected] John Trunkwalter BAE Systems www.asprs.org/About-Us/Sustaining- President-Elect A. Stewart Walker* Members-Council.html BAE Systems [email protected] Western Great Lakes Region - 2016 [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/North-Atlantic. Douglas Fuller Vice President E. Lynn Usery* html Sheboygan, WI 53081 U.S. Geological Survey Northern California Region-2015 [email protected] [email protected] Lorraine Amenda www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Western-Great- Past President Roberta Lenczowski* Towill, Inc. Lakes.html [email protected] [email protected] Treasurer Donald T. Lauer* www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Northern- DIVISION OFFICERS California.html U.S. Geological Survey (Emeritus) Geographic Information Systems [email protected] Photogrammetric Applications Director: David Alvarez Division - 2014 BOARD MEMBERS Assistant Director: Matthew D. Dunbar Douglas Lee Smith University of Washington Alaska Region - 2016 David C. Smith & Assoc, Inc. [email protected] Nicholas William Hazelton [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/GIS-Division.html AERO-METRIC Anchorage www.asprs.org/Divisions/Photogrammetric- Lidar [email protected] Applications-Division.html Director: Lewis N. Graham www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Alaska.html Potomac Region - 2014 Assistant Director: Christopher E. Parrish Central Region - 2014 Barbara A. Eckstein NOAA, National Geodetic Survey Barry Budzowski L-1 MCCLENDON [email protected] Western Air Maps [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Lidar-Division.html [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Potomac.html Photogrammetric Applications www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Central.html Primary Data Acquisition Division Director: Douglas Lee Smith Central New York Region - 2014 - 2015 Assistant Director: Robert D. Thomas John T. Boland Pierre le Roux Integrity Applications Incorporated ITT Industries Space Systems Division Aerometric [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Photogrammetric- www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Central-New- www.asprs.org/Divisions/Primary-Data- Applications-Division.html York.html Aquisition-Division.html Primary Data Acquisition Columbia River Region - 2014 Professional Practice Division - 2014 Director: Pierre le Roux Chris Aldridge* Rebecca Morton* Assistant Director: TBD [email protected] Towill, Inc. www.asprs.org/Divisions/Primary-Data- www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Columbia-River. [email protected] Aquisition-Division.html html www.asprs.org/Divisions/Professional- Professional Practice Eastern Great Lakes Region - 2014 Practice-Division.html Director: Rebecca Morton Charles K. Toth Puget Sound Region - 2015 Assistant Director: Michael J. Zoltek The Ohio State University Terry A. Curtis Pictometry International Corp. [email protected] WA DNR, Resource Map Sect. [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Eastern-Great- [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Professional- Lakes.html www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Puget-Sound.html Practice-Division.html Florida Region - 2016 Remote Sensing Applications Division Remote Sensing Applications Thomas J. Young - 2014 Director: David Szymanski Pickett & Associates David Szymanski Assistant Director: James Stewart Blundell [email protected] Booze Allen Hamilton, Inc. Exelis Visual Information Systems [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Florida.html [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Remote-Sensing- Geographic Information Systems www.asprs.org/Divisions/Remote-Sensing- Applications-Division.html Division - 2015 Applications-Division.html David Alvarez, CMS Intern, GISP Rocky Mountain Region - 2015 SUSTAINING MEMBERS COUNCIL Woolpert Jeffrey M. Young* Chair: Brian Murphy [email protected] Centennial, CO 80115 Vice Chair: Brenda S. Burroughs www.asprs.org/Divisions/GIS-Division.html [email protected] Optech International Intermountain Region - 2016 www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Rocky-Mountain. [email protected] Lucinda A. Clark html http://www.asprs.org/About-Us/Sustaining- Draper, UT 84020 Southwest U.S. Region - 2014 Members-Council.html [email protected] Steven Lambert, CP www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Intermountain. STUDENT ADVISORY COUNCIL Esri, Inc Chair: Patrick Adda html [email protected] University of New Brunswick Lidar Division - 2014 www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Southwest-US. [email protected] Lewis N. Graham html Deputy Chair: Mingshu Wang GeoCue Corp. St. Louis Region - 2015 University of Georgia [email protected] David W. Kreighbaum* [email protected] www.asprs.org/Divisions/Lidar-Division.html NGA http://www.asprs.org/Students/Student- Mid-South Region - 2016 [email protected] Advisory-Council.html Haluk Cetin www.asprs.org/All-Regions/St-Louis.html Murray State University *Executive Committee Member [email protected] www.asprs.org/All-Regions/Mid-South.html

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 375 SUSTAININGMEMBERS

3D Laser Mapping LTD Bohannan Huston, Inc. EXELIS Bingham, Nottingham, UK Albuquerque, New Mexico Boulder, Colorado www.3dlasermapping.com www.bhinc.com www.exelisvis.com Member Since: 2/2010 Member Since: 11/1992 Member Since: 1/1997 Aechelon Technology Inc. Cardinal Systems, LLC Flatdog Media, Inc./Professional Surveyor San Francisco California Flagler Beach, Florida Magazine www.aechelon.com www.cardinalsystems.net (formally Reed Business-Geo) Member Since: 3/2012 Member Since: 1/2001 Frederick, Maryland Aerial Cartographics of America, Inc. (ACA) Certainty 3D LLC www.profsurv.com Orland, Florida Orlando, Florida Member Since: 1/1998 www.aca-net.com www.certainty3d.com Fugro EarthData, Inc. Member Since: 10/1994 Member Since: 11/2012 (formally EarthData, Inc.) Aerial Services, Inc. COL-EAST, Inc. Frederick, Maryland Cedar Falls, Iowa North Adams, Massachusetts www.earthdata.com www.AerialServicesInc.com www.coleast.com Member Since: 1/1994 Member Since: 5/2001 Member Since: 1/1976 GeoBC Aero-Graphics, Inc. CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group Victoria, Bristish Salt Lake City, Utah Boca Raton, Florida www.geobc.gov.bc.ca www.aero-graphics.com www.crcpress.com Member Since: 12/2008 Member Since: 4/2009 Member Since: 9/2006 GeoCue Corporation AeroTech Mapping Inc. CRITIGEN (formerly NIIRS10, Inc.) Las Vegas, Nevada (formerly CH2M HILL) Madison, Alabama www.atmlv.com Redding, California [email protected] Member Since: 8/2004 www.critigen.com Member Since: 10/2003 The Airborne Sensing Corporation Member Since: 1/1974 Geolas Consulting Toronto, Ontario, Canada DAT/EM Systems International Poing, Germany www.airsensing.com Anchorage, Alaska www.geolas.com Member Since: 1/2013 www.datem.com Member Since:1/2002 AGFA Materials Corporation Member Since: 1/1974 Global Science & Technology, Inc. Goose Creek, South Carolina Dewberry Greenbelt, Maryland www.agfa.com Fairfax, Virginia www.gst.com Member Since: 1/1990 www.dewberry.com Member Since: 10/2010 Air Photographics, Inc. Member Since: 1/1985 GRW Aerial Surveys, Inc. Martinsburg, West Virginia DigitalGlobe Lexington, Kentucky www.airphotographics.com Longmont, Colorado www.grwinc.com Member Since: 1/1973 www.digitalglobe.com Member Since: 1/1985 American Surveyor Magazine Member Since: 7/1996 Harris Corporation Frederick, Maryland DMC International Imaging Ltd. , Florida www.TheAmericanSurveyor.com Guildford, Great Britain www.harris.com Member Since: 12/2004 www.dmcii.com Member Since: 6/2008 Applanix Member Since: 3/2008 HAS Images, Inc. A Trimble Company Dynamic Aviation Group, Inc. Dayton, Ohio Ontario, Canada Bridgewater, Virginia www.hasimages.com www.applanix.com www.dynamicaviation.com Member Since: 2/1998 Member Since: 7/1997 Member Since: 4/2003 HyVista Corporation Axis GeoSpatial, LLC Eagle Mapping, Ltd Castle Hill, Australia Easton, Maryland British Columbia, Canada www.hyvista.com www.axisgeospatial.com www.eaglemapping.com Member Since: 3/2010 Member Since: 1/2005 Member Since: 1/1999 ICAROS, Inc. Ayres Associates, Inc. Eastern Topographics Fairfax, Virginia Madison, Wisconsin Wolfeboro, New Hampshire www.lcaros.us www.AyresAssociates.com www.e-topo.com Member Since: 2/2013 Member Since: 1/1953 Member Since: 8/1978 Innovative Technical Solutions, Inc. BAE Systems e-GEOS DBA NovaSol Honolulu, Hawaii San Diego, California Rome, Italy www.nova-sol.com www.baesystems.com/gxp www.e-geos.it Member Since: 7/1995 Member Since: 1/2013 Member Since: 2/2013 BNP Media, Point of Beginning Magazine Environmental Research Incorporated Intergraph (ERDAS Inc.) (formally POB Magazine) Linden, Virginia Norcross, Georgia Troy, Michigan www.eri.us.com www.intergraph.com/geospatial www.bnpmedia.com Member Since: 8/2008 Member Since: 1/1985 Member Since: 7/2006 Esri Research Institute, Inc. Keystone Aerial Surveys, Inc. Redlands, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania www.esri.com www.keystoneaerialsurveys.com Member Since: 1/1987 Member Since: 1/1985

376 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING SUSTAININGMEMBERS

KLT Associates, Inc. Observera, Inc. Surdex Corporation Peabody, Massachusetts Chantilly, Virginia Chesterfield, Missouri www.kltassoc.com www.observera.com www.surdex.com Member Since: 11/1993 Member Since: 7/1995 Member Since: 1/1979 Kucera International Optech Incorporated Surveying and Mapping (SAM), Inc. Willoughby, Ohio Toronto, Canada Austin, Texas www.kucerainternational.com www.optech.ca www.saminc.biz Member Since: 1/1992 Member Since: 1/1999 Member Since: 12/2005 Lead’Air, Inc. PANalytical NIR Topcon Positioning Systems (formerly Track’air BV) (formerly ASD) Livermore, California Kissimmee, Florida Boulder, Colorado www.topconpositioning.com www.trackair.com www.asdi.com Member Since: 3/2010 Member Since: 6/2001 Member Since: 1/1998 Towill, Inc. LizardTech Pickett & Associates, Inc. San Francisco, California Seattle, Washington Bartow, Florida www.towill.com www.lizardtech.com www.pickett-inc.com Member Since: 1/1952 Member Since: 10/1997 Member Since: 4/2007 U.S. Geological Survey Magnolia River Geospatial Pictometry International Corp. Reston, Virginia (formerly Aeroquest Optimal, Inc./Optimal Rochester, New York www.usgs.gov Geomatics) www.pictometry.com Member Since: 4/2002 Huntsville, Alabama Member Since: 5/2003 University of Twente/Faculty ITC www.magnolia-river.com QCoherent Software LLC [formerly International Institute for Geo-In- Member since: 2/2006 Colorado Springs, Colorado formation Science and Earth Observation Martinez Geospatial, Inc. (MTZ) www.qcoherent.com (ITC)] Eagan, Minnesota Member Since: 9/2006 Enschede, Netherlands www.mtzgeo.com Quantum Spatial, Inc. (Quantum Spatial) www.itc.nl Member Since: 1/1979 (formerly AeroMetric, Inc.) Member Since: 1/1992 MDA Information Systems LLC Sheboygan, Wisconsin Urban Robotics, Inc. (formerly MDA Federal Inc.) www.aerometric.com Portland, Oregon Gaithersburg, Maryland Member Since: 1/1974 www.urbanrobotics.net www.mdaus.com Riegl USA, Inc. Member Since: 3/2008 Member Since: 1/1993 (rejoined in 2011) Orlando, Florida USDA/National Agricultural Statistics Service Merrick & Company www.rieglusa.com Fairfax, Virginia Greenwood Village, Colorado Member Since: 11/2004 www.nass.usda.gov www.merrick.com/gis Robinson Aerial Survey, Inc. (RAS) Member Since: 6/2004 Member Since: 4/1995 Hackettstown, New Jersey Wilson & Company, Inc., Engineers & Michael Baker Jr., Inc. www.robinsonaerial.com Architects Beaver, Pennsylvania Member Since: 1/1954 Albuquerque, New Mexico www.mbakercorp.com Sanborn www.wilsonco.com Member Since: 1/1950 Colorado Springs, Colorado Member Since: 3/2007 Microsoft UltraCam Team (Vexcel Imaging, www.sanborn.com Wiser Company, LLC GmbH) Member Since: 9/1984 Murfreesboro, Tennessee Graz, Austria Science Applications International Corpora- www.wiserco.com www.microsoft.com/ultracam tion Member Since: 7/1997 Member Since: 6/2001 Mc Lean, Virginia Woolpert LLP NASA Earth Science Division www.saic.com Dayton, Ohio Washington, DC Member Since: 1/1987 www.woolpert.com www.appliedsciences.nasa.gov SIMEPAR Institute of Technology Member Since: 1/1985 Member Since: 1/2001 CURITIBA PR BRAZIL XEOS Imaging Inc. NOAA National Geodetc Survey www.simepar.br Quebec, Canada Silver Spring, Maryland Member Since: 8/2013 www.xeosimaging.com www.ngs.noaa.gov The Sidwell Company Member Since: 11/2003 Member Since: 7/2009 St. Charles, Illinois North West Group www.sidwellco.com Calgary, Canada Member Since: 1/1973 www.nwgeo.com Spatial Information Solutions Member Since: 1/1998 Starkville, Mississippi NovAtel, Inc. www.spatialis.com Calgary, Alberta, Canada Member Since: 3/2010 www.novatel.com Spectral Evolution Member Since: 6/2013 North Andover, Massachusetts NSTec, Remote Sensing Laboratory www.spectralevolution.com Las Vegas, Nevada Member Since: 10/2010 www.nstec.com Member Since: 7/2005

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 377 Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (PE&RS) Instructions for Authors Submitting a Manuscript for Peer Review Authors submitting a new manuscript for peer review should follow these instructions. Failure to do so will result in the manuscript being returned to the author.

Introduction: The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Preparing a Manuscript for Review: Authors must submit papers Sensing (ASPRS) seeks to publish in Photogrammetric Engineering & electronically in PDF format. Care must be taken to remove the author(s) Remote Sensing (PE&RS) theoretical and applied papers that address name(s) from the electronic document. Please remove all author identifica- topics in photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information tion from the Properties of Microsoft Word before creating the PDF. Verify systems (GIS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) and/or other geo- under Properties in Adobe Reader that your identity has been removed. spatial information technologies. Contributions that deal with technical advancements in instrumentation, novel or improved modes of analysis, Format Requirements: Manuscripts submitted for peer review must or innovative applications of these technologies in natural and cultural be prepared as outlined below. Manuscripts that do not conform to the resources assessment, environmental modeling, or the Earth sciences requirements described below will be returned for format revisions (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, or geosphere) are before they are sent for review. especially encouraged. In addition, papers dealing with the practical or applied aspects for these disciplines will be published as “Applications” 1 Typing: All pages must be numbered at the bottom of the page. In papers (see additional instructions below). addition, manuscripts must be single column and double-spaced. An 11 or 12-point font such as Times New Roman or Arial is

Review Procedures: Manuscripts are peer reviewed and refereed by a preferred. Authors should use 8.5 by 11-inch or A4 International panel of experts selected by the Editor. A double-blind review procedure (210- by 297-mm) paper size, with 30-mm (1.25 inch) margins all is used. The identities and affiliations of authors are not provided to around. For review purposes every part of the manuscript must reviewers, nor are reviewers’ names disclosed to authors. Our goal is be double-spaced, including title page/abstract, text, footnotes, to provide authors with completed reviews within 90 days of receipt references, appendices and figure captions. Manuscripts that of a manuscript by the Editor. Manuscripts accepted for publication are single-spaced or have no page numbers will be returned to will be returned to the author(s) for final editing before being placed in authors. the queue for publication. Manuscripts not accepted will either be (1) rejected or (2) returned to the author(s) for revision and subsequent 2 Paper Length: Authors are encouraged to be concise. Published reconsideration by the review panel. Authors who do not revise and papers are generally limited to 7–10 journal pages. A 27-page return a “to-be-reconsidered” manuscript within 90 days from receipt of manuscript (including tables and figures), when typed as indicated reviews may have their manuscript withdrawn from the review process. above, equals about 7 journal pages. Authors of published papers will be charged $125/page for each page exceeding 7 journal pages. These

English Language: Authors whose first language is not English must page charges must be paid before publication; without exception. have their manuscripts reviewed by an English-speaking colleague (Details on page charges are included on the Offprint and Extra or editor to refine use of the English language (vocabulary, grammar, Page Order Form, available at www.asprs.org/pers/Offprint). syntax). At the discretion of the Editor, manuscripts may be returned for English language issues before they are sent for review. 3 title/Abstract: Authors should strive for titles no longer than eight to ten words. The first page of the paper should include the

Cover Letter: All submissions must also include a separate cover let- title, a one-sentence description of the paper’s content to accom- ter. Please modify the sample Cover Letter found at http://www.asprs. pany the title in the PE&RS Table of Contents, and the abstract. org/pers/CoverLetter and then convert it to a PDF file. It is important To facilitate the blind review process, authors’ names, affiliations, that we have the full names and titles (Dr. Russell G. Congalton not R. and addresses must be provided only in a separate cover letter, G. Congalton), complete mailing addresses, and email addresses of all not on the title page. Authors should indicate both their current the authors and any special instructions about the paper. Papers can affiliation and, if different, their affiliation at the time the research not be submitted for review until this information is received by the was performed. Following the title and one-sentence and on the editor. Also, the paper must be original work and not currently being same page must be the abstract. All manuscripts submitted for considered for publication in any other journal. Finally, the authors peer review must include an abstract of 150 words or less. The must pay for any color figures in the manuscript and any page charges abstract should include information on goals, methods and results for articles longer than 7 journal pages. (Details on color costs can be of the research reported. The rest of the paper should begin on found at http://www.asprs.org/pers/ColorOrderForm.) the second page.

“Applications” Papers: A maximum of one “Applications” paper will 4 figures and Tables: All figures and tables must be cited in the be published each month as the last paper in the peer-reviewed section text. Authors should note that figures and tables will usually be of PE&RS. The authors should follow all the instructions in this doc- reduced in size by the printer to optimize use of space, and should ument. However, the “Applications” paper will be strictly limited to 7 be designed accordingly. For purposes of peer review, figures and journal pages. These papers will be peer-reviewed, but will emphasize tables can be embedded in the manuscript. However, it should be the practical and applied aspects of our discipline. These papers must noted that papers, once accepted, will require that all figures be be identified by the author as an “Applications” paper in the cover letter included as separate files (see instructions for accepted papers) and will be labeled as an “Applications” paper in the journal. If the manuscript contains copyrighted imagery, a copyright statement must be included in the caption (e.g., ©SPOT Image, Copyright [year] CNES).

378 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING 5 color Illustrations: Authors should use black and white illus- 2001, San Diego, California (USDA Forest Service, General trations whenever possible. Authors who include color illustrations Technical Report PSW-GTR-184, Pacific Southwest Forest will be charged for the cost of color reproduction. These costs must and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California), pp. be paid before an article is published. Details on color costs can 741-749. be found at http://www.asprs.org/pers/ColorOrderForm. Authors should indicate in the cover letter that they have the funds to pay Proceedings (CD-ROM): for any color figures in their paper. Cook, J.D., and L.D. Ferdinand, 2001. Geometric fidelity of Ikonos imagery, Proceedings of the ASPRS 2001 Annual 6 Metric System: The metric system (SI Units) will be employed Convention, 23-27 April, St. Louis, Missouri (American So- throughout a manuscript except in cases where the English ciety for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, System has special merit stemming from accepted conventional Maryland), unpaginated CD-ROM. usage (e.g., 9- by 9-inch photograph, 6-inch focal length). Authors should refer to “Usage of the International System of Units,” Thesis and Dissertations: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 1978, 44 (7): Yang, W., 1997. Effects of Spatial Resolution and Landsca- 923-938. pe Structure on Land Cover Characterization, Ph.D. disser- tation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 7 equations: Authors should express equations as simply as pos- 336 p. sible. They should include only those equations required by an average reader to understand the technical arguments in the man- Website References: uscript. Manuscripts that appear to have excessive mathematical Diaz, H.F., 1997. Precipitation trends and water con- notation may be returned to the author for revision. Whenever sumption in the southwestern United States, USGS Web possible, authors are encouraged to use the Insert and Symbol Conference, URL: http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/ capabilities of Microsoft Word to build simple equations. If that natural/diaz/, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia (last is not possible, the author must indicate in the cover letter which date accessed: 15 May 2002). software was used to create the equations. Microsoft Equation, cknowledgments In keeping with the process of blind reviews, Microsoft Equation Editor, or MathType format should be used 9 a : authors are asked not to include acknowledgments in manuscripts only if absolutely necessary. Equations must be numbered, but submitted for peer review. An acknowledgment may reveal a unlike tables, figures, color plates, and line drawings should be considerable amount of information for reviewers that is not nec- embedded in the text file. essary or desirable for their evaluation of the manuscript. After

8 references: A complete and accurate reference list is essential. a manuscript is accepted for publication, the lead author will be Only works cited in the text should be included. Cite references to encouraged to insert appropriate acknowledgments. published literature in the text in alphabetical order by authors’ nformation on anuscript eview rocedures Corresponding last names and date, as for example, Jones (1979), Jones and I M R P : authors of manuscripts submitted for review will receive an e-mail Smith (1979) or (Jones, 1979; Jones and Smith, 1979), depending from the Editor acknowledging receipt of the manuscript. Details on sentence construction. If there are more than two authors, on PE&RS Manuscript Review Procedures can be found at http:// they should be cited as Jones et al. (1979) or (Jones et al., 1979). www.asprs.org/pers/ReviewProcedure. Personal communications and unpublished data or reports should not be included in the reference list but should be shown paren- Manuscript Submission: All peer-reviewed manuscripts should be thetically in the text (Jones, unpublished data, 1979). Format for emailed to: references will be as follows: Dr. Russell G. Congalton, Editor-in-Chief Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Books: 4 Ryan Way Falkner, E., 1995. Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applica- Durham, NH 03824 USA tions, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 322 p. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: (603) 862-4644

Articles (or Chapters) in a Book: pecial ssue anuscript ubmission These instructions also apply Webb, H., 1991. Creation of digital terrain models using S I M S : to manuscripts submitted for a Special Issue. However, Special Issue analytical photogrammetry and their use in civil enginee- manuscripts and Cover Letters should be sent directly to the Guest ring, Terrain Modelling in Surveying and Civil Engineering Editor, not to Dr. Congalton. Please refer to the Special Issue Call for (G. Petrie and T.J.M. Kennie, editors), McGraw-Hill, Inc., Papers for the Guest Editor contact information. New York, N.Y., pp. 73-84.

NOTE: Authors should NOT MAIL MANUSCRIPTS TO ASPRS Journal Articles: Meyer, M.P., 1982. Place of small-format aerial photogra- HEADQUARTERS. This will cause the review to be delayed. phy in resource surveys, Journal of Forestry, 80(1):15-17. **Instructions last updated March 2014

Proceedings (printed): Davidson, J.M., D.M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto, S. Tjosvold, and G.W. Slaughter, 2002. Phytophthora ramorum and sudden oak death in California: II. Transmission and survival, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California’s Changing Landscape, 23-25 October

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING April 2014 379 Everyone will benefit if YOU Make a commitment to Your Profession and Join ASPRS Today. Which membership is right for me? ASPRS membership is for one year (12 months). Dues for Active and Associate members in the United States includes a printed copy of PE&RS in addition to access to the electronic version. Beginning with the January 2014 issue of PE&RS, all ASPRS members outside of the USA will only receive access to the full digital edition of the journal rather than the printed copy that has been routinely mailed. Dues for Non-US members will now be the same as the U.S. domestic (U.S. based) rate without the added postage surcharge. Dues for all Student members residing in the US, and outside of the U.S., including Mexico and Canada, receive a Full digital version of PE&RS only. Please note: Dues for all members in Canada include GST. Membership renewal is based on the anniversary date of the month you joined. Membership certificates are available for an additional charge (see below). Please allow 4–6 weeks for delivery of your membership materials. Active  Involved or interested in the practice of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and/or geographic information systems and related sciences.  Full member benefits including; the right to vote and hold office, discounts on ASPRS conference registration fees, group insurance policy, eligibility for awards, discounts off ASPRS publications.  $150.00 Domestic, 2nd Class  $158.00 Canada1  $150.00 Foreign Associate  An Associate Member shall NOT yet have reached the age of 35; shall pay dues that are approximately two-thirds of the full member dues.  Eligible for this membership for a period of no more than five consecutive years; and may not revert to Student Member status. A person is not eligible for Associate Member status if he/she has previously held Member status.  Associate Members shall be entitled to the same rights and privileges of the Society as an Active Member.  $100.00 Domestic, 2nd Class  $105.00 Canada1  $100.00 Foreign Student  A Student Member shall be working towards a degree at a university or college. Certification of student status (examples may include copies of student identification or current registration, faculty or sponsor signature, etc.) is required for each year of student membership. Attach a copy of your student ID or certifying faculty name and institution ______ A person is not eligible for student membership if he/she has previously held an Active or Associate Member status.  Student members do not vote or hold office until they advance to Associate Membership.  $50.00 Domestic  $53.00 Canada1  $60.00 Foreign Membership Certificate Hand-engrossed, framable certificate of membership is availble for additional charge.  $20.00 Member Sponsorship (not mandatory) Method of Payment: Payment must be Sponsor’s Member ID: ______submitted with application. Sponsor’s Name: ______Payment must be made in US Dollars drawn on a US Member Information Bank or appropriate credit card. Make checks payable Technical Division Preferences: Number the following 6 ASPRS divisions in to ASPRS.

order of preference where your primary interests lie so you can be kept up to  Check (Print name on check.) date on their activities (Order of Preference 1–6).  Visa  MasterCard  American Express  Discover ___ GIS Geographic Information Systems ___ PA Photogrammetric Applications ___ PDA Primary Data Acquisition ___ PP Professional Practice

___ Lidar Division (new) ___ RSA Remote Sensing Applications Credit Card Account Number Expires (MO/YR)  New Member _Renewal (ID number ______) _Mr. _Ms. _Dr. _other: ______Signature Date Year of birth*: ______Name (please print): ______Total Amount Enclosed: $ ______Membership dues includes an annual subscription to PE&RS. Check appropriate box for mailing address _home _ business Non-member subscription price is $660.00 (libraries, universities, Address: ______private companies etc.) Members may NOT deduct the subscrip- tion price from dues. ASPRS is an educational organization ______exempt from taxation under the 501(c) (3) code of the Internal Country: ______Revenue Service. Dues payments are not deductible as a chari- table contribution for federal tax purposes, but may be deductible Company’s name/workplace: ______as a business expense. Please check with your tax preparer. Business Phone**: ______Home Phone**: ______fax**: ______e-mail**: ______*Required for Associate Members **DO NOT PUBLISH: _Business Phone _Home Phone _Fax  E-mail

Dues for Active and Associate domestic members includes Second Class Postage for 1DUES INCLUDES GST. (ASPRS is required by the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency PE&RS. Student members residing in the US, outside of the U.S., including Mexico and to collect 5% of the total amount of dues for Canada’s Goods and Services Tax — GST Canada, receive a Full digital version of PE&RS only. #135123065.)

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380 April 2014 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING What do these four letters mean to you?

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