A complaint was filed before the United States Commissioner at Cleveland, Ohio, October 13, 1936, charging Clarence Lee Shaffer and others with the interstate transportat ion from Lima, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois, on April 27,1936, of jewelry valued at $12,000.00, knowing it was stolen, in violation of the National Stolen Property Act. Shaffer escaped from the County Jail, Greenfield, Indiana, October II, 1936, while awaiting trial for murder of a police officer. Shaffer is subject of Identification Order #1418. 111rberal iureau Df 1Jllurstigatwll luitrb tatt!l itpartmtut Df 3Justirt n " £lIgar ]i{nnutr, iirertnr
DJali i"gtnn. m. art
VOL. 6 NO. 4 APRil I, 1937 The Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice, is charged with the duty of investigating violations of the laws of the United States and collecting evidence in cases in which the United States is or may be a party in interest.
The following list indicates some of the major violations over which the Bureau has investigative jurisdiction:
National Motor Vehicle Theft Act
Interstate transportation of stolen property valued at $5,000 or more National Bankruptcy Act Interstate flight to avoid prosecution or testifying in certain cases White Slave Traffic Act Impersonation of Government Officials Larceny of Goods in Interstate Commerce Ki11ing or Assaulting Federal Officer Cases involving transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of any persons who have been kidnaped Extortion cases in which interstate commerce or interstate communication is an element Theft, Embezzlement or Illegal Possession of Government Property Antitrust Laws Robbery of National Banks and Member Danl s of Federal Reserve System National Bank and Federal Reserve Act Violations, such as embezzlement, abstraction or misapplication of funds Crimes on any kind of Government reservation, including Indian Reserva tions or in any Government building or other Government property Neutral ity violations, including the shipment of arms to friendly nations Frauds against the Government Crimes in connection with the Federal Penal and Correctional Institutions Perjury, embezzlement, or bribery in connection with Federal Statutes or officials Crimes on the high seas FederaI Anti -Racketeering S tatu te The location of persons who are fugitives from justice by reason of vio lations of the Federal Laws over which the Bureau has jurisdiction, of escaped Federal prisoners, and parole and probation violators.
The Bureau does not have investigative jurisdiction over the violations of Counterfeiting, Narcotic, Customs, Immigration, or Postal Laws.
Law enforcement officials possessing information concerning violations over which the Bureau has investigative jurisdiction are requested to promptly for ward the same to the Special Agent in Charge of the nearest field division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice. The address of each field division of this Bureau appears on the inside back cover of this bulletin. Government Rate Collect telegrams or telephone calls will be accepted if information indicates that immediate action is necessary. FBI
LAW ENFORCEMENT
BULLETIN
Vol. 8 APRIL 1937 No. 4
PUBLISHED BY THE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction J. Edgar Hoover, Director
Physical Fi tness and Law Enforcement 2
Identification of Firearm Used in Mass Murder 5
Impersonat ion Statute Violat ions and Local Law Enforcement Agency 9
Questionable Fingerprint Pattern 14
Internationat Exchange of Fingerprints 15
FBI Nat ional Poi ice Academy 18
Intere ting Identificatioos 25, 26, 27, 30
Fugitives Wanted 29
Apprehens ion 32
Regular law enforcement publications are authorized to reprint any material contain ed herein with appropriate reference to the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin as source. The FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN is published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice each month . Its material is compiled for the assistance of all Law Enforcement Officials and is a current catalogue of continuous reference for the Law Enforcement Officers of the Nation. JO l1 £bgar Jtoourr, lIirtrtor )frbtral iturtau of 3Jl1utstigatwl1 1tl1ittb j;tatrs Itpartwl1t of iJustitt .USIJitqJtl111, i. en.
We of the criminal law enforcement profession have com mon objectives -- the prevention of crime and the suppression of existing crime . In order to accompl ish these aims we must proceed to the objective in unison. To do otherwise will result in fail ure , thereby affecting the welfare of those whom we are duty bound to protect and at the same time failing to accompl ish our personal ambitions.
The combined law enforcement body in this country is a great army moving against a common enemy. Each unit in that army, the police departments , sheriffs' offices, state police organiza tions, Federal agencies, the prosecuting attorneys' offices, is an integral part of the army . Each unit is separate yet interdepend ent upon the other. As in a mili tary organization each unit has a distinct and separate duty to perform which if carried out faith fully and efficiently will assure attainment of the common objec tive.
Organizations engaged in this fight must always be alert to opportunities to assist other units. This army cannot be honey combed with dissenters but all must weld themselves into a cooper a ti ve machine , every moving pa,rt functioning perfectly against a common antagonist.
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin should be regarded as a means of promoting and perfecting this coordinated machine . Knowl edge which has been gained through research or experience does not accompl ish its maximum benefit if not disseminated to others en gaged in a like enterprise. The bulletin is a medium of making information available to all units engaged in the eradication of crime.
Director. 2
PHYSICAL FITNESS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
A young boy and his father inőuired of a police officer direct ing traffic as to the location of a publ ic library . The officer very courte ously and clearly gave the desired information., As the citizen and the zen-to-be left the officer, the boy said, "Gee Pop , that sure is a swell looking policeman ." The father concurred by answering , "Yes Son, he is a real man, I only wish he we re on duty in our neighborhood . "
This incident reflects in many ways the close relationship be tween physical fitness and law enforcement. The apparently simple work of efficiently directing traffic reőuires alertness and coordination of mind and muscle, developed from a heal thy body . Energy is expended by merely standing on one 's feet, and over a long period of time only the phys ically fit have an adequate supply of energy needed to do effective police work.
Excluding the obvious position of the traffic officer, why did the father and boy direct their attention to him? Police officers are not only guardians of the law, but also guardians of the public. The natural tendency to seek information from the officer was augmented by the way phys ical training allowed him to wear his uniform . The public is quick to no tice men with good physic;ues and neat appearances. These characteristics derive their growth from physical fitness.
The officer upon whom attention focused could have traced his physical fitness and neatness back to his days of training when , as a rule, a police rookie is put through a well rounded physical training program . In case of no training he may have ýen the type of individual , as we all should be , who by his own initiative had taken steps to prevent his body from becoming a bulk of ill health and of slovenly appearance . In either case the results accomplished are of value and command respect , admiration and trust from a taxpayer and a future taxpayer. Young people, especially boys , admire and respect physical fitness. Any youth that grows up as an admirer and friend of a police Officer, is well on the road to assist in crime prevention.
It has been said by many that the solution to crime lies with the youngster. Every youngster is not a criminal , but he can become a crim inal because of improper envi!'onment, o,ssociation and habits . The pOlice officer on the neighborhood beat can help to counteract bad environment , criminal association and bo,d habi ts . Neighborhood gangs of boys are phys j,cally minded and physically active. They will admire and respect the of ficer, if he is their ideo,l as e, man . Confidence to measure up to the standards expected of a police officer can be gained by physical fitness for the position. The boys will praise his ability to handle an intoxicat ed person or will admire his strength , speed and skill in arresting persons who may be engaged in some type of altercation or who may be wielding dan gerous weapons in committing their criminal acts . It is not necessary to be tough , overbearing and noisy, but simply being prepared to handle de cisively situations calling for physical action. 3
On many occasions an officer 's success or failure depends upon his physical and mental condition. Physical tone is in direct relation ship with :Dental power. John Doe , the banker, or Joe Gish, the laborer, are forever de:nanding protection , expecting the peace officer to be a man of sound , alert mind and sound body. An unsound mind results in inferior work and error, an unsound body is a fertile field for laziness, untidy appearance and publ ic slander . There is no such publ ic premium on the phys ical condition of the banker or laborer. The average citizen is not in the publ ic eye and as a rule serves himself. The law enforcement officer on the other hand is always in the publ ic eye and serves the publ ic.
You owe it to yourself, your family , and your own department to keep fit. The efficiency of the police force is your efficiency. Your reputation is their reputation. Law enforcement organizations are made up of individuals, and as individuals or organizations , they are big factors in the daily acti vi ties of the community. Your actions , appearance and ability can help to place the department in high esteem or you can help to tear it down by apparent neglect and careless attention to physical training .
Physical fitness is a good strong foundation, not only for heal thy bodies , trained muscles and mental power, but it creates a most impressive background for situations requiring courteous and tactful manners . The desk sergeant and the captain have many interviews with various types of in dividuals. To the despondent citizen seeking aid and protection, the officer with radiant health and character, is a symbol of confidence and abilit Yi to the criminal , a symbol of strict justice.
Physical fitness should be the first requirement in pol ice work, and an officer having once fþlfilled that requirement , it is then indispen sable . Law enforcement is a man-sized job for men . Keep fit, regardless of local conditions and facUi ties, so that you are respected in the eyes and minds of the people you are protecting . The respect that each officer individually creates will do much to overcome the obstacles which confront law enforcement generally.
The cultivation of health habits is just as vital to good phys ical condition as the regUlar indulgence of physical training . The police officer who is in effect the guardian of the community should observe certain fundamental rules for the preservation of his health . This will not only redound to his welfare but will set an example for others .
The regularity with which waste matters are el iminated from the body is of primary importance. It is the first duty to one 's self to see that habits in this elimination process are cultivated. To do otherwise will result in sluggishness and eventual ill health .
The best things in life are free . Drinking water is necessary to maintain an agent in the body that has the power to dissolve or dilute. A daily quota of water helps to rid your system of poisons through the pores, kidneys and intestines. Remember the figures 1231. One drink on arising, two between breakfast and lunch , three between lunch and dinner, and one before retiring. 4
Posture or poise is an index to character. Posture is con sidered in examining applicants for law enforcement work and physical train ing should be directed to the deve l opment of an erect body. Do not consider
good posture as a Sunday suit, to be worn in the presence of the sergeant , captain or mayor, but wear it comfortably at all times . Observe the posture of other people with the idea of remindi ng yourself of your own .
Take advantage of something that is forever wi thin your reach financially and phys ically, - that is fresh air. Don't merely exist in it, buL take it into your body through the habit of deep breathing. Close your mouth and breathe deeply to draw on the great universal reservoir of life. Deep breathing in the air is an excellent blood purifier , in addition to developing strength from the full use of the lun gs .
Eat to live , but do not live to eat . There are three classes of foods. Building, Energy and Bulky . All are essential and must be taken in proportion and in consideration of daily work. Building foods are meat, fish, eggs and milk; energy foods are sugar, butter, bread and potatoes; and bulky foods are fruits and vegetables. Balance your eating with your phys ical activity . Do not allow fat and flabby tissues to develop from eating too much of the building and energy foods in comparison wi th your physical exercise. Maintain a sensible balance . Bulky foods will assist nature in eliminating the waste matters . It is an excellent habit to be able to push your chair away from the table .
Exercise for the sake of your health. Evidently from the size and power of the muscles they were intended to be fully exercised. When left alone to degenerate, they become useless and nervousness results be cause simultaneously the nerve centers controlling the muscles also degen erate . The exercise of the voluntary muscles has a favorable reaction upon the muscle tissue of the heart, arteries, lungs and digestive tract. Exer cise those muscles that do not perform considerable work during the day , concentrating on the large trunk and stomach ÿuscles . Exercise simply, reg ularly and train the will power to be your physical instructor.
INTERESTING DATA FROM UNIFORM CR IME REPORTS BULLETIN
The compilation of national police statistics by the Federal Bu reau of Investigation has been expanded so as to include more detailed in formation concerning the nature of the criminal act, time and place of com miSSion, and the value of property stolen. Data collected from the supple mentary reports during the calendar year 1936 disclosed that 63 per cent of the offenses of robbery were committed on city highways, and 31 per cent were robberies of commercial establi shments . Only 2 per cent of the rob beries reported were committed in private residences. For additional infor mation concerning major offenses perpetrated during the calendar year of 1936 see tables 83-86 of the bulletin entitled "Uniform Crime Reports, Vol ume VII, Number 4." 5 IDENTIFICATION BY FBI LABORATORY OF FIREARM USED IN MASS MURDER
On the night of October 15, 1936 , an unknown person entered a taxicab at Ogden , Utah , and drawing a gun , forced the driver, Levon Neil, to take him to Montello, Nevada, where the unknown passenger then robbed the driver of $8. 00 and forced him to take a freight train back to Ogden , Utah.
The Salt Lake City, Utah , Field Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation upon being notified of the crime , immediately instituted a vigorous investigation in cooperation with local law enforcement agencies of the surrounding territory . On the night of October 16, 1936, information was rece ived to the effect that the stolen automobile had been located in a garage at Elko , Nevada , and that the description of the man who had left it there tallied with the description of the man who had kidnaped victim Neil. On the same night an individual giving his name as Luther Jones was arrested by a local officer at Carlin, Nevada, and the investigation con ducted by Special Agents and local officers definitely connected Jones with the abduction of the victim . Further questioning of Jones revealed that after forcing Neil from the taxicab, he had proceeded in the cab toward Elko , Nevada , where , because of trouble wi th the car , he had been forced to take it to the garage in which it was subsequently identified . Being in need of funds , Jones left the car in the garage and proceeded to hold up and rob three men of approximately $40 .00 after which he forced them at the point of a re volver to accompany him to a tin shack located about Ii miles from Elko , Nevada. This shack was occupied by an unidentified itinerant whom Jones forced to tie up the three ranchmen . After these instructions had been car ried out Jones then attempted to bind the itinerant and encountering resis tance, shot him in the head . One of· the ranchers then began to shout for help whereupon Jones murdered the three of them, piled the bodies up in the shack and covered them with old clothes which he found within the shack.
As a result of the information divulged by Jones , a Special Agent accompanied by local officers , conducted an investigation to locate the tin shack described by the subject . It was located at approximately
6:15 P. M. on October 17, 1936 , and in it were found the bodies of the four murdered men . The ranchers were found to be Wal ter Godecke , Gardnerville, Nevada; Otto Heitman , Gardnervi lle , Nevada , and Manuel Arrascada , Elko , Ne vada . Seven bullets were removed from the body of Walter Godecke , two bul lets were removed from the body of Otto Hei tman and one bullet was removed from the roof of the cabin. In addition, eight exploded cartridge cases were located and these , together with the .22 caliber Harrington and Richard son revolver , recovered from subject Jones , were forwarded to the Technical Laboratory of the Federal Bureau of Investigation with the request that an examination be made to ascertain whether the recovered bullets and cartridge cases did in fact come from the weapon carried by Jones .
As a result of the Laboratory's examination of the evidence, all of the eight exploded cartridge cases and eight of the ten evidence bul lets were positively identified as having been fired from the submitted Harring ton and Richardson revolver. One of the evidence bullets removed from the body of Walter Godecke and the bullet recovered from the roof of the cabin, 6
we re deformed to such an extent that no conclusion could be reached .
The comparison photograph shown below of the markings of the firing pin on one of the exploded evidence cartridge shells and that on a tes t shell was made in the Technical Laboratory of the Bur-eau. The photo graph of the evidenoe shell is on the left side of the center line of de marka tion and the photograph of the test shell appears on the right side . By the enlarged photograph so arranged the identical markings are plainly visible .
EVIDENCE CARTRIDGE TEST CARTRIDGE
The compar ison photograph shown on the succeeding page of a test bul let fired from the suspected Harrington and Richardson revolver and an evidence bullet recovered from the body of a victim were also made in the Technical Laboratory for use in the prosecution of this case . The test bul let is shown on the right side of the center line of demarkation and the evidence bullet is shown on the left side . 7
EVIDENCE BULLET
TEST BULLET 8
The photograph shown below was made during the investigation of this case. It is a side view of the shack wherein the bodies of the four victims were found. Photographs of the scene of a crime are often very helpful in the trial of a case.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PRIOR CONVICTIONS
A tabulation recently completed by the Federal Bureau of Inves tigation of information appearing on 461 ,589 arrest records received during 1936 shows that 139, 707 of the persons had been convicted of some type of violation prior to their most recent arrests. These figures place emphasis upon the well known fact that efforts of police organizations must constant ly be directed toward re-apprehending individuals who at some former time had unsuccessfully come into conflict with the law of the land.
Generally speaking, the proportion of prior convictions was greater among those arrested for offenses against property than among in dividuals charged with offenses against the person. Approximately one out of three of the persons arrested and fingerprinted during 1936 had prior to that time been convicted of some type of violation, but only 17 per cent of those charged with criminal homicide and 25 per cent of those charged with assault had records showing previous convictions. This is probably explain able on the theory that many homicides and less serious attacks against the person are unpremeditated and are committed in the heat of passion, where as offenses against property are more or less carefully planned in advance and are the product of the professional criminal. 9
VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL IMPERSONATION STATUTE AND THE LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
The Federal statutes making it a violation to impersonate of ficials or employees of the Government are discussed here because of the close relationship wh ich this type of violation has with local law enforce ment organizations . The investigative steps taken in the successful prose cution of an outstanding violation of the Federal impersonation statutes are being related to show the interest which local police departments and sher iffs ' offices have in this type of case . It is apparent from a perusal of the facts set out that the subject was arrested and the case successfully prosecuted only because of the wholehearted cooperation of a number of law enforcement agencies.
The investigations of violations of the Federal statutes relat ing to the impersonation of officers or employees of the United States Gov ernment come within the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This is true even though the impersonation is of a Government employee or officer attached to an investigative unit of a Government agency other than the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Among the Acts of Congress making the impersonation an offense , Section 76, title 18 , United States Code is the statute generally violated. It provides "Whoever, with intent to defraud either the United States or any person, shall falsely assume or pretend to be an officer or employee acting under the authority of the United States, or any department , or any officer of the Government thereof , and shall take upon himself to act as such , or shall in such pretended character demand or obtain from any person or from the United States, or any department , or any officer of the Government there of , any money , paper , document , or other valuable thing , shall be fined not more than $1 ,000 , or imprisoned not more than three years , or both." (R. S. sec. 5438 ; Apr . lS , leS4 , c. 26 , 23 Stat. 11; Mar . 4, 1909, c. 321 , sec. 32 , 35 Stat . 1095.)
This statute has been held in a Un ited States Supreme Court deci sion (U. S. v. Barnow 239 U. S. 74) as prohibiting two offenses namely:
Wi th intent to defraud either the United States or any person, the falsely assuming or pretending to be an offtcer or employee acting under the authori ty of the Uni ted States, or any department , or any officer of the Government thereof , and taking upon one's self to act as such.
Wi th intent to defraud either the United States or any person , the falsely assuming or pretending to be an officer or employee , etc . , and in such pretended character demanding or obtaining from any person or from the United States, or any department , or any officer of the Government thereof, any money, paper , document , or any other valuable thing . 10
Section 76 A provides "the manufacturing , sale , or possession of any badge , identification card , or other insignia , of the design prescrib ed by the head of any department or independent office of the United States for use by any officer or sUbordinate thereof, or of any colorable imitation thereof , is prohibited , except when and as authorized under such regulations as may be prescribed by the head of the department or independent office of which such insignia indicates the wearer is an officer or subordinate."
Section 76 B provides punishment for violations of the above "Any person who offends against the provisions of Section 76 A of this title shall , upon conviction , be punished by a fine not exceeding $250 or by im prisonment for not exceeding six months , or by both such fine and imprison ment ." (June 29 , 1932 )
- Section 77 A, title 18 , provides as follows: "Whoever not be ing an officer , agent , or employee of the United States shall falsely repre sent himself to be such officer, agent or employee, and in such assumed char acter shall arrest or detain any person or shall in any manner search the person , buildings ,. or other property. of any person , shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon convict ion thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than $1 ,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year , or by both such fine and imprisonment ." (August 27 , 1935)
Section 1393 , title 10 , United States Code , prohibi ts the illegal wearing of the duly prescribed uniform of the United States Army , Navy , Marine Corps , or Coast Guard or any distinctive part of such uniform or a uniform any part of which is similar to a distinctive part of such uniform . Punishment by a fine not exceeding $300 or by imprisonment not exceeding six months , or both such fine and imprisonment is provided .
In many instances impersonators make their false representations in order to obtain credit or to paós bogus checks . It is the latter type of violation which oftentimes brings the local law enforcement agency into close relationship with the FBI . The check passer, confidence man or swind ler is prone to leave the town where he made his fraudulent transaction and go to a distant state . This type of situation calls for the cooperative enterprise of other local , State and Federal law enforcement agencies .
An interesting case is being published herein which not only points out the facts of the impersonation of a Government officer , but also shows the possible local offense of obtaining property under false pretense . The case is further illustrative of the possible accomplishments wh en the several interested law enforcement organizations coordinate their efforts to a successful conclusion of a case .
In August , 1935 , the Bureau of War Risk Litigation of the United States Department of Justice requested the Federal Bureau of Investigation to assist in locating Otis Wesley Weatherford who had been indicted by a Federal Grand Jury at Greeneville , Tennessee , on September 8, 1933 , for the offense of_fi l ing a false affidavit in connection with his appl ication for disability allowance . He had evaded arrest for a period of two years. 11
The search for Weatherford began in the vicinity of his parents' hoŏe at Westmoreland , Sumner County , Tennessee. It was discovered that while he had been in and out of that vicinity for some time , his visits were brief, apparently only stops in his regular journey . Investigation disclosed that Weatherford was operating in a wide area as a "hot" check artist . Bad checks turned up in the paths of the Special Agents of the FBI at every turn . Re ports from Illinois, Kentucky , Indiana , Tennessee, Oklahoma , Alabama , Geor gia, and Texas showed that Weatherford was traveling steadily and living on the proceeds of numerous worthless checks which he negotiated with shop keepers , hotels and others. In cashing these checks Weatherford usually identified himself by a marriage license and old Army papers, which no one seems to have examined very carefully to determine if they were authentic.
In March, 1936, however, Weatherford appeared in Fort Worth, Texas , and purchased a radio for his car . To induce the salesman to accept his check for $49 .95 Weatherford claimed to be a Federal Officer and exhib ited a small gold badge bearing the words "U .S.Gov." This impersonation of a Government official was a Federal offense and for it Weatherford was in dicted on March 31 , 1936 . Pressing the search in all directions , Agents discovered that Weatherford was negotiating to purchase a few acres in the Great Smoky Mountains near Unaka , North Carolina. This location would be an ideal retreat for him after his trips, during which he would cash numer ous worthless checks . Dur ing these jaunts Weatherford was often accompanied by his wife , who condoned all his unlawful actions .
Arrangements were made for Special Agents or local officers to be not ified if Weatherford returned to complete the negotiations for the purchase of this property . It was a.scertained that Weatherford stayed no longer than one night in any one place ; that he was continually on the move and that he used five sets of license plates for his automobile to avoid arrest . He and his wife carried camping equipment in their car and made brief stops at tourist camps and camping grounds. Accurate information con cerning his movements was difficult to obtain as the mountain people in that vicini ty were related to Weatherford 's wife and many were openly scornful of the law. Even when a reliable informant was found , considerable diffi culty arose in communicating the information to Agents or local officers. Not many of the persons had cars and the telegraph office was some distance away with miles of mountain roads in between .
On July 20 , 1936 , however, information was received that Weather ford and his wife were visiting the home of his wife's father at Lone Ridge Gap , North Carol ina . Two Bureau Agents and a Deputy United States Marshal immedia tely proceeded to the vicinity of Lone Ridge Gap , arriving in the late evening . Being strangers to this remote section of the mountains, which was oftentimes inaccessible except by mule , they located the farm where Weatherford was stopping . The road , however , was impassable in this vicinity and it was necessary to continue a half mile through the dense woods on foot . The three officers waited until nearly 4:00 A.M. for daybreak and then ap proached the house . As they did so , numerous dogs commenced barking and they were obliged to abandon caution and rushed to the building . A search of the premises showed that Weatherford's wife was there , but Weatherford was 12
gone . His family claimed he had gone fishing the previous evening , but ev erything pointed to the fact that Weatherford had fled sometime in the night . Even in these remote Őountains he had been warned of the officers ' approach. Some distance from the house Weatherford ' s car was found . A search of this car disclosed four large suitcases filled with new clothing , blankets taken from various Tennessee hotels , camping equipment and twenty-one check books for banks in ten different states. Among the effects of Weatherford 's wife were found checks signed "Mary Brown" and with them a letter purportedly signed by Mrs . Mary Brown to her daughter sending these checks as a wedding gift . Mrs. Weatherford had written these letters for the purpose of inducing persons to accept the checks which were worthless .
Hoping to overtake Weatherford somewhere in the hills, the of ficers procured a bloodhound and about a Cluarter of a mile from the house the dog struck a track. The impression of a man 's shoe , size 7t or 8, with a Goodyear rubber heel was observed . Rubber-heeled shoes are seldoŏ used in this area . Then for four and one-half hours the officers followed a path through underbrush and clearing to the home of a cousin of Weatherford . Here , apparently , the track marked by the shoe iŐpression ended and a mule track continued to mark the trail. Efforts were made to get the dog to leave the tracks which had been followed, but it would at all tiôes return to the house . A search here revealed no signs of the fugitive. The cousin excitedly denied Weatherford had been there. As a parting shot, however, when the officers were leaving he said "If you catch Weatherford and he tells you he has been here he aint . "
All officers in the vicinity were advised to be on the watch for Weatherford . It was felt that continued surveillance of that locality would dri ve Weatherford from cover . In the meantime , Weatherford 's wife disap peared and apparently had rejoined him in hiding . On August 13, 1936, word was received that Weatherford 's mother-in-law was planning to meet the fugi tive and his wife in Johnson City on August 15, 1936, but the exact place of meeting was unknown . The Sheriff 's Office and a Deputy United States Marshal cooperating with Special Agents arranged to watch the bus station at Johnson City on the evening of August 15, 1936 . In addition, a car with a Special Agent of the FBI and a Deputy Sheriff watched Mrs . Weatherford 's mother in Elizabethton , Tennessee, and observed her leave her residence in a car. She was followed by the officers who were watching for Weatherford to contact her . At 7:35 P.M. a Special Agent stationed in the Johnson City bus tern:inal recognized Mrs. Weatherford , the fugi tive ' s wife , as she en tered . She was obviously looking for someone and as she left the building after a hurried glance, she was followed by the Special Agent . Meanwhi Ie a Deputy United States Marshal and an Agent across the street had recognized her when she arrived at the station in a Pierce Arrow sedan and they im mediately closed in on the car . Weatherford , who was in the automObile , was recognized and immediately seized. At the same instant, Mrs . Weatherford 's mother , a little late for the meeting, arrived at the station , still trailed by the other car of officers. When questioned about his check passing ac tivities since he evaded the officers at Unaka the month previous, Weather ford declined to make any admissions , stating that he had no recollection of where he had been or how many checks he had passed . He stated , however, that on several occasions he had driven into towns where some time before he had passed bad checks and when he realized he had been in that town be fore he left hurriedly. On one occasion he tried to pass a check in a store where he had previously cashed a bogus check and the proprietor caught him and intended turning him over to the police. Weatherford, however, argued wi th him that he would not make good the check if he were put in jail and the storekeeper finally released him upon making this check good . This situ a tion arose in several instances and j n each case he induced the merchant to release him upon payment .
It was deemed advisable to remove Weatherford to Texas to try him there on the impersonation charge at Fort Worth . On November 6, 1936, he was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury , being charged with impersonating a Federal officer on March 16, 1936, and obtaining a radio valued at $49.95 . On November 9, 1936, he pled guilty to this charge and was sentenced to serve one year and a day in the United States Penitentiary . Authorities in other states have filed detainers against Weatherford to try him for check frauds on his release from the Federal Prison.
Weatherford has a very extensive criminal record according to the files of the Identification Division of the FBI . This record began in 1918 when he was arrested on a charge of larceny and escape. Since that date he has been arrested on many charges including stealing of Government property , violation of White Slave Traffic Act , issuing fraudulent checks and forgery .
STATISTICAL STUDY OF WOMEN ENGAGED IN CRIME
Women were charged with practically all types of crime during 1936 . A comparison of the charges placed against an average group of 100 females and an average group of 100 males arrested and fingerprinted yields rather interesting facts. Generally speaking , the tendency of members of the female sex to commit crimes of violence against the person was more pro nounced than in the case of the male sex. Whereas slightly more than seven of every 100 males arrested were charged with criminal homicide or assault, nine of every 100 females arrested were charged with those types of crimes. However , women played a comparatively small part numerically in the perpe tration of such crimes as robbery , burglary , and auto theft . Likewise , the members of the female sex were less frequently charged than males with the following offenses : carrying concealed weapons , driving while intoxicated , and drunkenness . But females were much more prominently engaged in the com mission of offenses of larceny and in violations of narcotic drug laws and liquor laws . 14
A QUESTIONABLE PATTERN
The preceding issue of this Bulletin contained a discussion of a finger impression which was classified as a tented arch because it lacked one of the essential characteristics of a loop.
A loop type pattern consists of a recurving ridge, a delta and a ridge count. As interpreted in the BUl"eaU'S Identification Division, a print which has only two of these elements without the third, is classified as a tented arch.
Below is reproduced a further example of this type of pattern.
In this case, a delta is present and a ridge count of one is ob tainable from the three ending ridges in the center. However, as none of the central ridges recurve to form a loop the pattern is considered to be a tented arch. 15
TIlE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF FINGERPRINTS AND CRIME DATA
The Federal Bureau of Investigation in March of 1932 initiated a program of exchanging fingerprints with foreign countries . This service to all contributors of fingerprints throughout the United States has proved very advantageous to the contributors in this country as well as to foreign governments .
An up-to-date list of those countries currently engaged in the exchange of fingerprints is being set out in this issue of the Bul letin for the information and guidance of fingerprint contributors to the Identifica tion Division of the FBI . This list is compiled alphabetically for the con venience of the contributors .
The following foreign countries are cooperating in the exchange of fingerprints:
Albania Finland Algeria France Argentina Germany Australia , New South Wales Gold Coast Colony, Accra Austria Greece Bahamas Haiti Barbados Holland Be lgium Hungary Bermuda India Brazil Iran Br i tish Guiana Iraq Bri tish Honduras Ireland Bulgaria Italy Burma Jamaica Canada Japan Ceylon Kenya Chile Latvia China Lithuania Colombia Mexico Costa Rica New Zealand Cuba Nicaragua Czechoslovakia Norway Danzig , Free City of Nyasaland Denmark Palestine Dutch East Indies Panama Dutch West Indies Paraguay Ecuador Peru Egypt Poland EI Salvador Portugal England Pretoria , British South Africa Estonia Roumania Federated Malay States Scotland 16
Siam Switzerland Sierra Leone , Africa Turkey Southern Rhodesia , Africa Uruguay Spain Venezuela Sweden Yugoslavia
The following territories and possessions of the United States are interested in the International Exchange of Fingerprints:
Alaska Philippine Islands Canal Zone Puerto Rico Hawaii Virgin Islands
The International Exchange of Fingerprints not only provides a means of furnishing a subject's complete criminal history for the assistance of prosecuting attorneys , judges and parole officials , but also is of ut most importance as a means of identifying fugiti ves who have been arrested in a foreign country . Through this identifiC8.tion the country which has sought the fugitive is notified of his present location .
The Federal Bureau of Investigation besides engaging in the ex change of fingerprints with foreign countries , likewise distributes wanted notices in the form of Identification Orders .
The value of this important adjunct to the International Exchange of Fingerprints is deõonstrated in the case of one Benjamin Fella for whom an Identification Order was issued February 1, 1936 , whose apprehension was desired for violation of the National Ban!{ruptcy Act .
These wanted circulars reflect the fingerprints, photographs , criminal records and descriptive data of persons wanted for violation of Federal statutes . A complaint had been filed on June 20 , 1935 , before the Uni ted States Commissioner at Chicago , Illinois , charging Fella as Henry Foster, with concealment of $15 , 000 in merchandise , $5 ,000 in cash and books and records of the estate of the Foster Impor-t and Manufacturing Company , Bankrupt .
The criminal record on file in the Identification Division of the Bureau disclosed that Fe11a , as Joseph Lewis , had been arrested by the Police Department, Toronto, Ontario , Canada, on February 9, 1933, on a charge of fraud and theft . He was released on $15 , 000 bail but failed to appear and his bail bond was forfeited on December 5, 1933 . He was next arrested as George Joseph by the United States Marshal at Chicago , Illinois , on Oc tober 2, 1933 , as a fugitive wanted for violation of the National Bankruptcy Act at New York City . He was arrested by the United States Marshal at NeVI York , New York, on October 20 , 1933 , as Jonas George , charged with violation of Sections 52 and 88 of Title 18 of the United States Code . Fingerprint cards were received from the Police Department, New York , New York , and the United States Detention Headöuarters at New York, which reflected that Fella had been fingerprinted by those respective Departments on October 21, 1933, charged with violating the National Bankruptcy Act . 17
On May 7, 1936 , a communication was received from the Federal Police of Vienna , Austria , in which advice was given that the fingerprints appearing on the Identification Order of Benjamin Fella were found to be identical with those of Benno Feller who was born May 6, 1891 , in Czernowitz . The communication further stated that Fella , a resident of Vienna , had been arrested. on a charge of fraud and was. delivered ..to the National Cour.t.. at · , Vienna on February 24 , 1936 . Fella was described as being married and a merchant . At the time of his arrest he had in his possession a passport issued to Alber Bonnet from Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , dated February 4, 1935 , and would not expire until February , 1940.
Further information furnished by the Federal Police of Vienna , Austria , indicated that Fella had been sentenced on March 2, 1931 , by the Kings Court in Mai1and to 12 years and 5 months imprisonment on a charge of compound fraud and cheating . The District Court of Zurich sentenced him on
August 26 , 1927 , to. three weeks imprisonment on a charge. _ of use of false identification papers . He had in his possession at that time two false passports , one Austrian passport issued to Moses Bilgurei and a passport issued to Paul Goldmann .
In spite of the numerous aliases used by Fe l1a during his crimi nal career, his fingerprints have always disclosed his true identity and in this mannner an accurate recor'd is available in each of those cases where Fella was fingerprinted and his fingerprints placed on file with the Federal Bureau of Investigation .
A letter was 8,lso received from Bern , Switzerland , containing information that the finger impressions appearing on the Idenpfic÷tion Order of Benjamin Fe11a had been found to be identical with those of Benno Fe ller whose family background was set forth in considerable detail . The letter further stated that Feller had been signaiized in Zurich on July 3, 1927 , for using a false name and being suspected of fraud , as a result of which he had been banished out of Switzerland due to the decision of the Direction of the Cantonal Policø Department in Zurich .
INTERESTING FACTS FROM THE FBI IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
There were posted in the files of the Identification Division as of February 28 , 1937 , wanted notices requesting information concerning 21 ,138 fugiti ve s, including 4,538 parole violators and 401 probation vio lators . Data received during the month of February, 1937 , were instrumental in the identificaùion of 534 fugitives .
The number of law enforcement officers and agencies listed as contributors of fingerprint data was increased during the month from 10 , 287 to 10 ,338 . 18
THE FBI NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
The FBI National Police Academy is operated for the purpose of training executives and instructors of municipal , county and state law en forcement organizations . The first twelve week session of the Academy be gan July 29 , 1935 . The fourth session is being held at the FBI 's headquar ters in Washington , D. C.
Representatives of many police departw.ents who have successfully completed the course of training offered by the Academy are now engaged in conducting similar courses of in struction in their own police departments. The importance of being equipped with a thorough knowledge of modern and scientific methods of crime detection is being realized in many major cities throughout the Un ited States.
The conduct of local police training schools affords an oppor tunity to the local officer to acquire th is knowledge .
One instance is being cited to demonstrate the effectiveness of training in routine police work , and also to indicate the type of instruc tive work wh ich is being accomplished by one represenúGl,tive police depart ment .
A graduate of the first session of the Academy is now conducting a police training school covering the broad general field of law enforcement . This is a full time day school covering a three month period and is being attended by ranking officers of this graduate 's police department . This is the second course of instruction being offered by this department and con sists of twenty sergeants and lieutenants.
Concrete evidence of the value of this training has been shown frequently since the close of the first class through the scientific han dling of evidence and the ap plication of advanced methods of preserving and reproducing evidence . Tl1is W(),S illustrated during the investigation of a series of burglaries conducted by a lieutenant who had graduated from 1;.11.e 1936 class of the local department .
In this case a large number of breaking and entering violations were observed , all of which bore similar characteristics in the modus oper andi employed . No headway was made in the solution of the crimes , however, until the lieutenant brought into play a simple method of reproduction learned at the school which involved the casting by use of moulage of "jimmy" marks made by the criminal on doors forced open by the l'jimmy . " The lieu tenant made moulage castings of the marks on the doors and preserved the duplica tes of the "j immy I s" teeth so made for future reference . Shortly thereafter, a suspect who had been previously questioned and released, was rearrested and a jimmy found in his possession . When examined, this instru ment was observed to have a working surface which corresponded in the finest detail to the marks cut into the doors at the scenes of the burglaries. Al though the suspect steadfastly denied his guilt prior to this scientific ex amination he confessed when confronted with this evidence. 19
The solution of a lIhit-and-runtr case by another graduate of the first session of the FBI Academy by employing modern methods is illustrated by the apprehension and conviction of a negligent driver of an automobile.
A boy had been killed by a "hit-and-run" driver and the identi ty of the driver of the car wa.s unknown . Leo J. Mulcahy of t.l1e Connecticut State Police was called upon to investigate this matter .
Immediately upon reaching the scene of t.he accident , Mulcahy made a minute examination of the surroundings . He di scovered a tire track : apparently ma.de by the death car , and also located fragments of the shat tered glass from the automobile . Using the technique learned in the first session of the FBI National Police Academy , he made a reproduction of the entire track by a casting method and also preserved the shattered glass for identification purposes . Shortly thereafter , as a result of intensive in vestigation, the Cf)'r was located and, by virtue of a comparison of one of the tires with tha tire track found at the scene of the crime and also a comparison of the glass, it was possible to definitely identify the car . Mulcahy immedia.tely apprehended the driver and obtained a confession from him G),ccor-ding to the methods which he had learned in the FBI National Police Academy concerning the obtaining of statements in conformity with the rules of evidence . This detailed and accurate investigation resulted in a con viction .
Due to the interest which has already been exhibited in the FBI National Police Academy by police departments throughout the United States there is being set forth in this article information as to the scope of sub ject matter and general information relative to making application for ad mi ttance . This is included for the assistance and gu idance of interested police departments.
The selection of those who are to attend the FBI National Po Hce Academy is based upon applications received by the Bureau from law en forcement agencies . There is no set form of application, but a request to send a representative to the schooJ ffi8Y be m8,de by letter addressed to the Director , Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Jus tice , Washington, D. C. Based upon these applications , invitati ons will be extended to police departments , sheriffs I offices , state police organiza ' tions , state highway patrols, and o'ûher regularly c onsti tuted law enforce ment agencies to select a representative of their respective organizations to (l.ttend one of these schools. It will be observed that the invitations are extended to the police organizations and not to individuals. The law enforcement agencies receiving such invitations will bear in mind the nature of the course and the qualifications of the personnel in their departments in mak ing the selection of a representative who will be in a position, upon comple üion of the com'se, to serve in the best possible manner the organiza tion which he represents . This Bureau has not indicated 8. ny specific re quirements in the nature of qualifications of those selected , except that they be less than forty-six years of age , but places the responsi bili ty for such selection upon the organization invited . Upon receipt of such an in vitation . the law enforcement agency may elect to send the Chief of Police , 20 the Superintendent , Director , or other executive official in charge of the organization, or any other person officially connected therewith.
The courses of training offered in this school are similar to the courses provided for the Special Agents of the Bureau . These courses are supplemented , however , by instruction in subjects wh ich are specifically applicable to local and state law enforcement work . Such subjects as "Po lice Communications ," "Police Reports ," "Police Organization and Administra tion," "Traffic" and "Patrol Work, " are added for the benefit of the members of the FBI National Police Academy class .
It is necessary to limit the number who will be in attendance at each of these schools, and , in view of the large number of applications received , it is impossible to determine how long it will be before an invi tation may be extended to anY, one department or organization. The Bureau will be pleased , however , to receive appli cations from regularly constituted law ānforceĂent agencies and these appli cations will be recorded so that th'e'y may receive appropriate consideration in connection wi th the sele,ction of personnel to attend future schools of this type .
, In addition to the Băreau 's staff of instructors and ,lecturers , outstanding criminologists and police officials selected from higher insti tutions of learning and from police departments and other law enforcement agencies , constitute a faculty of visiting lecturers . From this list of facul ty members who have indicated a willingness to cooperate with the Bu reau in its training school project, selections are made of those who are to appear befo're the vario'us training schools to discuss and give instruc
tion in specific subjects to which they have given a lifetime of study' and"
thoug?t ., 'ThesĄ, ąisti'riguĆshed auti1,oriiies 'iuiCi thćir:·sĈ,bJe,ĉts 'are : ',' . .
Mr . J. P. Allman , Commissioner of Police , Chicago, ' Illinois. Subject: "Parades, Assemblies , and Emergencies."
Dr . Earl C. Arnold , Dean , Vanderbilt University Law School ; for merly on the staffs of George Washington University and Northwestern Univer 8i ty' Law Schools. " Subjects : "Evidence', Confessions , and Circumstantial ' , -Ei";'i- dence ;" "Searches and Seizures " '
Professor Thurman W. Arnold , Yale University Law School ; former Dean of Law School, University of West Virginia ; member of Advisory CoĊċit tee on Federal Court Study for National Commission on Law Observance and En forcement . Subject : "Criminal Law . "
Dr . Arthur L. Beeley , Professor of Sociology , University of Utah ; General Chai rman of Institute of Criminology , University of Utah ; an author ity on sociological problems . Subject : "Law Enforcement and Sociology. "
Mr . Lawrence J. Benson , General Superintendent of Police , Chicago , Milwaukee, St . Paul and Pacific Railroad ; President , Chicago Special Agents and Police Association . Subject : "Private Law Enforcement Agencies , Their Functions and Cooperation." 21
Lieutenant Colonel A. J. Drexel Biddle, Uni ted States Marine Corps Reserve , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Former international amateur box ing champion and authority on combined arts of self-defense and juj itsu. Subject : "Jujitsu and Defensive Methods ."
Colonel Lynn C. Black , Superintendent , Ohio Highway Patrol ; for merly member of West Virginia State Police and former Deputy Sheriff . Sub jects : "Highway Patrol Work ;" "Auto Accidents ."
Mr . Sherwood Brockwell , Fire Marshal of the State of North Caro lina; former President , Fire Marshals Association of North America . Subjects : "The Police and the Fire Department ;" "Arson Investigations ."
Mr . Thomas P. Brophy , Chief Fire Marshal for New York City; lec turer in New York City Police Department Detective Academy and in the Fire College of the City of New York . Subject : "Police Problems in Catastrophes, Explosions , and Fires ."
Mr . Edward F. Burke , formerly Superintendent , Identification Bu reau, Rochester , New York , Police Department . Subject : "Photography in Law Enforcement Work ."
Mr . George W. Buzby , Protective Section , Association of Ameri can Railways , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Superintendent of Police , Penn sylvania Railroad . Subject : "Private Enforcement Agencies ."
Mr . Cornel ius Cahalane , Port of New York Authority ; Police Con sultant for the Port of New York Authority; former Deputy Commi ssioner of Police , New York City. Subjects : "Pa trol Work in Cities ;" "Show-Ups ;" "Practice,l Psychology in Investigations ."
Professor Albert Coates , Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Law Administration at University of North Carolina, and Director of the North Carolina Institute of Government . Subject : "Criminal Law."
Mr . Courtney Ryley Cooper , noted Crime Reporter , Newspaper Man , Magazine Writer and Author of "Ten Thousand Publ ic Enemies ." Subject : "The Law Enforcement Officers ' Relati ons with the Press ."
Professor Felix Frankfurter, Harvard University; Professor of Law and Administrative Law , Harvard University, since 1914 ; Secretary and Counsel to President 's Mediation Commission; co-author of "Criminal Justice in Cleveland. " Subject : "The Law Enforcement Officer and the Prosecutor ."
Dr . Alexander H. Gettler , Chief Toxicologist , City of New York ; formerly active staff member of Bellevue Hospital and Professor in the De partment of Forensic Medicine , New York University; originator of a test for alcoholism. Subjects : "Toxicology" and "Medical Examinations . "
Mr . John A. Greening , Chief of Berkeley, California , Police De partment. Subjects : "Pol ice Records , Reports , Statistics , and Spot Maps ;" 22
"Selection and Rating of Law Enforcement Personnel ."
Mr . Will T. Griffin, Chief of Detectives, Memphis, Tennessee; Secretary of Tennessee ann Mississippi Sheriffs ' and Peace Officers ' Associ ation . Subject: "Police Tactics."
Mr . Maxwell Halsey, Assi stant Director of Bureau for Street Traf fic Research , Harvard University; Staff Safety En gineer , Bureau of Surety and Casualty Underwri ters . Subject: "Traffic: Organization , Control , Safety , and Investigations ."
Major Julian S. Hatcher, Ordnance DepartČent, United States Army , and graduate of Un ited States Naval Academy . Subject: "Ballistics of Police Firearms ."
Dr . William Healy, Director of Judge Baker Foundation ; former Professor and Research Associate, Institute of Human Relations , Ya le Un iver sity ; President , Society of Psychiatry and Neurology. Subject: "P olice Work and Youthful Offenders . "
Dr . Edgar C. Higbie, President , Wilson Teachers College , Wash ington , D. C. Subject : "Teaching Methods ."
Mr . L. V. Jenkins , Commissioner and Inspector of Police , Port land , Oregon . President , Interna.tional Associat ion of Chiefs of Police . Subject: "Police Cooperation with Public Health and Sanitation Officials."
Mr . E. K. Jett , Assistant Chief Engineer , Federal Communications Commission, Wa.shington , D. C. Subject : "Police R3.dio Administration ."
Mr . Robert Livingston Johnson , President , National Civil Service Reform League . Subject : "The Melčit System ."
Mr . Andrew J. Kavanaugh , former President of the International Association of Chiefs of Police; Director of Public Safety, Miami , Florida . Subject: "Police Cooperation."
Mr . Paul G. Kirk, Superintendent of Publ ic Safety , State of Mass achusetts ; Colonel , Massachusetts Nati onal Guard ; formerly an attorney in Boston . Subjects: "State Po lice ; " "Functions emd Ad ministration of State Police. "
Lieutenant Frank M. Kreml , Director, Bureau of Accident Preven tion, Evanston, Illinois, Police Department ; Director of Northwestern Uni versity Traffic Officers Training School . Subject : "Traffic: Organization, Control , Safety , and Investigations . "
Mr . Donald Leonard, Captain, Michigan State Police ; Vice-Presi dent , International Association of Chiefs of Police . Subjects : "Traffic: Or ganization, Control, Safety , and Investigations ;" "State Police Traffic Con trol ;" "Cooperation Between State and Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies." 23
Mr . V. A. Leonard , Superintendent , Identification Bureau of the Fort Worth , Texas , Police Department . Subject: "Communications in Law En forcement Work . "
Dr . A. Magruder MacDonald, Coroner of the District of Columbia. Subject: "Toxico logy and Medical Examinations ."
Dr . George Burgess Magrath , formerly Medical Examiner , Suffolk County , Massachusetts ; formerly in charge of the Department of Legal Medi cine , Harvard University. Subjects: "Expert Medical Testimony;" "Legal Medicine ;" "Medical Examinations ;" "Pathology ."
Mr . Burton Marsh, Director, Safety and Traffic Engineering De partment , A:nerican Automobile Association ; Member of Committee on Traffic Control, American Society of Munic ipal Engineers . Subject: "Traffic: Or ganization, Control, Safety , and Investigations ."
Dr . E. K. Marshall, Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Director of the Department of Pharmacology and Experiment al Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins University. Subject: "Toxicology."
Dr . Mark A. May , Director, Institute of Human Re lations and Pro fessor of Psychology , Yale University. Subject: "Crime Motivation ."
Dr . Elton Mayo , Harvard University; Professor of Industrial Re search , Harvard University, School of Business Administration, since 1926 . Author of psychiatric method of treatment of shell shock victims which has been universally adopted . Authority on interview methods . Subject: "In terviews ."
Dr . Mi ller McCl intock , Director of Bureau for Street Traffic Re search , Harvard Uni versi ty ; Traffic Engineering Consultant to many cities and states. Subject: "Traffic: Organization, Control, Safety , and Inves tigations ."
Mr . John Jay McKe lvey, New York City; attorney and author of several outstanding works on "Evidence ;" founder and first edi tor-in-chief of Harvard Law Review. Subject: "Evidence ."
Mr . George Z. Medalie, former United States Attorney , Southern District of New York ; former Special Assistant to the Attorney General in charge of Prosecution of Election Frauds and Special Assistant to the At torney General in charge of Census Prosecutions . Subject : "The Law En forcement Officer and the Bar ."
Mr . Edward A. Mitte , Inspector and Director of Traffic, Detroit, Michigan , Police Department . Subject: "Traffic: Organization, Control, Safety , and Investigations ."
Professor Raymond Moley , Professor of Public Law, Columbia Uni versity . Subject : "Prosecution Administration." 24
Dr . J. J. B. Morgan , Professor of PsychOlogy , Northwestern Uni versity; Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Subject: "Interviews. "
Dr. Robert Olesen, Assistant Surgeon General of the United States. Subject: "First Aid."
Mr . James T. Sheehan , Inspector, Boston, Massachusetts , Police Department ; Member of First Session of FBI National Pol ice Academy , and former President of the FBI National Police Acade:ny Associates. Subject: "Records , Reports, and Spot Maps . 1I
Dr . Joseph Eastman Sheehan , New York City; an outstanding au thori ty and lecturer on Plastic Surgery in the United States and Europe . Subject : "Plastic Surgery .1I
Mr . Bruce Smith , Institute of Public Administration; Member, Na tional Crime Commission; Director, Commission on Uniform Crime Re cords of International Association of Chiefs of Po lice; Director, Chicago Po lice Sur vey . Subjects : "Police Organization and Administration;" IIPatrols. "
Mr . Clyde Smith , Director of Licensing and Enforcement Division, Pennsylvania State Liquor Control Board . Subject : IILicensing and Inspec tions ."
Dr. Herbert J. Stack , Instructor in Safety Education, Columbia Unive rsi ty ; Director of Publ ic Safety for the National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters . Subject: "Safety Education Work in Police Depart ments ."
Dr. Horace M. Taylor, Assistant Professor of Economics, Columbia University; Member, American Economics Association, Academy of Po litical Science and Royal Economics Society . Subject: "Investigations in Business. II
Professor August Vollmer, Professor of Police Administration, University of California; former Chief of Pol ice , Berke ley, California; for mer President of the International Association of Chiefs of Pol ice . Subject: "Police Executives ."
Reverend E. A. Walsh , Georgetown University; Clergyman and Edu cator; Member, American Economics Association. Subject: "Social Problems and Social Changes and Their Relation to Law Enforcement Problems ."
Dr . Jesse Feiring Wi !liams , Professor of Physical Education , Teachers College , Columbia University ; former President , American Phys ical Education Society ; President , New York Society of Physical Education. Sub ject : "Physical Education."
Dr . R. W . Wood, Professor of Physics at Johns Hopkins University; President , American Physical Society. Subject: IIPhysics and its Applica tion to Law Enforcement ."
American Red Cross representatives: "First Aid." ESCAPED MURDERER IS RETUR NED AFTER MORE THAN SEVENTEEN YEARS OF FREEDOM
On May 27, 1917 W. M. Armstrong , negro , twenty-four years of age , was received at the State Reformatory , Raiford , Florida , to serve a 1 ife sentence for the crime of murder. Under date of December 22 , 1919, the Bureau entered in its files a notation to the effect that Armstrong had escaped and that in the event information subsequently received indicated his whereabouts this should be communicated to the State Bureau of Identi fication, Jacksonvi lle, Florida .
For more than seventeen years after this notice of escape no additional data regarding Armstrong were received in the Bureau . On Feb ruary 12, 1937 , however, a fingerprint card bearing the name of Buddie Arm strong was received from the North Carolina State Highway and Publ ic Works Commission, Prison Division, Raleigh, North Carolina . Information on the card indicated that this individual had been sentenced on February 1, 1937, to serve a term of eight months for assault with a deadly weapon . A check through the fingerprint files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation re Bulted in the identification of the fingerprints of Buddie Armstrong with those of the W. M. Armstrong wh ich had been received in 1917. It was noted that the earlier record indicated the wanted status of Armstrong and the State Identification Bureau in Florida was immediately advised that W. M. Armstrong was in the custody of the North Carolina authorities . A communi cation under date of March 1, 1937, from the Superintendent of the State Bureau of Identification at Tallahassee, Florida , advised that W. M. Arm
strong, who escaped December 22 , 1919 - "back in the old days when the State leased prisoners to private companies" - had recently been returned to re sume the serving of his life sentence for murder, as a result of the infor mation furnished by the Federal Bureau of Invostigation . The communication further stated that although Armstrong at first denied that he was the same W. M. Armstrong sentenced for murder, he later admitted his identity.
Another interesting angle of this case is that according to in formation supplied by the Superintendent of the State Bureau of Identifica tion at Tal lahassee , Florida , Armstrong had , on three previous occasi ons , been arrested in North Carolina prior to the time that the Prison Camps in that State regularly recorded fingerprints, but whi le he was being sought for escape from the Florida institution.
FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN FUGITIVE NOTATIONS
The bulletin publishes data each month concerning fugitives who are wanted by local law enforcement a.gencies, as well as those wanted by the FBI . The number of persons whose descriptive data is to be included is necessarily limited in the monthly publication.
The primary purpose in supplying this information to all agen cies receiving the bulletin is to give them a ready reference to consult in the event an arrest is made of a subject who is wanted in another jurisdic tion, but who cannot be held for any appreciable period on the charge im mediately pending against him. 26
IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN PERSONS BY SUBMISSION OF FINGERPRINTS
The value of fingerprints as a means of identification becomes apparent when it is realized, as was the case in January , 1937 , that finger prints of 195 unknown deceased persons were transmitted to the Bureau by various law enfo rcement agencies, coroners and institutions throughout the _c ountry . Thirty-one of this number or approximately 15.8% were identified with fingerprint cards already on file in the Bureau 's Identification Divi sion . These files have proved to be of immeasurable value to police authori ties in effecting identifications of unknown deceased persons and the vic tims of amnesia.
In those cases where local officials were unable to identify the body of a deceased person and transmi t.ted finger impressions to the Bureau , two were suicides, two were killed by hit-and-run drivers , two by :t.rains, four by automobiles , and one was murdered .
One case clearly demonstrates the desirability, both to law en forcement agencies and individuals concerned, of having fingerprints on file in a central location such as the Identification Division. On January 13, 1937 , the Sheriff 's Office of San Bernardino , California, transmitted the fingerprints of an unlmown man who had been killed by a train. It was dis covered by search through the Bureau files that this person was one Claude Foreshee, alias Claude McFarland , alias Frank Wh eeler, alias Frank Gibson . This individual escaped from the State Hospital at St. Peter, Minnesota, on June 8, 1936 , where he had been incarcerated for the crime of first degree murder. A wanted notice had been placed in the files of the Identification Division on June 11 , 1936. All known data appearing in the Identification Division file was immediately transmitted to the Sheriff 's Office at San Bernardino , California.
This case is but one of many similar cases where an unknown de ceased person has been identified by fingerprints. Not only do friends and relatives of the deceased learn of the fate of .the deceased, but also police departments are able to successfully terminate their investigation to deter mine the identity of such an unknown person . The institution or organiza tion which may be seeking such a person 's apprehension is also able t o dis pense with further investigation .
FBI NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT
The FBI National Police Academy will continue to conduct courses of training at Washington , D. C. Hereafter the sessions of thi s Academy will begin during the first part of January, May, and September of each year. Details as to the method of filing applications for attendance at the Academy will be found on Pa ge 18 of this Bulletin. 27
ARREST RECORDS OF APPLICANTS DISCLOSED BY SUBMISSION OF FINGERPRINTS
The submission of fingerprints of applicants by Federal , State and local Governmental agencies continues to be regarded as an infallible method of determining individuals ' fitness for positions of trust. Approxi mately 21, 500 sets of fingerprints of persons considered for appointment to positio ns were received during January , 1937 . About 6t% of these prints were identified with data already in the files of the Identification Divi sion. The prior records in some cases showed the applicant to have en gaged in crimes of a vicious nature , or the taking or mishandling of other persons ' property .
FOOT IMPRESSIONS ESTABL ISH A RECORD OF SIX ARRESTS FOR ARMLESS MAN
Joseph Sturn was received at the Workhouse , Welfare Island , New York City, on July 15, 1935 , to serve a sentence of ninety days for vagran cy . Prior to this time his right arm had been amputated at the elbow and his left arm amputated above the elbow. The usual procedure , of course , is to fingerprint prisoners when they are received at penal institutions . Joseph Stum was footprinted .
A few months later another "footprint" card was received from the New York City Workhouse , Rikers Island , New York , showing that one Joe Somers was received February 6, 1936 , to serve a sentence of three months for vagrancy . The foot impressions on this card were identified with those of Joseph Sturn . This individual , in spite of the two sentences served , con tinued his criminal activities . He was received at the New York City Work house , Rikers Island , New York , in May , 1936, under the name of Joseph Stoll man , to serve a sentence of thirty days for disorderly conduct. Two months later , under the name of Joe Stalman , he was received at the Workhouse , We l fare Island , this time to serve six months for vagrancy . Only seven months later he was again received at Rikers Island to serve a further sentence of six months for disorderly conduct.
Fingerprints have become a widely adopted means of identifica tion. They have been preferred , of course, to footprints because their use is more convenient and , possibly , because the ten patterns which most per sons carry on their finger can be classified more extensively than the pat terns to be found on the feet . However , the impressions of the soles of the feet lend themselves to just as positive identification as do finger impres sions . Furthermore , the capillary ridges of the soles of the feet are pres ent in we ll defined patterns . Systems of classification have been deve loped for the arrangement of foot impressions in an identification file for per sons who have lost their arms or for the arrangement of impressions taken from the feet of infants in hospitals at a time when the capillary ridges of the fingers have not developed to a degree permitting of such clear de tai l as can be obtained from the feet.
2 3 4 2 3 4
16 5 16 5
15 6 15 6
14 ---q,fflJEl 14 --�mlN. 7
13 8 13
12 II 10 9 12 II 10 9
PRINT IN FILE CURRENT PRINT The accompanying photographs show (above ) the foot impressions of Joseph Sturn recently received by the Identification Division of the Fed eral Bureau of Investigation, and (below) enlarged sections of one of these foot impressions and an earlier impression of the same foot with numerous points of identity indicated. 29 :n!El/CHlE ADAIR. 22VIRr 9 Ret. 9 BBliJAlfIN F. IWIII!S. with aUase •• 14 K 9 U 000 7 L 1 U 11 1 Benjiman F.•• Bame Frederick II 2 U 001 115110 PD. Ilallu. 'fex, W, 20 yr. Ben Bame•• Ben F. Bam... Fred (1936), 5'6 2", 1 0 lb., .ldr bld, Bame•• lt oh.at hair, bl .y•• , med oomp, nat - 11592 Stpan. lI10higan City. Ind, Amer. Wanted tor ROB. w, 5 (19 h 5 4 ;4" , yr. ' 146 (Notify. SO. Dalla •• 'f.x) Iba, .ht bld, dk oh••t hair, mad FBI BU APR 19 7 bm .ye., rdy oomp, 000 - lab, nat - AB.r. R. o'd Stpen. lI1chigan City. Ind. 2-21- to .erTe -10 yr. tor BURG. ESCAPED 2-16- 7. rt iDdex (Notify. St Pen. lliohigan City. rt ring Ind) FBI BU APR 19 7
with ali..... 15 V 1 R Ill 7 BERBERT JLU:N. with ali ..eat 24 0 21 Wt 10 19 R.f. Wt JAMES A. BARRY. Herbert Eug.ne Allen. Edward I 17 ut II 'f Henry A. Barry. Henry Baker. Jame. K 1 U 101 6 Martin. Arthur Wallao•• Eddie Barrett. John A. Bolton. Jame. Alden. Eddy Ald.n. Burke. H.nry Collin •• Jame. A. #6861 stR.tor. lIonroe. W8o.h, W, Foley. John Y. Glona. John KoOlone. 20 yr. (1936), 5'11", 1 5 Iba, JlIIIlea Tory. JlIIIlaa Arthur Troy. •ldr bld, bm hair, bl .y•• , .ed '*41265 PD, Bo.ton. 1Ia88; W, • �O yr 175 Iba, med bld, ch ••t oomp, 000 - lab , nat - .A..r. Want (16), 6' , ed tor ROB. hair, ha. eyeo, mad oamp, oeo (Notify. PD. Spokan•• Wash) .8ol.wma.n. l8ob. huck.t.r; nat - Amer. FBI BU .APR 19 7 Want.d tor ROB . lt index (Notify. at Bu of Inve.t. Conoord. rt index lIB, SO, Dover. lIB) FBI BU Affi 19�7
JAMES CIWU.ES AlIDERSOII. with I l W lIM R.f. l BOBBY BELTON. wit h alias. l K 1 U 000 14 alia.... Charl•• H. Owena. B.rnard Il. B.lton. S 1 U 101 14 I 2 W OIl 17 26 Jame. R. VandiTer. Jame. R. 125296 StF. Raiford. Fla, B; O Verdier. Jtmea R. V.rTier. yr. (19 ); 5 '6 1;4" ; 159 lb.; med ² PD. Jackaon. Ilia., W, 25 yr. bld, blk hair, bm eyee; bm oamp; (19 7 )' 5'6 2 ·, 1 0 lb., aldr bld, oeo - l8ob, na.t - Amer. R.c'd StF. blk hair, gr bm eye., .al oClllp' Ra.1tord. Fla. 5- 0- to .erve 5 nat - .A..r. Wantell. by Fed.ral yr. tor BURG. ESCAPED 2-1 - 7. Bureau ot Inveatigation tor Tiol (Botify. Pr COIIIIl. Ta.lla.ha..... Fla) lIATIONAL VOTOR VEHICLE TIlEF'f AC'f. FBI BUAPR 19 7 (Notify neare.t Bureau DiTi.ion li.ted on baok oOTer) rt ind.x rt ind.x FBI BU APR 19 7
'VASSAR BAILEr with aUas. 15 5 1 R 12 EmARD BENNETT. with alias. 19 0 W 100 12 Ref. • 000 25 25 Vu.or L. Bail.y. L 1 U 000 6 Eddie Bennett. L 19 W 100 27 SO. Acoomac. Va, B, 41 F. Raiford. Fla; B;,41 I-- yr. ie9062 at (1937 ), 5'7 2" ' blk hai r, mar yr. (1936 h 5'6 3;4" ; 136 lb .; .ldr ey•• , nat - .Amer. Want.d tor lIUR. bld, blk hai r; dk brn .ye., med dk (Notify. SO. Acc