DOCSLIB.ORG

EDWARD GREGG the Exiled Stuarts: Martyrs for the Faith?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EDWARD GREGG the Exiled Stuarts: Martyrs for the Faith? EDWARD GREGG The Exiled Stuarts: Martyrs for the Faith? in MICHAEL SCHAICH (ed.), Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) pp. 187–213 ISBN: 978 0 19 921472 3 The following PDF is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND licence. Anyone may freely read, download, distribute, and make the work available to the public in printed or electronic form provided that appropriate credit is given. However, no commercial use is allowed and the work may not be altered or transformed, or serve as the basis for a derivative work. The publication rights for this volume have formally reverted from Oxford University Press to the German Historical Institute London. All reasonable effort has been made to contact any further copyright holders in this volume. Any objections to this material being published online under open access should be addressed to the German Historical Institute London. DOI: 7 The Exiled Stuarts: Martyrs for the Faith? EDWARD GREGG The standard explanation for the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the subsequent exile ofJames II, his wife Mary of Modena, and their son James Francis Edward Stuart, subsequently known either as James III (1701-66) or 'the Old Pretender', was James II's conversion to Roman Catholicism and his blatant favouritism to his co-religionists during his brief reign in Great Britain (1685-88). It was an interpretation which was embraced by the Stuarts themselves. In 1689, James II assured Pope Alexander VIII (1689-91): 'The only source of the Rebellion against us is that we embraced the Catholick Faith, and we do not disown that to spread the same not only in our Three Kingdoms, but over all the dispersed Colonies of our Subjects in America was our determination.'1 The theme was echoed by their servants and advisers: referring to Mary of Modena,John Drummond, Earl of Melfort, told the same Pope that 'Her Cause is not only Just, but it is the Cause of the Catholick Religion.'2 Two decades later, James III's confessor lamented that 'Nothing keeps him out of his Kingdoms but his religion, and adhesion to the Apostolick see.'3 This interpretation was widely accepted by others: in 1689, writing from London, an unknown French agent assured Versailles that 'Vous pouvez conter pour certain que !'aversion de ce peuple n'est pas si grande contre les troupes étrangères, contre les republicains ny 1 Henry Ellis (ed.), Original Letters Illustrative ef English History, 2nd series, 4 vols. (London, 1827), iv. 191 n:James II to Alexander VIII, 26 Nov. 1689 OS, Dublin. (All dates in this essay are New Style, unless otherwise indicated.) 2 British Library, London (henceforth BL), Add. MS 38194, fos. 6-rr: Melfort's cover- ing letter for a memoire from Mary of Modena to Alexander VIII, n.d. [c.Nov. 168g). 3 Westminster Diocesan Archives, London (henceforth WDA), Epistolae Variorum (henceforth EV), IV, 86: Dr John Ingleton to Father Lawrence Mayes, 17 July 1712 [Saint-Germain). I am greatly indebted to the keeper of the WDA, Revd Ian Dickie OSB, for his help and generosity. 188 EDWARD GREGG mesme contre la pauverte et la misere, que contre la réligion catholique. '4 Against this background, this essay will examine three aspects of the Stuarts' claims to be 'martyrs for the faith': first, the polit- ical implications of their steadfast adherence to the Old Faith; second, the complex interaction of Catholicism and Anglicanism at the Jacobite court; and third, the fervour of the religious prac- tices ofJames II and James III, which made theirs one of the outstanding Catholic courts in eighteenth-century Europe. I On a mundane level the claims of martyrdom, of course, were designed to create sympathy and rally support for the exiled Stuarts in Catholic Europe. However, they ignored other-and more fundamental-reasons why Roman Catholic powers consis- tently refused to come to their aid, principally because in December 1688 the Stuarts had thrown themselves into the arms of Louis XIV (1643-1715). Louis had many reasons for champi- oning the exiledjames II: they were first cousins; they were co- religionists; they were both anointed kings. The most compelling reason, however, was the French desire to keep the British Isles in political turmoil and to use the exiled Stuarts to challenge the Revolution settlement of William III (1689-1702) and his succes- sors. As I have shown elsewhere, from the beginning Louis and his ministers had few illusions that they would actually be able to achieve a Stuart restoration, and realized full well that religion was a major impediment to Jacobite success;5 on the other hand, Louis XIV's support ofJames II helped to burnish his gloire as the Most Christian King and the First Son of the Church. Anxious to purge his own kingdom of heresy, Louis also had an evangelical interest in the Stuart cause, albeit a somewhat quirky one. According to an eyewitness, when Louis first visitedJames on his deathbed, 'The King of France spoke lykways to The Pro[testant]s here and told 4 Archives des Affa.ires Etrangeres, Paris (henceforth AAE), Correspondance Politique (henceforth CP) Angleterre 171, fos. 1651 : 'Belson' to [Denis Talon?], 13/23 Oct. 168g, London. Denis Talon (1628-98) was (JJ)Ocat general of the parlement de Paris, a confidant of Louis XIV, and a financial supporter of the Scots College, Paris. 5 Edward Gregg, 'France, Rome, and the Exiled Stuarts, 1689-1713', in Edward Corp (ed.), A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, r68g-qr8 (Cambridge, 2003), 111 5. The Exiled Stuarts: Martyrs for the Faith? 189 them they had been Exhorted to change their Errors for truth by a Good Master & he hoped they would Profit of so good Advice.'6 In 1712, during James III's last interview with Louis XIV, the French King first dismissed both Mary of Modena and his own morganatic wife, Madame de Maintenon, from the room, and then urged the young King never to become aJansenist; caught by surprise, because he had expected to hear some great secret, James blurted out that ifhe was ever capable of forgetting himself so far as to abandon the Faith, he would choose to become a Protestant rather than a J ansenist. 7 It was, of course, the universal assumption that James II (and James III after him) was nothing more than a French puppet, which effectively prevented any major Catholic power, except for Spain after 1700, when Louis XIV's grandson, Philip V (1700-46), inherited the Spanish crown, from joining France in supporting the Stuarts. The Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I (1658-1705), proved the most consistently hostile Catholic opponents of the exiled family: as Melfort informedJames II in January 1690: 'the house of Austria ... persecutes your Majesty's interest with all ye ill nature imag- inable, even to that degree as to print that abominable Letter the Emperor sent last to Your Majesty, in which he reflects on your conduct as the cause of your own misfortunes and this war.'8 For example, in 1693 Leopold arrested one ofJames's most promi- nent supporters, George Gordon, first Duke of Gordon, and transferred him to William III. 9 Habsburg enmity towards the Stuarts was to prove enduring, despite their shared religion, and was to help influence papal attitudes towards the exiles long into the eighteenth century. 6 Scottish Catholic Archives, Edinburgh (henceforth SCA), Blairs' Letters, 2 / 71 / 5: James Drummond, Duke of Perth to [his brother,John Drummond, Duke ofMelfort?], [6 Sept. 1701, Saint-Germain]. 7 Bruno Neveu, 'A Contribution to an Inventory of Jacobite Sources', in Eveline Cruickshanks (ed.), Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects if Jacobitism, 168!11759 (Edinburgh, 1982), 143. James confided this story in 1725 to Fran<;ois, Cardinal Foucquet. 8 BL Add. MS 37360, fo. 59v: Melfort to James II, 17 Jan. 1690, Rome. For this corre- spondence, see the Marquise Campana de Cavelli, Les Derniers Stuarts a Saint-Germain en Laye, 2 vols. (London, 1871), ii. 495-501: James II to Leopold I, 6 Feb. 1689, Saint- Germain; Leopold I to James II, 9 Apr. 1689, in which the Emperor refused to address James II en r,uyestat. 9 SCA Blairs' Letters, 1/J62/2, 4: Walter Lorenzo Leslie to Charles Whytford, 20Jan., 3 Feb. 1693, Rome. Whytford was deputy principal of the Scots College, Paris, and the closest colleague of Louis Innes. EDWARD GREGG One of the Stuarts' goals in their continual breast-beatings as martyrs for the faith was to procure papal support and interven- tion with Catholic powers on the Continent to provide the Jacobites with money, material, and manpower to stage an inva- sion of some part of the British Isles. This policy, of course, ignored a reality of which the Vatican was well aware: that by 1688, the papacy had neither the moral nor the political clout to intervene decisively in European affairs. Nor did it have the desire to, at least on behalf of the exiled Stuarts after 1688. Father Louis Innes, principal of the Scots College in Paris and one of the exiled court's most important advisers, was warned from Rome: 'assure yourself wee would crucifie Christ againe to be revenged of the French.'10 Habsburg domination of the Italian peninsula, combined with papal anger with Louis XIV's attempts to control the Gallican Church, had ensured that Rome would do little to support French protégées, even if they wore the sackcloth of martyrdom. Father William Leslie (1620-1707), a Scottish priest who had resided in Rome since 1648, scorned what he regarded as the naïveté of his national co- religionists.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memoirs of the Royal Society. Vol. 1
    MEMOIRS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. VOL. 1. -------------------- {506} {10th/2}[reversed] SOCIETATI LITERARIӔ SPALDINGENSI D.D. W. Stukeley rector D. Georgii in area Reginensi. 1749. -------------------- Meetings of the royal society {These Memoires were read at the under written Meeting of SGS} {Minute B.5.V} 1. 13 novr. 1740. pa. 4. {15. Mar. 1749./ 56 2. 20. 10. 22. 56.b 3. 11. decr. 12. 29 1750 ibidem 4. 18. 14. 5. April ibidem 5. 8. jan. 1740-1 17. 12 57. 6. 15. 19. 19 5.b 7. 22. 21. 26 ibidem 8. 29. 23. 3 May ibidem 9. 5. feb. 26. 10 ibidem 10. 12. 29. 7 June 58 11. 19. 30. 14 58.b 12. 26. 34. 28 59 13. 4. march 35. 12 July ibidem 19 14. 12. 38. 19. 59.b 15. 19. 41. 26. 60. 16. 26. march 1741 43. 2. August. - b 17. 9 april 46. 9. 62 18. 16 47. 16. ibidem 19. 23 48. 23. 63. 20. 30 49. 30 - b 21. 7 May 51. Sept. 6 - 22. 14 53. 13 23. 12 november 56. 4. October 65 24. 20. 58. 22. Novr. 69 25. 26. 60. 29 ibidem 26. 10. december 63. 13. Decber 70} -------------------- MEMOIRS of the ROYAL SOCIETY. {in LONDON} taken memoriter by Wm: Stukeley {Animas fapientiores fieri quiefcendo} -------------------- [1] MEMOIRS of the Royal Society To Maurice Johnson1 esqr. founder, & per {Pr.} petual secretary of the Gentlemans literary society, in Spalding Lincolnshire. [{who recieved them by the Carryer with other Books from his Bookbinder 9 March 1749/50 & delivered them to Dr Green2 secretary who read the same to the Company at the Societys meetings as numberd and marked before them and in the minutes}]3 For the entertainment of the company that meet weekly, at your Society, held in the old seat of the Hobsons my ancestors; I have transcribed my papers of what I recollect, by memory, after our entertainment, at Crane court4.
    [Show full text]
  • Addendum: University of Nottingham Letters : Copy of Father Grant’S Letter to A
    Nottingham Letters Addendum: University of 170 Figure 1: Copy of Father Grant’s letter to A. M. —1st September 1751. The recipient of the letter is here identified as ‘A: M: —’. Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. 171 Figure 2: The recipient of this letter is here identified as ‘Alexander Mc Donell of Glengarry Esqr.’. Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. 172 Figure 3: ‘Key to Scotch Names etc.’ (NeC ¼ Newcastle of Clumber Mss.). Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. 173 Figure 4: In position 91 are the initials ‘A: M: —,’ which, according to the information in NeC 2,089, corresponds to the name ‘Alexander Mc Donell of Glengarry Esqr.’, are on the same line as the cant name ‘Pickle’. Source: Reproduced with the kind permission of the Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottinghan. Notes 1 The Historians and the Last Phase of Jacobitism: From Culloden to Quiberon Bay, 1746–1759 1. Theodor Fontane, Jenseit des Tweed (Frankfurt am Main, [1860] 1989), 283. ‘The defeat of Culloden was followed by no other risings.’ 2. Sir Geoffrey Elton, The Practice of History (London, [1967] 1987), 20. 3. Any subtle level of differentiation in the conclusions reached by participants of the debate must necessarily fall prey to the approximate nature of this classifica- tion. Daniel Szechi, The Jacobites. Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 (Manchester, 1994), 1–6.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Publishers of the 1723 Book of Constitutions', AQC 121 (2008)
    The Publishers of the 1723 Book of Constitutions Andrew Prescott he advertisements in the issue of the London newspaper, The Evening Post, for 23 February 1723 were mostly for recently published books, including a new edition of the celebrated directory originally compiled by John Chamberlayne, Magnae Britanniae Notitia, and books offering a new cure for scurvy and advice Tfor those with consumption. Among the advertisements for new books in The Evening Post of 23 February 1723 was the following: This Day is publiſh’d, † || § The CONSTITUTIONS of the FREE- MASONS, containing the Hiſtory, Charges, Regulations, &c., of that moſt Ancient and Right Worſhipful Fraternity, for the Uſe of the Lodges. Dedicated to his Grace the Duke of Montagu the laſt Grand Maſter, by Order of his Grace the Duke of Wharton, the preſent Grand Maſter, Authoriz’d by the Grand Lodge of Maſters and War- dens at the Quarterly Communication. Ordered to be publiſh’d and recommended to the Brethren by the Grand Maſter and his Deputy. Printed for J. Senex, and J. Hooke, both over againſt St Dunſtan’s Church, Fleet-ſtreet. An advertisement in similar terms, also stating that the Constitutions had been pub- lished ‘that day’, appeared in The Post Boy of 26 February, 5 March and 12 March 1723 Volume 121, 2008 147 Andrew J. Prescott and TheLondon Journal of 9 March and 16 March 1723. The advertisement (modified to ‘just publish’d’) continued to appear in The London Journal until 13 April 1723. The publication of The Constitutions of the Free-Masons, or the Book of Constitutions as it has become generally known, was a fundamental event in the development of Grand Lodge Freemasonry, and the book remains an indispensable source for the investigation of the growth of Freemasonry in the first half of the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    EDINBURGH CASTLE UNDER SIEGE 1639-1745 David H. Caldwell National Museums of Scotland This is the third and final part of a review of the sieges of Edinburgh Castle, perhaps the most besieged fortress of all time. The surrender of the castle after a heavy bombardment in May 1573 by a combined English and Scottish government force had greatly dented its reputation for invincibility as well as leaving much of it in ruins. It was quickly rebuilt and strengthened, especially by the erection of the great Half Moon Battery which is such a prominent part of its structure to this day. It was then to remain untested as a fortress until the civil wars of the following century. 1639 As the Covenanting Party in Scotland moved to open conflict with their king their cause was enormously helped by the return to his native land of Alexander Leslie, a distinguished soldier who had served as a field marshal in the Swedish army. By March he was well on his way, aided by other Scottish officers who had served abroad, to creating the militia armies that were to play such an important part in the upcoming civil wars. The capture of Edinburgh Castle on 21 March marked the beginning of the First Bishops’ War.1 The castle was held by its constable, Archibald Haldane. Leslie with a party of noblemen, along with Sir Alexander Hamilton, General of the Artillery, General Major Robert Monro, both of whom had also been in Swedish service, and the companies of men raised by Edinburgh (1,000 musketeers) went up to the castle between four and five in the afternoon to parley with Haldane, apparently with the expectation that he could be persuaded to relinquish his charge or support the covenanting cause.
    [Show full text]
  • Jacobite Political Argument in England, 1714-1766
    JACOBITE POLITICAL ARGUMENT IN ENGLAND, 1714-1766 by Paul Chapman Gonville and Caius College November 1983 A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the University of Cambridge Paul Michael CHAPMAN Copyright © Paul Michael Chapman 1983 Second edition London: The Jacobite Studies Trust, 2013 [Please note that the pagination of this work differs slightly from the original of 1983, and reference should therefore be made to the second edition of 2013 in quotations giving page numbers. The original text has otherwise been preserved.] 1 Jacobite Political Argument in England, 1714-1766 By Paul Michael Chapman By the production of political propaganda Jacobites were able to reach Englishmen more directly than by plots and parliamentary opposition. The thesis demonstrates the need to reappraise assessments of the balance of political ideas current in England in the years immediately after the 1715 rebellion. Disproportionate attention has been accorded the small group of whig “Commonwealthsmen” or republicans, and the new “Country” opposition created by Lord Bolingbroke, with its famous literary coterie including pope, Swift, and Gay. The publications of these groups were outnumbered by Jacobite works. The Jacobite printer Nathaniel Mist produced a newspaper which, at least throughout the 1720s, was as popular as the most successful organs of these other opposition groups; neither could rival the flood of cheap Jacobite broadsheets and ballads which came onto the market between 1714 and 1724. Study of the arguments put forward to justify a Stuart restoration reveals the diversity of Jacobite support. A majority used the traditional tory tenets of non-resistance and hereditary right of succession in order to condemn the revolution of 1688.
    [Show full text]
  • The Architects of Eighteenth Century English Freemasonry, 1720 – 1740
    The Architects of Eighteenth Century English Freemasonry, 1720 – 1740 Submitted by Richard Andrew Berman to the University of Exeter as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History 15 December 2010. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. R A Berman 1 | P a g e Abstract Following the appointment of its first aristocratic Grand Masters in the 1720s and in the wake of its connections to the scientific Enlightenment, ‘Free and Accepted’ Masonry rapidly became part of Britain’s national profile and the largest and arguably the most influential of Britain’s extensive clubs and societies. The new organisation did not evolve naturally from the mediaeval guilds and religious orders that pre-dated it, but was reconfigured radically by a largely self-appointed inner core. Freemasonry became a vehicle for the expression and transmission of the political and religious views of those at its centre, and for the scientific Enlightenment concepts that they championed. The ‘Craft’ also offered a channel through which many sought to realise personal aspirations: social, intellectual and financial. Through an examination of relevant primary and secondary documentary evidence, this thesis seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of contemporary English political and social culture, and to explore the manner in which Freemasonry became a mechanism that promoted the interests of the Hanoverian establishment and connected and bound a number of élite metropolitan and provincial figures.
    [Show full text]
  • 51St International Congress on Medieval Studies
    51st lntemational Congress on Medieval Studies May 12-15,2016 51st International Congress on Medieval Studies May 12–15, 2016 Medieval Institute College of Arts and Sciences Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5432 wmich.edu/medieval 2016 Table of Contents Welcome Letter iii Registration iv-v On-Campus Housing vi Off-Campus Accommodations vii Travel viii Driving and Parking ix Food x-xi Campus Shuttles xii Construction xiii Hotel Shuttles xiv Hotel Shuttle Schedules xv Facilities xvi Logistics xvii Varia xviii Lecture/Performance xix Exhibits Hall xx Exhibitors xxi Plenary Lectures xxii Advance Notice—2017 Congress xxiii The Congress: How It Works xxiv Travel Awards xxv Richard Rawlinson Center xxvi Center for Cistercian and Monastic Studies xxvii M.A. Program in Medieval Studies xxviii Medieval Institute Affiliated Faculty xxix Medieval Institute Publications xxx–xxxi About Western Michigan University xxxii Endowment and Gift Funds xxxiii The Otto Gründler Book Prize xxxiv 2016 Congress Schedule of Events 1–175 Index of Sponsoring Organizations 177–183 Index of Participants 185–205 List of Advertisers A-1 Advertising A-2 – A-48 Maps M-1 – M-7 ii The Medieval Institute College of Arts and Sciences Dear Colleague, Summer passed with the Call for Papers; fall came with a change of colors to Kalamazoo and the organization of sessions; we are now in winter here at Western Michigan University, starting to look forward to the spring and the arrival of you, our fellow medievalists, to the 51st International Congress on Medieval Studies. The Valley III cafeteria and adjoining rooms will host booksellers and vendors; cafeteria meals will be served in Valley II’s dining hall.
    [Show full text]
  • Rawlinson's Proposed History of Oxfordshire
    Rawlinson's Proposed History of Oxfordshire By B. J. ENRIGHT INthe English Topographer, published in 1720, Richard Rawlinson described the manuscript and printed sources from which a history of Oxfordshire might be compiled and declared regretfully, ' of this County .. we have as yet no perfect Description.' He hastened to add in that mysteriously weH­ informed manner which invariably betokened reference to his own activities: But of this County there has been, for some Years past, a Description under Consideration, and great Materials have been collected, many Plates engraved, an actual Survey taken, and Quaeries publish'd and dispers'd over the County, to shew the Nature of the Design, as well to procure Informations from the Gentry and others, which have, in some measure, answer'd the Design, and encouraged the Undertaker to pursue it with all convenient Speed. In this Work will be included the Antiquities of the Town and City of Oxford, which Mr. Anthony d l-Vood, in Page 28 of his second Volume of Athenae Oxonienses, &c. promised, and has since been faithfully transcribed from his Papers, as well as very much enJarg'd and corrected from antient Original Authorities. I At a time when antiquarian studies were rapidly losing their appeal after the halcyon days of the 17th-century,' this attempt to compile a large-scale history of a county which had received so little attention caUs for investigation. In proposing to publish a history of Oxfordshirc at this time, Rawlinson was being far less unrealistic thall might at first appear. For
    [Show full text]
  • ENLIGHTENING the BRITISH Knowledge, Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century
    ENLIGHTENING THE BRITISH Knowledge, discovery and the museum in the eighteenth century edited by R.G.W. Anderson, Ml. Caygill, A.G. MacGregor and L Syson THE BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS Contents List of illustrations page vii Notes on the contributors ix Introduction 1 Robert Anderson 1 Anticipating the Enlightenment: Museums and galleries in Britain before the British Museum 5 Giles Waterfield 2 Sir Hans Sloane and the European Proto-Museum 11 DeboraJ. Meijers 3 From Private Collection to Public Museum: The Sloane collection at Chelsea and the British Museum in Montagu House 18 Marjorie L Caygill 4 Encyclopaedic Collectors: Ephraim Chambers and Sir Hans Sloane 29 Richard Yeo 5 Wantonness and Use: Ambitions for research libraries in early eighteenth-century England 37 David McKitterick 6 Paper Monuments and Learned Societies: Hooke's Royal Society Repository 49 Lisajardine 7 The Status of Instruments in Eighteenth-Century Cabinets 55 Robert Anderson 8 'Utile et Dulce': Applying knowledge at the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce 62 Celina Fox 9 Wedgwood and his Artists 68 David Bindman 10 Skulls, Mummies and Unicorns' Horns: Medicinal chemistry in early English museums 74 Ken Arnold * 11 Natural History in Eighteenth-Century Museums in Britain 81 HughS. Torrens 12 Linnaeus, Solander and the Birth of a Global Plant Taxonomy 92 Bengtjonsell 13 Joseph Banks, the British Museum and Collections in the Age of Empire 99 Neil Chambers 14 'Ethnography'in the Enlightenment 114 John Mack 15 European Responses to the Sacred Art of India 119 Partha Mitter 16 Dr Richard Mead (1673-1754) and his Circle 127 Ian Jenkins 17 The Rise and Decline of English Neoclassicism 136 Joseph M.
    [Show full text]
  • William Stukeley and the Gout
    Medical History, 1992, 36: 160-186. WILLIAM STUKELEY AND THE GOUT by KEVIN J. FRASER * Gout was an ubiquitous disease in Georgian England. Although its victims were often immobilized at home for weeks on end, it was not, however, entirely unwelcome. Predominately a male disease, because of its frequency in the corridors of power and association with extravagant lifestyles, it was perceived as socially desirable. Moreover, there was the belief that the gouty were protected from more life- threatening disorders such as palsy, dropsy or apoplexy. Physicians were therefore often reluctant to treat attacks ofacute gout. Such therapeutic nihilism was convenient as gout had been considered the opprobrium medicorum since ancient times and many were prepared to suffer their attacks obediently. Others continued to search for a cure, looking beyond a disturbance of the four bodily humours for the cause of the disease. Pamphleteers fed the huge public appetite for such information, and the diaries and letters ofthe period contain frequent references to gout. However, these accounts often leave some uncertainty about the diagnosis, as most other forms ofarthritis were yet to be distinguished from gout. William Stukeley's descriptions of his own gout are, therefore, of particular importance, for they leave no doubt about the diagnosis.' Not only do they provide * Kevin J. Fraser, MBBS, MRCP(UK), FRACP, Medical History Unit and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia. Mailing Address: Austin Private Consulting Suite, 226 Burgundy Street, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible by the generous assistance of Mrs Elizabeth White (Texas Medical Center Library), Mr Geoffrey Davenport (Royal College of Physicians), Mr Steven Tomlinson (Bodleian Library), and Mr Alan Clark and Ms Sandra Cumming (Royal Society), Mr Norman Leveritt (Spalding Gentleman's Society) Mr Nicholas Muellner (Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University) and Dr Mark Nicholls (Cambridge University Library).
    [Show full text]
  • T:Britain and the French Revolution, C.1785-C.1804 | University of Kent
    09/25/21 T:Britain and the French Revolution, c.1785-c.1804 | University of Kent T:Britain and the French Revolution, View Online c.1785-c.1804 178 items Proposed Seminar Titles Week 7: The Impact of the French Revolution upon reforming causes in Britain. (15 items) Principal primary sources. (3 items) A Discourse on the love of our country - Price, Richard. Chapter | Core (Must Read) Reflections on the Revolution in France - Burke, Edmund, Mitchell, L. G., 1993 Book | Core (Must Read) | See catalogue for various other edtions. A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury at the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the County of Suffolk ...at Ipswich ... 18 January 1793 - John Howe, Lord Chedworth, 1992. Article | Core (Must Read) | From Charges to the Grand Jury 1689 -1803, ed. Georges Lamoine. Important Secondary Sources. (12 items) The association: British extraparliamentary political organization, 1769-1793 - Black, Eugene Charlton, 1963 Book Parliamentary reform 1640-1832 - Cannon, John Ashton, 1973 Book | Chapters 4 - 6 Culture of Diplomacy: Britain in Europe, c. 1750-1830 - Mori, Jennifer, 2010 Book Liberty and property: political ideology in eighteenth-century Britain - Dickinson, H T., 1977 Book | Chapters 6 and 7. The younger Pitt - Ehrman, John, 1969-1996 Book | Vol. II. The Reluctant Transition, 1789 -11796. Radicalism and revolution in Britain, 1775-1848 - Davis, Michael T., 2000 Book 1/15 09/25/21 T:Britain and the French Revolution, c.1785-c.1804 | University of Kent The friends of liberty: the English democratic movement in the age of the French Revolution - Goodwin, A., 1979 Book The Eighteenth-Century Debate on the "Glorious Revolution" - Dickinson, H.T., 1976 Article William Pitt and the French Revolution, 1785-1795 - Mori, Jennifer, 1997 Book London Debating Societies in the 1790s.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Discipline and local government in the Diocese of Durham, 1660-72. Brearley, J. D. How to cite: Brearley, J. D. (1974) Discipline and local government in the Diocese of Durham, 1660-72., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3450/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ABSTRACT OF THESIS For the realisation of the Restoration settlement of Church and State, it was essential that the central authorities received the co-operation of local officials who shared their aims and interests, and were prepared to re-establish and maintain order in the provinces. Cosin, Bishop of Durham, 1660-72, was the chief instrument of the government in the north-east of England. Within the Diocese he attempted to enforce universal compliance with the Church of England.
    [Show full text]