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Social Inclusion in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring: from Politics to Policies Iemed

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Social Inclusion in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring: from Politics to Policies Iemed DOCUMENTSIEMed. BARCELONA EUROMED FORUM Social inclusion 9 in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring: from Politics to Policies www.iemed.org Barcelona Euromed Forum Social inclusion in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring: from Politics to Policies IEMed. European Institute of the Mediterranean The IEMed is a think tank for the identification and interpretation Consortium formed by: of the challenges in the Euro-Mediterranean area and for the pre- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation paration of proposals to confront them. It offers spaces for re- Government of Catalonia flection and debate as well as advice and assistance to cultural Barcelona City Council and cooperation projects in the Mediterranean. Moreover, it pro- motes the participation of civil society in the Euro-Mediterranean President: space through several networks and in collaboration with entities Artur Mas from the social, economic and cultural worlds. President of the Government of Catalonia Vice-Presidents: José Manuel García-Margallo Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Joana Ortega Vice-President of the Government of Catalonia Xavier Trias Mayor of Barcelona President of the Executive Committee: Senén Florensa Board of Trustees: Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, BBVA Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona Cambra de Comerç, Indústria i Navegació de Barcelona El Consorci. Zona Franca de Barcelona Endesa Iberia Telefónica Consell Interuniversitari de Catalunya DOCUMENTSIEMed. Published by the European Institute of the Mediterranean Coordination: Javier Albarracín Proof-reading: Neil Charlton Layout: Núria Esparza ISSN: 978-843-383864 DL: B. 22269-2013 July 2013 The collection DOCUMENTSIEMed. seeks to disseminate studies, reports and work documents closely linked to the current Euro-Mediterranean agenda. It is a descriptive approach to the main issues in the region, an indispensable tool to promote analysis of and reflection on the Euro-Mediterranean field. Project funded by the European Union This publications has been produced wiht the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsability of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or European Institute of the Mediterranean. Barcelona Euromed Forum Social inclusion in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring: from Politics to Policies Barcelona, Palau Centelles, 27th - 28th June 2013 Working Documents Short comments prepared for the International Conference CONTENTS First Session: The Case for Social Protection and Inclusive Growth in the Mediterranean Countries 7 Latifa El Abida, “Programme Pilote ‘Tayssir’ pour la lutte contre l’abandon scolaire au Maroc”, Tayssir Program, Rabat, Morocco 9 Khalid Sekkat, “Development Prospects for Arab Countries”, University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium - FEMISE - ERF 17 Second Session: Social Dialogue in Political Transitions 29 Montserrat Mir, “Social Dialogue in Political transitions”, International and Development Department CCOO, Spain - Research assistance of Alejandra Ortega, Responsible of Arab Countries, Africa and Asia 31 Peter Seidenek, “Social Dialogue – A Challenge for Society Building. Europe and Southern Mediterranean”, European Union Confederation (CES), Brussels, Belgium 41 Third Session: The Always Difficult Labour Market Reforms 47 Gisela Nauk, “Structural Challenges of Arab Labour Markets”, United Nation 49 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, ESCWA DOCUMENTSIEMed. 5 Social inclusion in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: from politics to policies Yousef Qaryouti, “The Always Difficult Labour Market Reforms”, Director of Decent Work Team (DWT), Cairo Office for North Africa, International Labour Organization, ILO 71 Vincent Castel and Gita Subrahmanyam, “Labour Market Reforms in Post-Transition North Africa”, African Development Bank, AfDB 85 Fourth Session: Public Administration: Improving Transparency and Accountability 105 Ghada Moussa, “Public Administration: Improving Transparency and Accountability. Reflections of Social Inclusion in the aftermath of the Arab Spring - the case of Egypt”, Transparency and Integrity Comittee, Ministry of Administrative Development, Egypt 107 Geoffrey D. Prewitt, “Tolerant Reciprocity as the Basis of Accountability: A Focus on the Middle East”, Regional Centre in Cairo of the Regional Bureau for Arab States (RCC), United Nations Development Programme, UNDP - Research support and comments of Artur Neron-Bancel 117 Lamia Moubayed Bissat, “Public Administration: Improving Transparency and Accountability”, Institute of Finance Basil Fuleihan, Beirut, Lebanon 129 Kinda Hattar, “The Arab Change: Reform of Public Administration”, Regional Coordinator, Transparency International, Berlin, Germany 137 Extra Contribution 145 Mohammed Pournik, “The Case for Social Protection and Inclusive Growth in Mediterranean Countries”, Former Poverty Practice Leader at the Regional Centre in Cairo of the Regional Bureau for Arab States (RCC), UNDP 145 6 DOCUMENTSIEMed. First Session: The case for social protection and inclusive growth in the Med countries Social inclusion in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: from politics to policies Programme-Pilote «Tayssir » Pour La Lutte Contre L’abandon Scolaire Au Maroc Latifa El Abida, Programme Tayssir, ancien secrétaire d’État chargé de l’Éducation, Maroc Dans le cadre de sa stratégie de lutte contre l’abandon scolaire, le Royaume du Maroc a mis en œuvre, à partir de l’année scolaire 2008/2009, un programme-pilote de transferts monétaires conditionnels au profit des familles à revenus modestes, appelé TAYSSIR. Les analyses effectuées aussi bien par les institutions nationales que par les partenaires internationaux ont montré que la disponibilité de l’offre ne suffisait pas à assurer l’inscription et le maintien des enfants à l’école. D’autres facteurs, liés à la demande, tels que l’alphabétisation des parents et le niveau des revenus de la famille entraient en ligne de compte, les enfants pouvant être mis à contribution en tant que force de travail dans leur propre famille, ou auprès de familles plus aisées, moyennant rémunération. Ni l’existence d’une loi sur l’enseignement obligatoire et d’une loi interdisant le travail des enfants avant l’âge de 15 ans révolus, ni les campagnes de sensibilisation menées par le Ministère de l’Education nationale, ni les programmes d’alphabétisation de grande envergure, ou encore la mobilisation de la société civile, n’ont réussi à éradiquer le problème de la déperdition scolaire. C’est ainsi qu’a été prise la décision d’expérimenter le système des transferts monétaires conditionnés par l’inscription et le maintien des enfants à l’école, qui a fait ses preuves dans d’autres pays d’Amérique Latine et d’Asie, et ce à partir de l’année scolaire 2008/2009, dans le cadre du programme-pilote appelé TAYSSIR. Dès la première année, le programme a montré son efficacité. Les taux d’abandon ont chuté et les taux de réinsertion ont sensiblement augmenté. Le Gouvernement a décidé d’étendre le programme pour inclure le niveau collégial, qui enregistrait des taux d’abandon élevés, et pour toucher de nouvelles communes défavorisées. Dans les développements qui suivent, nous présenterons successivement quelques éléments du contexte de l’expérimentation, le programme TAYSSIR proprement dit, avec ses résultats provisoires et nous conclurons par les perspectives de son évolution. Elements de Contexte 1. La problématique sociale a été à l’ordre du jour au Maroc depuis le début des années 1990, au lendemain de la mise en œuvre du programme d’ajustement DOCUMENTSIEMed. 11 Social inclusion in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: from politics to policies structurel qui a permis de rétablir les équilibres macroéconomiques, mais qui n’a pas épargné les couches défavorisées qui en ont payé le prix fort, de l’avis même des organismes internationaux qui l’avaient préconisé. Plusieurs études et analyses ont été entreprises pour évaluer les programmes de protection sociale mis en œuvre et ont montré la nécessité de renforcer les filets de sécurité existants et de réformer le système de subvention des produits de base, dans le sens d’un meilleur ciblage des couches défavorisées. 2. L’avènement du règne de Mohammed VI, en juillet 1999, a marqué un tournant en matière de prise de conscience et de prise en charge de cette problématique. Une nouvelle dynamique a été insufflée à la stratégie de développement économique et sociale, visant à doter le pays des équipements de base nécessaires à son développement, et à mettre en chantier de grands projets structurants. Des stratégies ambitieuses ont été adoptées dans les secteurs fondamentaux les plus prometteurs de l’économie, tels que le tourisme, l’industrie, l’habitat, l’énergie et les ressources en eau, ainsi que le secteur- clé de l’agriculture. Le PIB par habitant en dollars américains est passé de 1 308 en 2001 à 3 079 en 2011, la part de la population située au-dessous du seuil de la pauvreté est passée de 16,5 % en 2002 à 8,8 % en 2008 et le taux de chômage est passé de 13 % en 2000 à 8,9 % en 2011. 3. Un programme d’envergure a été lancé dans le secteur de l’habitat, en 2003, dans le but de promouvoir l’habitat social, de lutter contre l’habitat insalubre et d’anticiper le développement urbain. Trois leviers innovants ont été privilégiés : la mobilisation du foncier public, la révision de la fiscalité immobilière en vue d’encourager les promoteurs à augmenter l’offre de logements sociaux, le partenariat public/privé et la solvabilisation de la demande par la création d’un fonds de solidarité et d’un fonds de garantie pour inciter les établissements de crédit à participer. S’en est suivi une grande dynamique de promotion immobilière entre 2002 et 2010 avec des effets d’entraînement importants sur plusieurs secteurs d’activités économiques et sur l’emploi. Le rythme de production de l’habitat social est passé de 40 000 unités avant 2003 à près de 100 000 unités par an ces dernières années. Le déficit en logements a sensiblement diminué et 40 villes, sur les 84 concernées, ont été déclarées « Villes sans bidonvilles ». 12 DOCUMENTSIEMed. Social inclusion in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: from politics to policies 4.
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