Klub studenata povijesti ISHA Zagreb ISHA Journal 3/2014 Education and Intellectual Emancipation The selection of papers from the Autumn Seminar of International Students of History Association 24-30 September 2012, Zagreb, Croatia ISHA Journal Publication series of the International Students of History Association publisher Klub studenata povijesti ISHA Zagreb University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of History Ivana Lučića 3, HR–10000 Zagreb http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/isha-zg/ editor-in-chief Mišo Petrović associate editor Anita Buhin assistant Zrinka Miljan review board Damir Agičić, Ph.D., Željko Holjevac, Ph.D. Ivica Šute, Ph.D. language editing and corrections Simon Bradley Robert J. Hanna Vedrana Marinović Ivana Obućina Josip Banić udc classification Silvija Pisk, Ph.D. design and cover Adam Vuk printing Studio HS Internet d.o.o., Osijek Printed in Croatia ISSN 1203-1048 The ISHA Journal is published by the International Students of History Association. The aim of this publication is to offer an international publication possibility for history students from all around the world including the papers of the 2012 Autumn Seminar in Zagreb. Facts and opinions published in the papers express solely the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily present the opinions of the editorship nor the publisher. ISHA Journal Education and Intellectual Emancipation The selection of papers from the Autumn Seminar of International Students of History Association 24-30 September 2012, Zagreb, Croatia Klub studenata povijesti ISHA Zagreb Zagreb, 2014 Contents 6 Editorial Joonas Nivala 9 From heaven to hell — Totalitarian regimes in utopias and dystopias Sergey Abrosimov 22 Emergence of Dictatorships in Times of Crisis: Abusive Transformation from Positive to Negative Utility Jyri Lavikainen 33 Power and Violence in the Finnish Defense Forces Petya Koseva 50 National Heroes and Collective Memory: the Case of Hadji Dimitar and Stefan Karadja Tiia Niemelä 57 Homosexuality in Finland during and after the Second World War Miloš Ivanović 69 The Image of the Balkan Peninsula in Serbian History Textbooks for Middle School Francesca Romano 80 The diffusion of ideological schemes through education. Historiography on “Risorgimento” from the beginning to the fascist era. School, history, state, and national identity Štefan Čok 96 The building of a totalitarian society through educational material: The fascistisation of the Italian school system Dubravko Aladić 107 Educational models in Iranian educational and social awakening with special reference on the role of the Baha’i schools Dejan Došlić 124 Student movements from 1968 to 2000 in Albania, Croatia, and Serbia Barbora Hrubá 140 Victory of Oralism: The Milan Congress 1880 Ivan Jeličić 148 The representation of the foibe and Italian exodus from Istria in the fictional drama, Il cuore nel pozzo Pavao Nujić 165 The Intellectual Emancipation in Contradiction: Revolution against the Church Editorial ISHA events are organized at least four times per year by various ISHA sections, be it a conference or a seminar. From 24th to 30th September 2012, ISHA Zagreb organized an Autumn Seminar in Zagreb, Croatia, titled “Education and Intellectual Emancipation.” For almost seven days, participants, around 60 of them from more than 15 countries, had an opportunity to enjoy the many beauties of Zagreb, learn about the history and culture of Croatia, but also to join a crosscultural debate about the development and the level of education and historiography in various countries. Participants were divided into seven workshops, each workshop consisting of several participants presenting their original works and discussing various aspects of the main topic. The first workshop, “Total Institutions” (moderators Nino Kovačić and Karlo Kocbek), reviewed the system of control and restrictions enforced by institutions, which, through history, tended to either partially include or completely exclude and supervise various groups and individuals, as well as the institutions’ concept and framework. The second workshop, “Collective Memory, Forgetting, Counter- Memory” (moderators Marko Morović and Zvonimir Plavec), handled the topic of how memory about certain events and people can change over time: some memories increase in importance, some are (getting) forgotten, while most change overtime because of certain shifts of political, social and economic nature. The third workshop, “Education Models through History and Educational Material” (moderators Josip Pavić and Marko Skočibušić), dealt with the interaction between history and education - through schools, textbooks and homework, but with the role of upbringing and social context as well. The fourth workshop, “Student Movements in History” (moderators Tena Banjeglav and Zoran Šoltić), approached the problem of student movements 6 within the framework of educational policy changes, and its impact on improvement of education. The fifth workshop, “Education from Below” (moderator Lara Zelić), disscussed how different movements, preconceptions and actions affected the formation of minority education which came either from within the minority itself, or from the ranks of the “majority”. The sixth workshop, “History and Pop Culture” (moderators Marko Ožegović and Mislav Radošević), examined the balance that history and its representation in pop culture must maintain, the pop culture’s attempts to build a realistic picture of a certain part of it, modify it for the purpose of entertainement or propaganda, or ridicule our obssesion with establishing “historical truths”. The seventh workshop, “Intellectual Emancipation in Contradictions: Equality, Authority, Commodity” (moderators Stefan Treskanica and Ivan Rastović), explored how today’s dominant standpoint about education and its ideologies uses its potential to change the place of an individual in societal relations by presenting movements or individuals developing these ideas. The idea for publishing a Journal dedicated to the topic of Education and Intellectual Emancipation came to us naturally at the beginning of our planning of this international seminar. While formulating our first workshops, we were excited with the prospect which the topic, which connects history and education through time and space, carried with it. But, writing and publishing a journal is a long and sometimes frustrating endeavour. Lots of people had to be included in the process of making it, and a lot of caution and care had to be taken. We tried to present you with a selection of those papers that were deemed the best and most interesting. While editing them we tried to make our interventions within the texts themselves as small as possible, so that the historical interpretation of the subjects would solely be left to their authors. However, we did try to make all the titles, subtitles, footnotes and bibliographies follow the same pattern in all the presented papers. We apologize for any mistakes and omissions that we ourselves might have made, which you might find while reading our Journal. We are very grateful to all our contributors for the professionalism they showed by presenting us with their work, to our proofreaders, to our professors for reviewing this Journal, and to prof. Silvija Pisk, PhD, for assigning the UDC classification to each paper, and Adam Vuk for the graphic design. A special thanks goes to the entire ISHA Zagreb team and everybody who participated in the workshops, the organization, the sightseeing, and also just by hanging ISHA Journal Education and Intellectual Emancipation 7 out with the participants. Besides the moderators, just to name a few: Sara Katanec, Ivor Škrinjar, Zoran Miković, Marko Pekčec, Ana Jaklinović, Martina Barešić, Anja Blažević, Petra Blažević, Kristina Rupert, Ivan Vuković, Sonja Šojo and many more. We are especially grateful to sponsors and contributors, like professor Tvrtko Jakovina for opening the academic part of the seminar, the Departement of History, the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, the University of Zagreb, the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, the Krapina-Zagorje County, the Zagreb Tourist Board, Zagrebačka pivovara, the radio station Novska (“Na tragu kulture” show) and Croatian Radio’s first channel (“Ništa nevažno” show) for their financial and moral support. Editors 8 UDC 321.6 (091) Review From heaven to hell — Totalitarian regimes in utopias and dystopias Joonas Nivala, University of Helsinki ISHA Helsinki, [email protected] Totalitarian institutions are more or less dystopias to modern people. The idea that a state controls an individual with no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever possible, brings to mind for most of us the 20th century political tendencies of Soviet Union and fascist countries. From the viewpoint of utopian literature, it wasn’t always like this. The development to this point has been as old as the idea of the state. In this article I offer you a view of how totalitarian institution has developed from utopia to dystopia in a few centuries and how the mode of thinking could have influenced utopian and dystopian thought of world-to-be. Introduction and terminology: Utopia, Dystopia and Totalitarianism Totalitarian ideals have changed from utopian ideals towards dystopian ones and have followed patterns which utopian writing itself has gone through in these past centuries. For many people utopias are products of dreamers