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Assessing and Controlling Bio-Deterioration of Maize in Tanzania Rashid Ali Suleiman Iowa State University

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Assessing and Controlling Bio-Deterioration of Maize in Tanzania Rashid Ali Suleiman Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2016 Assessing and controlling bio-deterioration of maize in Tanzania Rashid Ali Suleiman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Suleiman, Rashid Ali, "Assessing and controlling bio-deterioration of maize in Tanzania" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15817. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15817 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Assessing and controlling bio-deterioration of maize in Tanzania by Rashid Ali Suleiman A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Industrial and Agricultural Technology Program of Study Committee: Kurt A. Rosentrater, Major Professor Carl J. Bern Thomas J. Brumm Gretchen A. Mosher Joel R. Coats Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2016 Copyright © Rashid Ali Suleiman, 2016. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to my father the late Ali Suleiman Abdallah and my mother Moza Massoud Seif for their endless love, sacrifices, patience, care, and most importantly giving me strength to achieve higher goals in life. I also dedicate this work to my beautiful wife Mchanga Massoud Msabah and my daughter Khadija Rashid Suleiman for their enduring patience, support, encouragement and whose sacrifices, which were realized by our loss of precious time together, were for me the most painful and humbling of all. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. xiv NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................. xvii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xxi CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................1 1.1. Research problem ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Problem Justification ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Research Hypotheses ...................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................... 10 1.6. References .................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2. CURRENT MAIZE PRODUCTION, POSTHARVEST LOSSES AND THE RISK OF MYCOTOXINS CONTAMINATION IN TANZANIA ......................14 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 2.2. Background ................................................................................................................... 16 2.3. The History of Maize in Tanzania ................................................................................ 19 2.4. Maize Production in Tanzania ...................................................................................... 20 2.4.1. Overview of Maize Production Trends ...................................................................20 2.4.2. Consumption Trends ...............................................................................................24 2.5. Postharvest Losses of Maize ......................................................................................... 25 2.5.1. Types of Losses .......................................................................................................27 2.5.2. Weight Loss.............................................................................................................28 2.6. Major Pests of Maize in Tanzania ................................................................................ 30 2.6.1. Maize Stalk Borers ..................................................................................................31 2.6.2. African Armyworm .................................................................................................32 2.6.3. Weeds ......................................................................................................................34 2.6.4. Striga (witchweed) ..................................................................................................35 2.7. Maize Diseases of Maize in Tanzania .......................................................................... 37 2.7.1. Maize Streak Disease ..............................................................................................38 iv 2.8. Storage Pests ................................................................................................................. 39 2.8.1. The Larger Grain Borer (Prostephanus truncatus) .................................................40 2.8.2. The Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)..................................................................43 2.9. Rodents ......................................................................................................................... 46 2.9.1. Rodents in Tanzania ................................................................................................47 2.10. Strategies to Reduce Postharvest Losses .................................................................... 48 2.10.1. Technology and Infrastructure ..............................................................................50 2.10.2. Hermetic Storage Technology (HST) ...................................................................51 2.10.3. Types of Hermetic Storage ....................................................................................51 2.10.3.1. Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) ......................................................... 52 2.10.3.2. The GrainPro Super Bags .............................................................................. 54 2.10.3.3. Metals Silo Technology ................................................................................. 55 2.10.3.4. Silo Bags ........................................................................................................ 57 2.11. Mycotoxins ................................................................................................................. 58 2.11.1. Fungi deterioration ................................................................................................58 2.11.2. Aflatoxins (AFs) ....................................................................................................62 2.11.3. Fumonisin (FUM) .................................................................................................65 2.11.4. Ochratoxins (OT) ..................................................................................................66 2.11.5. Trichothecenes (TCT) ...........................................................................................67 2.11.6. Deoxynivalenol (DON) .........................................................................................70 2.11.7. Zearalenone (ZEA) ................................................................................................73 2.11.8. Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania ...............................................................74 2.11.9. Mycotoxin Economic Aspects ..............................................................................77 2.11.10. Strategies for prevention of mycotoxins in maize ...............................................79 2.11.11. Pre-harvest Strategies ..........................................................................................79 2.11.12. Post-harvest Strategies ........................................................................................82 2.12. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 82 2.13. References .................................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF DETERIORATION PARAMETERS ON STORAGE OF MAIZE ...................................................................................................................................122 3.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................
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