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Arachnologische Mitteilungen ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arachnologische Mitteilungen Jahr/Year: 2011 Band/Volume: 40 Autor(en)/Author(s): Deltschev [Deltshev] Christo Artikel/Article: The faunistic diversity of cave-dwelling spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Greece 23-32 1 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; Arachnologische Mitteilungen 40:23-32 Nuremberg, January 201 The faunistic diversity of cave-dwelling spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Greece Christo Deltshev doi: 1 0.543 1/aramit4004 Abstract: Until today, from Greek caves a total of 1 09 species of spiders belonging to 25 families are known. One species, the linyphiid Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1861) was recorded here for the first time in Greece. The 109 species are distributed in caves of different geographic territories as follows:Thrace - 8 species, Macedonia - 1 8, - 1 - Central - Attiki-Saronic Islands - Peloponnese - 1 Evoia-Vories Sporades Epirus , Thessaly 6, Greece 3, 24, 5, - 1, Eastern Aegean Islands - 5, Cyclades - 3, Dodecanese - 6, Ionian Islands - 23, Crete - 47. The largest fraction of troglobite species were encountered mainly in the territories of Crete - 15 species (5 of which are anophthalmic), the Ionian Islands - 4, Thrace - 2 (both anophthalmic), the Attiki-Saronic Islands - 2 (both anophthalmic), the Pe- loponnese - 2 (one anophthalmic), and Macedonia, Thessaly, and the Cyclades - each with 2 species. The richness of the troglobitic spiders in these regions strengthens the assumption that they were major centres of speciation and evolution for the species of this group. According to their current distribution, the established 1 09 species can be classified into 12 zoogeograpical categories, grouped into 4 complexes (widely distributed, European, Mediterranean, endemics). The largest number of species belong to the endemic complex (53.2 %) and are also the most characteristic and reflect the local character of the cave-dwelling spiders. Key words: cave-spiders fauna, endemics, troglobites, zoogeography The earliest data on Greek cave-dwelling spiders were on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. The presented by SIMON (1885), KULCZYNSKI (1903), country has borders with Albania, the Republic of ROEWER (1928, 1959), DRENSKY (1936); Kra- Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to TOCHVIL (1937, 1938), HADJISSARANTOS (1940), the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east and south and FAGE (1945). More recent publications derive of mainland Greece, while the Ionian Sea lies to the from the investigations of BRIGNOLI (1968, 1971a, west. Both parts of the Eastern Mediterranean basin 1971b, 1972, 1974a, 1974b, 1974c, 1976, 1977, 1978, feature a vast number of islands, islets and rock is- 1979, 1984), Deeleman-Reinhold (1971, 1977, lands (Fig. 1). Two -thirds of the territory of Greece is 1983, 1985, 1989, 1993), DEELEMAN-REINHOLD dominated by limestone, many ofwhich are karstified & DEELEMAN (1988), SENGLET (1971, 2001), (CLENDENON 2009). Deltshev (1979, 1985, 1999, 2000, 2008), Beron The territory of Greece can be divided into 13 (1985, 1986), Beron & Stoev (2004), Thaler & geographical regions (BOSMANS & CHATZAKI 2005; Knoflach (1995), Wunderlich (1995), Bosse- Fig. 1). There are 7 geographical regions on the main- LAERS (1998), BOSSELAERS &HENDERICKX (2002), land: Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Central GASPARO (2003, 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006, Greece, Attica and the Peloponnese. The Ionian 2007, 2008, 2009), CHATZAKI et al 2002, BOSMANS Islands are situated on the western border of Greece dt CHATZAKI (2005), CHATZAKI &ARNEDO (2006), in the Ionian Sea. There are several island groups in and PLATNICK (2009). The critical incorporation of the Aegean Sea on the eastern side of Greece: Evoia all available literature records and the accumulation of and the Sporades, the Saronic Islands (grouped with new data are now sufficient to allow a critical analysis Attica), the Cyclades, the Eastern Aegean Islands, of the distribution of spiders established in the caves the Dodecanese and Crete (Fig. 1). of Greece. Results Study area and material Species composition Greece is a country in south-eastern Europe, situated The spiders established in the caves of Greece (Main- land and Insular part) are represented by 109 species, Christo DELTSHEV, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem included in 52 genera and 25 families: Ctenizidae Research, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd; 1 000 Sofia, Bulgaria - 1, Filistatidae - 1, Sicariidae — 1, Scytodidae - 1, E-Mail: [email protected] Leptonetidae - 9, Pholcidae - 10, Segestriidae - 3, - - - submitted: 30. 12.20 1 0, accepted: 9.4.20 1 0; online: 10.1.2011 Dysderidae 12, Oonopidae 1, Mimetidae 1, Ere- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; 24 C. Deltshev (6), Dysderidae (3), Nesticidae (2), and Linyphiidae (1). The genera with the largest number of species are Tegenaria (8), Lepthyphantes (6), Harpactea (5), and Histopona (5). The species are distributed in caves belonging to the geographic territories of Greece as follows: Thrace - 8 species, Macedonia - 18, Epirus - 1, Thessaly - 6, Central Greece - 3, te Attiki- Saronic Islands - 24, the Peloponnese - 15, Evoia-Voroies Sporades - 1, the Eastern Aegean Islands - 5, the Cyclades - 7, the Dodecanese - 6, the Ionian Islands - 23, Crete - 47 (Table 1). We also have to emphasise that the degree of exploration in these territories is not equal: the territories of Evoia- Sporades, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese and Central Greece are less explored. Cave-dwelling spiders can be categorised into four ecological groups (SKET 2008): • troglobites: species limited to a life cycle in caves. Often they show a suite of characters, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life: loss of LIV1KÖ8 f>ELAQOS pigment, loss of eyes and elongation of appenda- ges. Figure 1 : Map of different geographical regions in Greece. • eutroglophiles: species which can live their entire life in caves, but also occur in other environments. sidae - 1, Uloboridae - 1, Nesticidae - 4, Theridiidae • subtroglophiles: species which utilise caves, but - 4, Anapidae - 1, Linyphiidae - 16,Tetragnathidae must leave the caves to complete their life cycle. - 4, Araneidae - 1, Lycosidae - 1, Agelenidae — 21, • trogloxenes: species which occur underground Amaurobiidae — 4, Gnaphosidae — 6, Philodromidae sporadically. - 1, Thomisidae - 2, Salticidae - 2 (Table 1). One The largest fraction of troglobite species was encoun- species is new for the Greek spider fauna: Porrhomma tered mainly in the caves of the territories of Crete convexum (Westring, 1861) (marked in the list with *), -15 (5 anophthalmic), the Ionian Islands - 4, Thrace a spider with a Holarctic distribution and widespread - 2 (2 anophthalmic), the Attiki- Saronic Islands 2 (2 in European caves. It is also well represented in the anophthalmic), the Peloponnese -2(1 anophthalmic), caves of the Balkan Penisula - and not only estab- and Macedonia, Thessaly and the Cyclades each by 2 lished in the caves of Croatia, Romania and Turkey species (Table 1). All troglobites are endemics for the (DELTSHEV 2008). The number of species is high and territory of Greece or the Balkan Peninsula. represents about 13 % of the Greek spiders. This is Very important is the presence of eutroglophiles also evident from a comparison with the number of (35 species), because together with troglobites (29 cave-dwelling spiders recorded from the other coun- species), they can be considered as dependent faunistic tries of the Balkan Peninsula: Bulgaria - 99, Croatia elements of caves. The largest number of species is - 63, Serbia - 59, Bosnia and Herzegovina - 52, established in the caves of Crete (14 species), the Io- Macedonia - 44, Montenegro - 44, Slovenia - 43, Al- nian Islands (11 species), the Attiki- Saronic Islands (9 bania - 10, Turkey - 8, and Romania - 4 (DELTSHEV species), Macedonia (8 species), and the Peloponnese 2008). The established number of species, however, (8 species). Here, the endemics are represented by depends not only on the size of the regions, but also 14 species (35 %). A present day example of active on the degree of exploration. The most characteristic subterranean colonisation and cave penetration are are the families: Leptonetidae (8.2 %), Pholcidae the species Lepthyphantes centromeroides and Pallidup- (9.2 %), Dysderidae (11 %), Linyphiidae (14.6 %), hantes spelaeorum, widespread in the Balkan Peninsula and Agelenidae (19.2 %). The families with largest (DEELEMAN-REINHOLD 1978). Here, the species number of anophthalmic species are Leptonetidae Palliduphantes istrianus should also be included. 1 ; © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; Cove-dwelling spiders of Greece 25 ifi "Ö i_ "O C O C ra CR X X X X X X X X x X X uo u c E Eastern 03 0) CD "O Q- c - O uj II O X X X X X 2? EAI s/ A3 ra ^ CD 111 DO X X X X 4—' cd" 15 U c O 03 c Evia-Sporades; o u Q. - 03 |- O £ .y Ö £ - E o ^ ESI HI CD 111 ~o EAI X in c 2 ^ c oc Peloponnese; S £ ESI v -o E c 13 U . ”3 .. m - E PE 1 1 CD "Ö PE X X X c. - c ca uj Islands; ASI X X X X to E CD 03 i/i -a "o c Attiki-Saronic c CGR to £ ca cjj CD — Q_ T3 u — -C O jk LU U Q. ^ Io C 13 - O LU -O O ^ THE X 1 03 E ra ASI < CD J2 ua U £ - -6 c < ^ Greece; EP X X £, to 2 ^.P o a CD HI to Z ™ Central E X X X t c > CD MA v/i fa 03 “Ö CD <D - >5 S Crete. 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