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A Research Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts in International Conflict Management

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A Research Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts in International Conflict Management INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT CHANGING STRATEGIES IN COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN AFRICA: CASE OF KENYA DENNIS MUNENE MWANIKI R52/8307/2017 A Research Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of The Degree of Master of Arts in International Conflict Management. October 2019 i DECLARATION I Dennis Munene Mwaniki do declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for an award of Degree of Master of Arts in any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………….. Date: ……………………………………………………….. Dennis Munene Mwaniki This research which is part of my thesis has been submitted to: Signature: …………………………………………….. Date: ………………………………………………… Prof. Maria Nzomo ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to all the security personnel, policymakers and scholars who have devoted themselves to fight the scourge of terrorism and violent extremism in their quest to build a resilient global community that advocates for peaceful coexistence. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I acknowledge with gratitude my supervisor Prof. Maria Nzomo for her guidance in helping me lay the foundation of my thesis. Her intelligence and understanding of the subject matter inspired me to produce a well thought out thesis. Also, deserving immense gratitude is Prof. Peter Kagwanja and Dr. Wilson Muna who have been my intellectual mentors. Exceptional appreciation goes to my dear wife and family members, especially for their support and forbearance during my quest for intellectual growth. Last but not least, I wish to thank all my classmates (specifically James Muiga) and lecturers for shaping my mind during our various discussions in search of lasting solutions to various inter and intra conflicts affecting our country and the global community. To you all, I say Thank You! iv TABLE OF CONTENT Contents DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... viii DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS .............................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the study ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research questions ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 ................................................................................................................... Research Objectives .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 ............................................................................................................. Justification of the study .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.5.1 .................................................................................................................. Policy Justification .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.5.2 ............................................................................................................. Academic Justification .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 ....................................................................................................................... Literature Review .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.6.2 Theoretical literature review .......................................................................................................... 14 1.7 ................................................................................................................. Gaps in the Literature ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.8 .............................................................................................................. Hypotheses of the study ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.9 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................... 16 1.9.1 ............................................................................................................... Human Need Theory ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 1.10 Methodology of the study ............................................................................................................... 18 1.10.2 Research Site and population ...................................................................................................... 18 1.10.3 Target population ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.10.5 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 20 1.10.6 Ethical Consideration .................................................................................................................. 20 1.10 ........................................................................................................................ Chapter outline. ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 22 Global strategies and their impact in countering violent extremism and terrorism. ........................... 22 2.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 22 2.1 Hard Power Global Counter-Terrorism Strategies ........................................................................... 24 v 2.1.1 Military Invasions ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.2 Aggressive and Constant Air Strike Campaigns ....................................................................... 25 2.1.3 Advising and Supporting Local Forces ..................................................................................... 26 2.1.4 Intelligence-Driven Strategies ................................................................................................... 27 2.1.5 Impact of the military Invasions, Airstrikes, and Intelligence-driven strategies in countering violent extremism and terrorism. ........................................................................................................ 28 2.2 Soft Power Global Counter-Terrorism Strategies ............................................................................. 29 2.2.1 Curbing Illicit Terrorism Funding ............................................................................................. 29 Strategies of curbing the illicit financing on terrorism ....................................................................... 31 Impact of curbing illicit terrorist funding ........................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 De-radicalization strategies ....................................................................................................... 34 Impacts of de-radicalization strategies ............................................................................................... 36 2.2.3 Safeguarding the Cyberspace .................................................................................................... 36 Impact of Cyber-security strategies ...................................................................................................
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