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2/25/2015 Ivan the Terrible - Biography - Prince, Tsar/Tsarina - Biography.com Ivan the Terrible Prince, Tsar/Tsarina (1530–1584) Ivan the Terrible, or Ivan IV, was the first tsar of all Russia. During his reign (1533-1584), Ivan acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. Synopsis The grandson of Ivan the Great, Ivan the Terrible, or Ivan IV, acquired vast amounts of land during his long reign (1533-1584), an era marked by the conquest of the NAME khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia. Ivan the Terrible created a centrally Ivan the Terrible controlled Russian state, imposed by military dominance. Many believe him to OCCUPATION have been mentally ill. One of his violent outbursts was perhaps the reason for his son's death. Prince, Tsar/Tsarina Early Life BIRTH DATE August 25, 1530 The first tsar of all Russia, Ivan the Terrible, or Ivan IV, had a complex personality. Intelligent yet prone to outbreaks of uncontrollable rage, Ivan's tragic background DEATH DATE contributed to his infamous behavior. Not a lot of detail is known about his early March 18, 1584 life, and historians debate his accomplishments as a leader. However, it is generally agreed that his reign established the current Russian territory and PLACE OF BIRTH centralized government for centuries to come. Kolomenskoye, Duchy The grandson of Ivan the Great, Ivan the Terrible was born Ivan Chetvyorty of Muscovy, Russia Vasilyevich on August 25, 1530, in the Grand Duchy of Muscovy, Russia, to members of the Rurik dynasty. His father, Basil III, died when he was 3 years old. PLACE OF DEATH His mother, Elena Glinskaya, ruled as regent until her death in 1538, when Ivan Moscow, Russia was 8. During this time, the realm rapidly degenerated into chaos as rival boyar (noble) families disputed the legitimacy of her rule. AKA Ivan the Terrible The court intrigue and constant danger that Ivan was exposed to while growing up Ivan Chetvyorty molded much of his ruthless and suspicious nature. Evidence indicates that Ivan was a sensitive, intelligent boy, neglected and occasionally scorned by members Vasilyevich of the nobility who looked after him after his parents' death. The environment Ivan Grozny nurtured his hatred for the boyar class, whom he suspected of being involved in Ivan IV his mother's death. He reportedly tortured small animals as a boy, yet still Ivan Vasilyevich managed to develop a taste for literature and music. NICKNAME Tsar of Muscovy "Grozny" In 1547, Ivan IV was crowned tsar of Muscovy. That same year, he married Anastasia Romanovna. In 1549, Ivan appointed a council of advisers, a consensus-building assembly who helped institute his reforms. During what is considered the constructive period of his reign, he introduced self-government in rural regions, reformed tax collection, and instituted statutory law and church reform. In 1556, he instituted regulations on the obligations of the boyar class in service of the crown. In foreign policy, Ivan IV had two main goals: to resist the Mongol Golden Horde and to gain access to the Baltic Sea. Ultimately, he aimed to conquer all remaining independent regions and create a larger, more centralized Russia. In 1552 and 1556, Ivan's armies crushed the Tartar khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan, respectively. This extended MSuEscAoRvyC cHontrol to the Urals in the east and the Caspian Sea in the south, creating a buffer zone against the Mongols. (Ivan commissioned St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow's Red Square, built between 1555 and 1561, to commemorate the conquest of the Tatar city of Kazan.) Ivan was not as successful, however, at annexing Lithuania and gaining access to the Baltic: One of his advisers defected to Lithuania and led its army to defeat Ivan IV's offensive. http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679 1/2 2/25/2015 Ivan the Terrible - Biography - Prince, Tsar/Tsarina - Biography.com While his initial efforts were successful, Ivan the Terrible's methods disrupted the economy and culture. He seized private lands and redistributed them among his supported, and created a police force dressed all in black, astride black horses, that existed more to crush dissent than to keep the peace. Thusly, Ivan was not a popular leader, and his unpopularity would continue to grow over the next several years. Reign of Terror Upon the death of his first wife in 1560, Ivan IV went into a deep depression and his behavior became more erratic. His suspicion that she had been murdered by the boyars only deepened his paranoia. He left Moscow suddenly and threatened to abdicate the throne. Leaderless, the Muscovites pleaded for his return. He agreed, but on the condition that he be granted absolute power of the region surrounding Moscow, known as the oprichnina. He also demanded the authority to punish traitors and law breakers with execution and confiscation of property. Over the next 24 years, Ivan IV conducted a reign of terror, displacing and destroying the major boyar families in the region, and earning the moniker by which he's now best known. (He's also known by the nickname "Grozny," which roughly translates as "formidable or sparking terror or fear.") It was during this period that Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law, causing a miscarriage, killed his son in a subsequent fit of rage, and blinded the architect of St. Basil's Cathedral. It was also during this time that he created the Oprichniki, the first official secret Russian police force. Death and Aftermath In 1584, with his health failing, Ivan the Terrible became obsessed with death, calling upon witches and soothsayers to sustain him, but to no avail. The end came on March 18, 1584, when Ivan died of an apparent stroke. He had willed the kingdom to his unfit son, Feodor, whose rule spiraled Russia into the catastrophic Time of Troubles, leading to the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty. When Ivan the Terrible died, he left the country in disarrary, with deep political and social scars. Russia would not merge from the chaos until the reigh of Peter the Great more than a century later. Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein's two-part epic about the infamous leader, Ivan Groznyi (1945, 1958), is considered one of the finest films of the Soviet era. APA Style Ivan the Terrible. (2015). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 09:49, Feb 25, 2015, from http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679. Harvard Style Ivan the Terrible. [Internet]. 2015. The Biography.com website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679 [Accessed 25 Feb 2015]. MLA Style "Ivan the Terrible." Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 25 Feb. 2015. MHRA Style "Ivan the Terrible," The Biography.com website, 2015, http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679 [accessed Feb 25 2015]. Chicago Style "Ivan the Terrible," The Biography.com website, http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679 (accessed Feb 25 2015). CBE/CSE Style Ivan the Terrible [Internet]. The Biography.com website; 2015 [cited 2015 Feb 25] Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679. Bluebook Style Ivan the Terrible, http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679 (last visited Feb 25 2015). AMA Style Ivan the Terrible. The Biography.com website. 2015. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the- terrible-9350679. Accessed Feb 25 2015. http://www.biography.com/people/ivan-the-terrible-9350679 2/2.
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