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Stabile Isotopenuntersuchungen an Devonischen Brachiopoden

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Stabile Isotopenuntersuchungen an Devonischen Brachiopoden Stabile Isotopenuntersuchungen an devonischen Brachiopoden den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Symmetrieebene Dorsalklappe Ventral- Dorsal- Dorsalklappe klappe klappe D Kommisurebene Ventralklappe B C A vorgelegt von Robert van Geldern aus Wiesbaden Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen 2004 Als Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 02.07.2004 Vorsitzender der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. L. Dahlenburg Erstberichterstatter: PD Dr. M. Joachimski (Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. H. Weissert (ETH Zürich) Du wirst hart arbeiten und nicht reich werden. Und Du brauchst Zeit. Frank Gehry Danksagung Mein Dank gilt PD Dr. M. Joachimski, der die Idee zu diesem Projekt hatte und Prof. Dr. W. Buggisch für die Betreuung und Unterstützung in allen Phasen des Projektes. Die Diskus- sionen mit Dr. M. Joachimski und seine konstruktive Kritik, insbesondere bei Tagungsvorbe- reitungen, haben wesentlich zum Gelingen der vorgelegten Arbeit beigetragen. Nicht zu ver- gessen ist die finanzielle Unterstützung den DFG Schwerpunkt 1054 „Evolution des Systems Erde während des jüngeren Paläozoikums im Spiegel der Sediment-Geochemie“. Besonders bedanken möchte ich mich bei allen Personen, die mit ihren Kenntnissen der regionalen Geologie bei der Probennahme und bei der Bestimmung der Brachiopoden gehol- fen haben. Insbesondere sind dies: Prof. Dr. Jed Day (Illinois State University), der uns die Geologie von Iowa zeigte und mir wochenlang Unterkunft gewährte. Dr. Uli Jansen (For- schungsinstitut Senckenberg), der die Bestimmung der marokkanischen Proben übernahm und mir Zugang zur Sammlung von Prof. Dr. Struve ermöglichte. Prof. Dr. X. P. Ma (Peking Uni- versity) danke ich für die Führung im Gelände und besonders für die sprachliche Unterstüt- zung in China. Prof. Dr. E.A. Yolkin (Russian Academy of Sciences, Sibirian Branch, Novo- sibirsk) gebührt Dank für die Bereitstellung von Proben aus der Sammlung des Geologischen Institutes in Novosibirsk. Ein ganz besonderer Dank geht an Prof. Dr. Fernando Álvarez (Universidad de Oviedo), welcher mir in Spanien stets zur Seite stand und mir bis heute jede nur erdenkliche Frage zum Thema Brachiopoden mit endloser Geduld erläutert. Ich danke unserer Laborantin Frau Daniele Lutz für die großartige Unterstützung bei den zahlreichen ICP- und Isotopenanalysen. Das Gleiche gilt für Herrn Karl Nigge (Lehrstuhl WTM, Universität Erlangen), der mir den unkomplizierten Zugang zum Rasterelektronen- mikroskop ermöglichte. Meinen Zimmerkollegen Thomas Kuhn, Alexander Weh und Janet Zulauf danke ich dafür, dass sie mir meine „Unfreundlichkeiten“ auch an schlechten Tagen niemals übel genommen haben. Ganz besonders bedanken möchte ich mich bei meiner Freundin Maike, die alle Hochs und Tiefs des Projekts zusammen mit mir bis zum Abschluss durchgestanden hat. Inhalt 1 Inhalt Danksagung Abkürzungen und Symbole .................................................................................................................................3 Zusammenfassung ...............................................................................................................................................5 Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................7 1 Einleitung .........................................................................................................................................................9 2 Methodik ........................................................................................................................................................11 2.1 Probennahme .........................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Kathodenlumineszenz ............................................................................................................................13 2.3 Spurenelementchemie ............................................................................................................................14 2.4 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie ................................................................................................................15 2.5 Kohlen- und Sauerstoffisotopie .............................................................................................................15 2.6 Strontiumisotopie ..................................................................................................................................16 2.7 Devon-Zeitskala ....................................................................................................................................18 2.8 Datenglättung ........................................................................................................................................20 3 Grundlagen .....................................................................................................................................................22 3.1 Schalenstruktur von Brachiopoden ........................................................................................................22 3.2 Diagenese von Brachiopodenschalen ....................................................................................................24 3.2.1 Mikrostrukturen ............................................................................................................................24 3.2.2 Spurenelemente .............................................................................................................................26 3.2.3 Kathodenlumineszenz ...................................................................................................................28 3.3 Sauerstoffisotopie ..................................................................................................................................30 3.3.1 Paläotemperaturgleichungen .........................................................................................................30 3.3.2 δ18O-Variationen im rezenten Ozean ............................................................................................33 3.3.3 Steuerung des δ18O-Wertes von Meerwasser ................................................................................36 3.3.4 Einfluss der Karbonationenkonzentration und des pH-Wertes .....................................................38 3.4 Kohlenstoffisotopie ...............................................................................................................................42 3.4.1 Kohlenstoffisotopenfraktionierung ...............................................................................................43 3.4.2 Einfluss der Karbonationenkonzentration und des pH-Wertes .....................................................46 3.4.3 Der globale Kohlenstoffkreislauf ..................................................................................................47 3.5 Strontiumisotopie ..................................................................................................................................50 3.5.1 Steuerung des marinen 87Sr/86Sr-Verhältnisses .............................................................................51 3.5.2 Strontiumisotopenstratigraphie .....................................................................................................53 3.6 Isotopisches Gleichgewicht von Brachiopoden und Meerwasser ..........................................................54 4 Erhaltungszustand der Proben ........................................................................................................................57 4.1 Kathodenlumineszenz ............................................................................................................................57 4.2 Rasterlektronenmikroskopie ..................................................................................................................61 4.3 Spurenelementchemie ............................................................................................................................63 4.3.1 Rezente Brachiopoden ..................................................................................................................63 4.3.2 Spurenelemte und KL-Befund ......................................................................................................64 4.3.3 Verwendete Brachiopodenschalen ................................................................................................65 4.4 Kombination der Methoden ...................................................................................................................66 5 Ergebnisse ......................................................................................................................................................69 5.1 Nordamerika (Iowa, Missouri, Manitoba) .............................................................................................69 5.1.1 Stratigraphie und regionale Geologie ...........................................................................................69 5.1.2 Lage der Profile ............................................................................................................................71 5.1.3 Isotopendaten ausgewählter
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