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Environmental Geochemistry of the Abandoned Mamut Copper Mine (Sabah) Malaysia

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Environmental Geochemistry of the Abandoned Mamut Copper Mine (Sabah) Malaysia Environ Geochem Health DOI 10.1007/s10653-016-9892-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Environmental geochemistry of the abandoned Mamut Copper Mine (Sabah) Malaysia Antony van der Ent . Mansour Edraki Received: 15 June 2016 / Accepted: 18 October 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract The Mamut Copper Mine (MCM) located immediate surroundings. The site hence provides a in Sabah (Malaysia) on Borneo Island was the only valuable opportunity for researching natural acid Cu–Au mine that operated in the country. During its neutralisation processes and mine rehabilitation in operation (1975–1999), the mine produced 2.47 Mt tropical areas. Today, the MCM site is surrounded by of concentrate containing approximately 600,000 t of protected nature reserves (Kinabalu Park, a World Cu, 45 t of Au and 294 t of Ag, and generated about Heritage Site, and Bukit Hampuan, a Class I Forest 250 Mt of overburden and waste rocks and over Reserve), and the environmental legacy prevents de- 150 Mt of tailings, which were deposited at the gazetting and inclusion in these protected area in the 397 ha Lohan tailings storage facility, 15.8 km from foreseeable future. This article presents a preliminary the mine and 980 m lower in altitude. The MCM site geochemical investigation of waste rocks, sediments, presents challenges for environmental rehabilitation secondary precipitates, surface water chemistry and due to the presence of large volumes of sulphidic foliar elemental uptake in ferns, and discusses these minerals wastes, the very high rainfall and the large results in light of their environmental significance for volume of polluted mine pit water. This indicates that rehabilitation. rehabilitation and treatment is costly, as for example, exceedingly large quantities of lime are needed for Keywords Biodiversity Á Floc Á Kinabalu Á Mamut neutralisation of the acidic mine pit discharge. The Copper Mine Á Malaysia Á Sabah MCM site has several unusual geochemical features on account of the concomitant occurrence of acid- forming sulphide porphyry rocks and alkaline ser- Introduction pentinite minerals, and unique biological features because of the very high plant diversity in its The environmental legacy of abandoned mines depends on geology and climate, as well as past mining and mineral processing practices. Mines & A. van der Ent ( ) Á M. Edraki operating porphyry Cu–Au systems can potentially Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, pose significant post-mining environmental impacts, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia because: (i) disseminated ore and large volume of e-mail: [email protected] these deposits require extensive open-cut operations with high tonnages of waste rock; (ii) with high A. van der Ent Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, UMR 1120, throughput rates, large amounts of tailings are conse- Universite´ de Lorraine – INRA, Nancy, France quently produced; (iii) mining wastes contain reactive 123 Environ Geochem Health sulphide minerals particularly pyrite and (iv) these ore the rehabilitation and management of minerals waste deposits typically contain igneous host rocks, and their and site discharge have been undertaken by the local alteration products, with low alkalinity producing university (Universiti Malaysia Sabah—UMS) and by capacity (McMillan and Panteleyev 1980; Plumlee the state Department for Minerals and Geosciences et al. 1999; Sinclair 2007; Dold 2014). (JMG) over the last decade. Recently, the Malaysian The former Mamut Copper Mine (MCM) in Sabah, government (JMG) entered a research partnership with Malaysia (Fig. 1) was the largest metallic mine in the the Korean government (Korea Mine Reclamation country at the time of operation. The mine site is an Corporation—MIRECO) to test treatment options for unusual derelict Cu–Au mine on account of its the acidic effluent from the MCM site. As part of the geological setting; a porphyry intrusion wedged ongoing commitment by these organisations, a provi- between serpentinite rocks (Imai 2000), and its sional rehabilitation plan has been developed, but location surrounded by the biodiversity-rich nature appropriate funding for implementation remains to reserve Kinabalu Park. The environmental legacy of materialise. In addition, proposals for re-processing the MCM site is significant and includes the presence the tailings (for Au) have been submitted by business of a large pit lake filled with polluted acid water entities to the Malaysian government for approval. surrounded by unstable pit walls, as evidenced by The objective of this study is to provide an overview extensive cracks in the walls, and large amounts of of the environmental legacy of the MCM site based on a acid-producing minerals waste. Previous studies on preliminary geochemical investigation of waste rocks, Fig. 1 Location of the MCM site and associated features on Hampuan FR; G extremely steep slopes ([50 %) with numerous Quickbird-2 satellite imagery. A Pit lake; B overburden waste streams entering the pit lake; H small farms (abandoned). The rock dump; C mixing pond pit drainage with Mamut River; sample localities of rock, soil, water and sediment are indicated D main access road to the site; E Kinabalu Park; F Bukit 123 Environ Geochem Health soil, sediment, secondary precipitates or ‘‘floc’’, surface 1987, the company was restructured and renamed water chemistry and foliar elemental uptake in local Mamut Copper Mining (MCM) Ltd. and in turn pteridophytes (ferns). The paper discusses the results of acquired by Mega First Corporation (MFC) in 1991, the chemical and mineralogical analyses in light of their which inherited the mining lease covering an area of environmental significance, and research opportunities 1938 ha until 2003. with the ultimate aim of site rehabilitation. From the original ore reserve of 179 Mt @ 0.476%Cu,[email protected]%Cuand0.5gt-1 Au was mined (Kosaka and Wakita 1978).Theminewas Site description operated as an open pit using drilling, blasting and loading with hydraulic shovels and wheeled loaders. Geography and mining history The bottom of the mine pit is at the -144 m level (1179 m a.s.l.) with the top at 276 m level The MCM site is located at 06°01085000N and (1599 m a.s.l.), and the benches are each 12 m high 116°39029200E, in Sabah, Malaysia, approximately with an angle of 45° of the pit wall (Akiyama 1984). 68 km from Kota Kinabalu, the state capital of Sabah. The MCM site had a mill and flotation plant for The former mine site is located on the south-eastern processing of the ore. The concentrate was shipped to slope of Mount Kinabalu (4095 m a.s.l.), bordering smelters in Japan from a port 120 km from the MCM Kinabalu Park. The site, at an elevation of site. During its operation, the mine produced an 1300–1500 m a.s.l., is mainly drained by the Mamut annual average of 120,000 t of concentrate including River which discharges into the Lohan River, flowing 28,000 t of Cu, 15 t of Ag and 2 t of Au (Kosaka and south-east to east (Keong and Sa 1992). The area has a Wakita 1978). The mine employed approximately mean monthly air temperature of 20 °C a daily 700peoplein1990(KeongandSa1992). The depth fluctuation of 7–9 °C throughout the year (Kitayama of the ore body ([200 m) combined with steep et al. 1999). Mean annual rainfall measured at slopes, relatively weak strength of the rocks and Kinabalu Park is 2380 mm (Kitayama et al. 1999), heavy rainfall made mining difficult (Keong and Sa but known to include occasional peaks of up to 1992). Between 1975 and 1999, the mine produced 700 mm in a week (Keong and Sa 1992). At the 250 Mt of overburden and waste rock, dumped in the tailings storage facility (TSF) near Lohan, the daily upper Lohan Valley, and 150 Mt tailings deposited in temperature ranges from 25 to 35 °C with an annual the Lohan tailings facility. precipitation of 1500–2500 mm (Keong and Sa 1992). The mineralised area was first discovered in 1965 Geological setting and ore mineralogy by detecting high Cu concentrations in stream sediments of the Mamut and Bambangan Rivers The Mamut deposit is a porphyry-type Cu–Au deposit (Newton-Smith 1966;Nakamuraetal.1970). A genetically associated with a quartz monzonite (or geochemically anomalous area with[300 lgg-1 Cu adamellite) porphyry stock, which is one of satellite in the soil delineated the ore deposit (Woolf et al. facies of the K-rich Upper Miocene Mount Kinabalu 1966;Akiyama1984). A prospecting licence was batholith (Imai 2000). The Mamut porphyry is subsequently awarded to the Overseas Mineral separated by a north–south fault into an east body Resources Development Co. Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan, and a west body, and both are mineralised (Kosaka which undertook exploratory drilling between 1968 and Wakita 1978). Primary sulphide mineralisation and 1970, and a feasibility study in 1971. After the includes pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, and with mining concession was granted in 1973, the area was less abundant sphalerite, galena and molybdenite removed from Kinabalu Park for a lease of 30 years (Akiyama 1984). These minerals occur as dissemina- (Nakamura et al. 1970). Production started in 1975 by tions and fracture veining throughout the host rocks, the Overseas Mineral Resources Development Sahah i.e. adamellite porphyry, serpentinite and siltstone Bhd, which was a joint venture between the Mit- (Kosaka and Wakita 1978). Secondary minerals from subishi Metal Corporation of Japan and the state the oxidation zone include limonite, chalcocite, government in Sabah (Kosaka and Wakita 1978). In malachite, azurite, covellite, bornite and cuprite. 123 Environ Geochem Health The effect of oxidation was confined to 30–40 m from Materials and methods the original surface and is mainly influenced by topography and the water table (Akiyama 1984). The Sample collection and preparation Cu minerals in the ore body are associated with adamellite porphyry (47 %), serpentinite (29 %), Samples of waste rock, sediment, floc, soil and surface siltstone/hornfels (21 %) and granodiorite porphyry water were collected from the MCM site in 2012 and (3 %) (Akiyama 1984).
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