DOCSLIB.ORG

Systems Thinking in the Healthcare Professions: a Guide for Educators and Clinicians Margaret M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Systems Thinking in the Healthcare Professions: a Guide for Educators and Clinicians Margaret M Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, The George Washington University Health Sciences Research Commons Teaching and Learning Tools Educational Resources 3-30-2019 Systems Thinking in the Healthcare Professions: A Guide for Educators and Clinicians Margaret M. Plack, PT, DPT, EdD George Washington University Ellen F. Goldman, EdD, MBA, George Washington University Andrea Richards Scott, EdD, MBA George Washington University Shelley B. Brundage, PhD, CCC-SLP George Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/ educational_resources_teaching Part of the Education Commons, and the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Plack, M. M., Goldman, E. F., Scott, A. R., & Brundage, S. B. (2019). Systems thinking in the healthcare professions: A guide for educators and clinicians. Washington, DC: The George Washington University. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational Resources at Health Sciences Research Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Teaching and Learning Tools by an authorized administrator of Health Sciences Research Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systems Thinking in the Healthcare Professions A GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS AND CLINICIANS Margaret M. Plack, PT, DPT, EdD, Ellen F. Goldman, EdD, MBA, Andrea Richards Scott, EdD, MBA, and Shelley B. Brundage, PhD, CCC-SLP March 30, 2019 Copyright © 2019, The George Washington University. This monograph is freely available for individual use but cannot be reproduced without permission of the authors. Contact information: Ellen F. Goldman, EdD, MBA, [email protected]. Suggested citation: Plack, M. M., Goldman, E. F., Scott, A. R., & Brundage, S. B. (2019). Systems thinking in the healthcare professions: A guide for educators and clinicians. Washington, DC: The George Washington University. ii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Introduction .................................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1: Understanding Systems Thinking ............................................................................ 1 Origins and Applications of Systems Thinking ......................................................................... 2 Characteristics of Systems and Relevance to Systems-Based Practice ..................................... 3 Requirements for Applying Systems Thinking and Being a Systems Thinker .......................... 4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Teaching Systems Thinking ...................................................................................... 8 Theoretical/Pedagogical Underpinnings .................................................................................... 8 Andragogy ............................................................................................................................. 8 Communities of Practice ....................................................................................................... 9 Reflective Practice ................................................................................................................. 9 Approaches to Teaching ........................................................................................................... 12 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 3: Tools to Define and Describe the System .............................................................. 22 Concept Map ............................................................................................................................ 22 Fishbone Analysis Diagram ..................................................................................................... 25 Tree Diagram ........................................................................................................................... 28 Force Field Analysis ................................................................................................................ 30 Spidergram ............................................................................................................................... 33 Spider-Web Diagram ............................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4: Tools to Analyze and Understand the System ...................................................... 37 Causal Loop Diagram .............................................................................................................. 37 Connection Circle..................................................................................................................... 41 Stakeholder Analysis ................................................................................................................ 46 Iceberg Model .......................................................................................................................... 53 Perspective Taking/Multiple Perspectives ............................................................................... 56 Left-Hand Column ................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 5: Tools to Measure Performance .............................................................................. 61 Behavior Over Time Graph ...................................................................................................... 61 Archetypes................................................................................................................................ 63 Drifting Goals (Goals and Gaps) ......................................................................................... 63 Fixes That Fail ..................................................................................................................... 65 Limits to Success (Barriers and Facilitators) ...................................................................... 67 Chapter 6: Tools to Identify and Test Changes ....................................................................... 69 Six Thinking Hats .................................................................................................................... 69 Collaborative Problem Solving ................................................................................................ 71 iii Chapter 7: Tools for Simulation, Games, and Modeling ........................................................ 75 Simulation ................................................................................................................................ 75 Games ....................................................................................................................................... 77 Modeling .................................................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 8: Assessing Systems Thinking ................................................................................... 84 Chapter 9: Putting It All Together: Case Scenarios ................................................................ 90 Case 1. Focus on the Individual: Mr. Smith’s Discharge ........................................................ 91 Case 2. Focus on the Team: The Handoff ................................................................................ 95 Case 3. Focus on the Organization: Developing a New Unit in a Comprehensive Health System .......................................................................................................................... 98 Case 4. Focus on the Community and Society: The Opioid Crisis ........................................ 102 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 104 iv List of Figures 2.1. Interface of learning objectives and teaching strategies ....................................................18 3.1. Arranging asthma concepts ...............................................................................................22 3.2. Linking related asthma concepts .......................................................................................22 3.3. Fishbone diagram ..............................................................................................................24 3.4. Main problem or issue in the fishbone diagram ................................................................25 3.5. Categories in the fishbone diagram ...................................................................................25 3.6. Causes in the fishbone diagram ........................................................................................26 3.7. Five whys technique for root cause analysis .....................................................................26 3.8. Tree diagram: Asthma triggers .........................................................................................27 3.9. Tree diagram: Root cause .................................................................................................28
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Self-Regulated Learning in Technology Enhanced Learning
    Self-regulated Learning in Technology Enhanced Learning Environments: A European Review Antonio Bartolomé, Jos Beishuizen, Roberto Carneiro, Cecilie Hansen, Paul Lefrere, Dominique Lenné, Donatella Persico, Karl Steffens To cite this version: Antonio Bartolomé, Jos Beishuizen, Roberto Carneiro, Cecilie Hansen, Paul Lefrere, et al.. Self- regulated Learning in Technology Enhanced Learning Environments: A European Review. 2007. hal-00197208 HAL Id: hal-00197208 https://telearn.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197208 Submitted on 14 Dec 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Self-regulated Learning in Technology Enhanced Learning Environments: A European Review Roberto Carneiro, Paul Lefrere, Karl Steffens Editors Draft version 3.0 November 10, 2007 KALEIDOSCOPE seed project: Self-regulated Learning in Technology Enhanced Learning Environments Antonio Bartolomé, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain Jos Beishuizen, Vrije Universiteit Amderstam, The Netherlands Roberto Carneiro, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal Cecilie Hansen., Intermedia,
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Perlcommerce Past and Future API Development & Deployment
    Modern PerlCommerce Past and Future API Development & Deployment Modern PerlCommerce Stefan Hornburg (Racke) [email protected] Pittsburgh Perl Workshop, 8th October 2011 racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Perl Buzzwords Past and Future Modern Perl API PerlCommerce Choices Development & Deployment Nitesi racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Perl Buzzwords Past and Future Modern Perl API PerlCommerce Choices Development & Deployment Perl Buzzwords I Marketing Perl I Modern Perl I Postmodern Perl racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Perl Buzzwords Past and Future Modern Perl API PerlCommerce Choices Development & Deployment Modern Perl I CPAN I Best Practices I Tests I Separation (Modules, Plugins, Hooks, Templates) I PSGI/Plack racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Perl Buzzwords Past and Future Modern Perl API PerlCommerce Choices Development & Deployment PerlCommerce Choices I Interchange I Handel I Agora I Business::Cart::Generic racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Past and Future Past API Future Development & Deployment Past I 1995 CGI I 1995 MiniVend I 1998 http://www.materialboerse.de/ I 2001 Interchange racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Past and Future Past API Future Development & Deployment Interchange Development I Lot of things I Small community I Same codebase racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Past and Future Past API Future Development & Deployment Status quo racke Modern PerlCommerce Modern PerlCommerce Past and Future Past API Future Development & Deployment
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (Sebok) Version 1.3
    Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) version 1.3 Released May 30, 2014 Part 2: Systems Please note that this is a PDF extraction of the content from www.sebokwiki.org Copyright and Licensing A compilation copyright to the SEBoK is held by The Trustees of the Stevens Institute of Technology ©2014 (“Stevens”) and copyright to most of the content within the SEBoK is also held by Stevens. Prominently noted throughout the SEBoK are other items of content for which the copyright is held by a third party. These items consist mainly of tables and figures. In each case of third party content, such content is used by Stevens with permission and its use by third parties is limited. Stevens is publishing those portions of the SEBoK to which it holds copyright under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/deed.en_US for details about what this license allows. This license does not permit use of third party material but gives rights to the systems engineering community to freely use the remainder of the SEBoK within the terms of the license. Stevens is publishing the SEBoK as a compilation including the third party material under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details about what this license allows. This license will permit very limited noncommercial use of the third party content included within the SEBoK and only as part of the SEBoK compilation.
    [Show full text]
  • Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications
    Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications Jeff Trawick Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications Jeff Trawick November 6, 2012 Who am I? Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications Met Unix (in the form of Xenix) in 1985 Jeff Trawick Joined IBM in 1990 to work on network software for mainframes Moved to a different organization in 2000 to work on Apache httpd Later spent about 4 years at Sun/Oracle Got tired of being tired of being an employee of too-huge corporation so formed my own too-small company Currently working part-time, coding on other projects, and taking classes Overview Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications Jeff Trawick Huge problem space, so simplify Perspective: \General purpose" web servers, not minimal application containers which implement HTTP \Applications:" Code that runs dynamically on the server during request processing to process input and generate output Possible web server interactions Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications Jeff Trawick Native code plugin modules (uhh, assuming server is native code) Non-native code + language interpreter inside server (Lua, Perl, etc.) Arbitrary processes on the other side of a standard wire protocol like HTTP (proxy), CGI, FastCGI, etc. (Java and \all of the above") or private protocol Some hybrid such as mod fcgid mod fcgid as example hybrid Interfacing Apache HTTP Server 2.4 with External Applications Jeff Trawick Supports applications which implement a standard wire protocol, no restriction on implementation mechanism Has extensive support for managing the application[+interpreter] processes so that the management of the application processes is well-integrated with the web server Contrast with mod proxy fcgi (pure FastCGI, no process management) or mod php (no processes/threads other than those of web server).
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Perl Tools Give As Good As You Get, My Tiny Dancer
    Practical Perl Tools Give as Good as You Get, My Tiny Dancer DAVIDCOLUMNS BLANK-EDELMAN David N. Blank-Edelman is During our last time together, we had a chance to explore some of the features of the director of technology at the Web library for Perl, the seminal HTTP client distribution (more commonly the Northeastern University called LWP) . We saw how to fetch HTTP content from Web servers, POST data College of Computer and to them, and so on . I thought it might be interesting to look at the other side of Information Science and the author of the the coin and explore another way to construct Perl applications that serve data to O’Reilly book Automating System Administration HTTP clients like those from my April column . I say “another” way because all the with Perl (the second edition of the Otter rabid fans of this column (I’m waving to both of you!) will recall our forays into the book), available at purveyors of fine dead CGI::Application framework back in July and September of 2009 . CGI::Application trees everywhere. He has spent the past 24+ is still alive and kicking, but since then there have been a number of new frame- years as a system/network administrator in works released that some considered to be the new hotness . In this column we’ll large multi-platform environments, including look at one of those frameworks, and, if polling numbers stay high, we’ll look at a Brandeis University, Cambridge Technology “competing” framework in the next issue . Group, and the MIT Media Laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Success in Acquisition: Using Archetypes to Beat the Odds
    Success in Acquisition: Using Archetypes to Beat the Odds William E. Novak Linda Levine September 2010 TECHNICAL REPORT CMU/SEI-2010-TR-016 ESC-TR-2010-016 Acquisition Support Program Unlimited distribution subject to the copyright. http://www.sei.cmu.edu This report was prepared for the SEI Administrative Agent ESC/XPK 5 Eglin Street Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-2100 The ideas and findings in this report should not be construed as an official DoD position. It is published in the interest of scientific and technical information exchange. This work is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. The Software Engineering Institute is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. Copyright 2010 Carnegie Mellon University. NO WARRANTY THIS CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE MATERIAL IS FURNISHED ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AS TO ANY MATTER INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, EXCLUSIVITY, OR RESULTS OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE MATERIAL. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DOES NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO FREEDOM FROM PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT. Use of any trademarks in this report is not intended in any way to infringe on the rights of the trademark holder. Internal use. Permission to reproduce this document and to prepare derivative works from this document for inter- nal use is granted, provided the copyright and “No Warranty” statements are included with all reproductions and derivative works. External use.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter XIII Modeling with System Archetypes: a Case Study
    Chapter XIII Modeling with System Archetypes: A Case Study Mahendran Maliapen IGate Consulting, Canada ABSTRACT This chapter examines the application of system archetypes as a systems development methodology to create simulation models. Rapid organizational change and need to adapt to new business models limits the lifespan of both the databases and software applications. With the information representa- tion permitted by archetypes, diagnostic analysis and can help to evolve generic classes and models for representing the real world. Archetypes do not describe any one problem specifically. They describe families of problems generically. Their value comes from the insights they offer into the dynamic inter- action of complex systems. The case of a healthcare system is discussed here. As part of a suite of tools, they are extremely valuable in developing broad understandings about the hospital and its environment, and contribute more effectively to understanding problems. They are highly effective tools for gaining insight into patterns of strategic behavior, themselves reflective of the underlying structure of the system being studied. Diagnostically, archetypes help hospital managers recognize patterns of behavior that are already present in their organizations. They serve as the means for gaining insight into the underlying systems structures from which the archetypal behavior emerges. In the casemix model of the hospital, the investigation team discovered that some of the phenomena as described by these generic archetypes could be represented. The application of system archetypes to the strategic business analysis of the hos- pital case reveals that it is possible to identify loop holes in management’s strategic thinking processes and it is possible to defy these fallacies during policy implementation as illustrated by the results of the archetype simulation model.
    [Show full text]
  • Dancer Academy - from Zero to Hero
    Dance floor Templates, Routes and Keywords Customizing your application Download/Upload Security and Error Handling Deployment Conclusion and Future Dancer Academy - From Zero to Hero Stefan Hornburg (Racke) [email protected] eCommerce Innovation 2013, Hancock, 8th October 2013 racke Dancer Academy - From Zero to Hero Dance floor Templates, Routes and Keywords Customizing your application American Spaces Applications Download/Upload Why Dancer? Security and Error Handling Quickstart Deployment Conclusion and Future American Spaces Applications I Dashboard https://americanspaces.state.gov I eLibraryUSA http://elibraryusa.state.gov I eShop https://eshop.state.gov I LDAP administration racke Dancer Academy - From Zero to Hero Dance floor Templates, Routes and Keywords Customizing your application American Spaces Applications Download/Upload Why Dancer? Security and Error Handling Quickstart Deployment Conclusion and Future Easy to start with I Application ready to go I Syntax easy to understand I Routes and Keywords racke Dancer Academy - From Zero to Hero Dance floor Templates, Routes and Keywords Customizing your application American Spaces Applications Download/Upload Why Dancer? Security and Error Handling Quickstart Deployment Conclusion and Future Easy to expand I Plugins I Hooks I Engines racke Dancer Academy - From Zero to Hero Dance floor Templates, Routes and Keywords Customizing your application American Spaces Applications Download/Upload Why Dancer? Security and Error Handling Quickstart Deployment Conclusion and Future Quickstart
    [Show full text]
  • August 2007 Explorer
    Vol. 28, No. 8 August 2007 Synergy Our unique spectrum of superior geophysical technology now brings you the best insight. cggveritas.com AUGUST 2007 3 On the cover: An Irish view of the Gulf of Mexico. Members of Repsol’s Gulf of Mexico exploration team recently spent four days in western and southwestern Ireland observing the “excellent analogs to our subsurface geology in the Gulf,” said Repsol senior exploration geologist for North America Claudio Bartolini – here specifically, a beautiful outcrop of the Congressional lateral basin margin of the Upper Pennsylvanian Ross Sandstone. The exposed section consists of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. The field trip leader was AAPG member David Pyles, of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colo. The importance of deepwater outcrops is evident in Visits Proved a new AAPG publication that will be released in a matter of weeks. See story on page 24. Photo by Claudio Bartolini. Interesting By WILLARD “WILL” GREEN housed at the During the first week of May six Army and Navy AAPG members – Jim Hill, Pete Club, arranged Partners in time? AAPG and the Petroleum Technology 6 MacKenzie, Deborah Sacrey, Carl through the Transfer Council take the first steps toward a merging of Smith, Dan Smith and I – traveled to courtesy of Carl operations. Washington, D.C., joining nearly 300 Smith, a member of scientists, engineers and business the club. leaders who made visits on Capitol Hill During our stay, High tech, low costs: Innovations in surface geochemical 8 as part of the 11th annual my wife, Marianne, technology are making the potential found in parts of the “Congressional Visits Day,” an event who loves to talk a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Pragmaticperl-Interviews-A4.Pdf
    Pragmatic Perl Interviews pragmaticperl.com 2013—2015 Editor and interviewer: Viacheslav Tykhanovskyi Covers: Marko Ivanyk Revision: 2018-03-02 11:22 © Pragmatic Perl Contents 1 Preface .......................................... 1 2 Alexis Sukrieh (April 2013) ............................... 2 3 Sawyer X (May 2013) .................................. 10 4 Stevan Little (September 2013) ............................. 17 5 chromatic (October 2013) ................................ 22 6 Marc Lehmann (November 2013) ............................ 29 7 Tokuhiro Matsuno (January 2014) ........................... 46 8 Randal Schwartz (February 2014) ........................... 53 9 Christian Walde (May 2014) .............................. 56 10 Florian Ragwitz (rafl) (June 2014) ........................... 62 11 Curtis “Ovid” Poe (September 2014) .......................... 70 12 Leon Timmermans (October 2014) ........................... 77 13 Olaf Alders (December 2014) .............................. 81 14 Ricardo Signes (January 2015) ............................. 87 15 Neil Bowers (February 2015) .............................. 94 16 Renée Bäcker (June 2015) ................................ 102 17 David Golden (July 2015) ................................ 109 18 Philippe Bruhat (Book) (August 2015) . 115 19 Author .......................................... 123 i Preface 1 Preface Hello there! You have downloaded a compilation of interviews done with Perl pro- grammers in Pragmatic Perl journal from 2013 to 2015. Since the journal itself is in Russian
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Perl
    AdvancedAdvanced PerlPerl TechniquesTechniques DayDay 22 Dave Cross Magnum Solutions Ltd [email protected] Schedule 09:45 – Begin 11:15 – Coffee break (15 mins) 13:00 – Lunch (60 mins) 14:00 – Begin 15:30 – Coffee break (15 mins) 17:00 – End FlossUK 24th February 2012 Resources Slides available on-line − http://mag-sol.com/train/public/2012-02/ukuug Also see Slideshare − http://www.slideshare.net/davorg/slideshows Get Satisfaction − http://getsatisfaction.com/magnum FlossUK 24th February 2012 What We Will Cover Modern Core Perl − What's new in Perl 5.10, 5.12 & 5.14 Advanced Testing Database access with DBIx::Class Handling Exceptions FlossUK 24th February 2012 What We Will Cover Profiling and Benchmarking Object oriented programming with Moose MVC Frameworks − Catalyst PSGI and Plack FlossUK 24th February 2012 BenchmarkingBenchmarking && ProfilingProfiling Benchmarking Ensure that your program is fast enough But how fast is fast enough? premature optimization is the root of all evil − Donald Knuth − paraphrasing Tony Hoare Don't optimise until you know what to optimise FlossUK 24th February 2012 Benchmark.pm Standard Perl module for benchmarking Simple usage use Benchmark; my %methods = ( method1 => sub { ... }, method2 => sub { ... }, ); timethese(10_000, \%methods); Times 10,000 iterations of each method FlossUK 24th February 2012 Benchmark.pm Output Benchmark: timing 10000 iterations of method1, method2... method1: 6 wallclock secs \ ( 2.12 usr + 3.47 sys = 5.59 CPU) \ @ 1788.91/s (n=10000) method2: 3 wallclock secs \ ( 0.85 usr + 1.70 sys = 2.55 CPU) \ @ 3921.57/s (n=10000) FlossUK 24th February 2012 Timed Benchmarks Passing timethese a positive number runs each piece of code a certain number of times Passing timethese a negative number runs each piece of code for a certain number of seconds FlossUK 24th February 2012 Timed Benchmarks use Benchmark; my %methods = ( method1 => sub { ..
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Damien Krotkine - DevOps, Team Leader In a Nutshell: DevOps, Team Leader email: [email protected] likes NoSQL, distributed systems and huge platforms phone: +33 6 80 24 13 24 Redis and Riak expert (5 years prof. experience) Perl expert (15 years prof. experience) Good project management and team leading skills Work Experience: since 2015 Booking.com, France & NL: Reliability Engineer, Paris & Amsterdam. Member of the special Reliability Team. Take action to ensure reliability of the platform as a whole. Technologies: whatever is needed. 2013 - 2015 Booking.com, France & NL: Software Engineer, Paris & Amsterdam. Member of the Events System team, storing 7 TB worth of events/day. Redesign & implement the events storage system. Setup and manage 2 Riak clusters of 30 nodes each. Write real-time Map Reduce jobs on Riak in Erlang. Implement a real-time data processing system on Riak. Implement an Erlang Sereal decoder using NIF. Make sure the Events System has enough capacity for next peak time. Technologies: Riak, Redis, Perl, bits of {Erlang,Go,Cassandra,Hadoop}. 2011 - 2013 Weborama, France: Team Leader, Perl Senior Developer, Paris. Team leader of Perl developers on advertising anylitics product. Design and implement real-time user profile storage on a Riak + Redis cluster. Work on real-time bidding information storage and process. Use and teach the Modern Perl practices. Use technical experience to leverage global code quality. Improve and develop new development processes, Continuous Integration. Technologies: Perl, MySQL, Riak, Redis. 2008 - 2011 IDM, France: Project Manager, Senior Developer, Paris. Oxford English Dictionary production system project leader Dictionary production system project leader Continuous Integration System developer and project leader Main customers: Oxford University Press(UK).
    [Show full text]