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Zaleya Pentandra)1 Seed dormancy breaking treatments for african purslane ... 623 SEED DORMANCY BREAKING TREATMENTS FOR AFRICAN PURSLANE (Zaleya pentandra)1 Tratamentos de Quebra de Dormência de Sementes para Zaleya pentandra MUNAWAR, S.2, NAEEM, M.2, ALI, H.H.4, JAMIL, M.2, IQBAL, M.2, NAZIR, M.Q.3, BALAL, R.M.4, and SAFDAR, M.E.4 ABSTRACT - Understanding the mechanisms involved in releasing seed dormancy is crucial for effective plant management and renewal of species in the arid zone. Zaleya pentandra is an emerging invasive weed of the arid areas of Pakistan. We investigated the effects of different dormancy breaking treatments on the germination of Z. pentandra seeds. Seeds were treated with hot water (by placing them in boiling water for 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min), dry heat (by placing them in a preheated oven at 70 oC for 1, 2, and 4 hours; at 70 oC for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days, and at 200 oC for 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min) and stratification (by placing them at 2-5 ºC in a refrigerator for 5, 10, 30, and 60 min; for 3, 6, and 12 hours, and for 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days). Seeds also were soaked in thiourea ([(NH2)2CS] (0, 2,500, -1 o 5,000, 7,500, and 10,000 mg L for 24 h at 30 C) and in KNO3 (0, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, and 60,000 mg L-1 for 24 h at 30 oC). Additionally, seeds were scarified with HCl (for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 h), HNO3 (for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 h), and H2SO4 (for 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min at 30 oC) and also mechanically scarified with sandpaper. Zaleya pentandra seeds showed typical signs of hard seed coat dormancy. Mechanical scarification and acid treatments promoted seed germination to a varying degree. Seed scarification with HNO3 for 12 to 18 h as well as with HCl for 12 h and 15 h was efficient in breaking dormancy of Z. pentandra seeds, providing germination up to 92.5%. Seed scarification with H2SO4 from 20 to 120 min showed little effect, whereas hot water, dry heat, stratification and various concentrations of thiourea and KNO3 were ineffective in breaking Z. pentandra seed dormancy. Keywords: germination, scarification, stratification, dry heat, thiourea, arid zone. RESUMO - Conhecer os mecanismos envolvidos na liberação da dormência de sementes é fundamental para o manejo da planta e recuperação de espécies na zona árida. A Zaleya pentandra é uma erva invasora emergente das áreas áridas do Paquistão. Neste estudo, os efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos da quebra de dormência foram investigados acerca da germinação de sementes de Z. pentandra. As sementes foram tratadas com água quente (colocadas em água fervendo por 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 minutos), calor seco (colocadas em forno pré-aquecido a 70 oC por 1, 2, e 4 horas; a 70 oC por 1, 2, 3, e 4 dias e a 200 oC por 5, 10, 15, 30 e 45 min) e estratificação (colocadas num frigorífico de 2 a 5 oC por 5, 10, 30 e 60 min, por 3, 6 e 12 horas e por 1, 2, 4, 8, 15 e 30 dias). As sementes -1 foram também inseridas em tioureia ([(NH2)2CS] (0, 2.500, 5.000, 7.500, e 10.000 mg L por 24 ha o -1 30 C) e em KNO3 (0, 10.000, 20.000, 30.000, 40.000, 50.000, and 60.000 mg L por 24 ha 30 oC). Além disso, as sementes foram escarificadas com HCl (por 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, e 21 h), o HNO3 (por 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, e 21 h), e H2SO4 (por 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 minutos a 30 C) e também escarificada mecanicamente com lixa. As sementes de Zaleya pentandra demonstraram sinais típicos de dormência do revestimento duro da semente. Os tratamentos mecânicos com escarificação e ácido promoveram a germinação da semente, em grau variável. A escarificação das 1 Recebido para publicação em 5.4.2015 e aprovado em 13.7.2015. 2 University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, 3 Department of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4 University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, <[email protected]>. Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 33, n. 4, p. 623-629, 2015 624 MUNAWAR, S. et al. sementes em HNO3 durante 12 a 18 h, bem como em HCl durante 12 h e 15 h, foi eficiente na quebra da dormência das sementes de Z. pentandra, proporcionando germinação de até 92,5%. A escarificação com H2SO4 de 20 a 120 min. surtiu pouco efeito, enquanto que a água quente, calor seco, a estratificação e várias concentrações de tioureia e KNO3 foram ineficazes para quebrar a dormência da semente de Z. pentandra. Palavras-chave: germinação, escarificação, estratificação, calor seco, tioureia, zona árida. INTRODUCTION The period of flowering in Pakistan is from October to December (Akbar & Khatoon, 2012). Weeds are main constraints of crop The plant is found as a weed mainly in winter production and one of the main reasons of crops, along road sides, in overgrazed areas yield losses in producing food and fiber crops as well as in grasslands. Seed dormancy is a (Malik et al., 2000; Mansoor et al., 2004). significant factor for the success of this Weeds can grow in totally different settings species and it is considered the cause of its (e.g. agricultural, urban, and natural) owing increasing infestations in arid agro- to certain characteristics, such as seed ecosystems of southern Punjab in Pakistan. dormancy, which prevents germination when The relationship between seed dormancy the probability of seedling survival is low, thus and the success of a plant as a weed is facilitating weed species adaptability (Roberto considerable (Ali et al., 2012). The weed seeds et al., 2000). Seed dormancy, a seemingly vary extensively with respect to degree, inactive or resting condition of the seed, slows duration, and cause of dormancy. Survival of down or stops seed germination of weeds over large number of weed seeds with varying long time periods. Dormant weed seeds in the degrees of dormancy is the main cause for soil permit weeds to escape or stay away from many weed problems every year (Ali et al., exposure to control practices that target 2011). Seed dormancy owing to the presence emerging and emerged weed seedlings (Ali of impervious layers of the palisade cells could et al., 2011). Radosevich et al. (1997) reported be released by weakening the tegument, that one of the most important processes therefore allowing water to pass through the determining the emergence of a weed layers and enable germination (Cavalheiro population under field conditions is most et al., 2007). This succession can also occur probably changes in seed dormancy levels. when seeds pass through an animal digestive system by the action of the gastric acids Zaleya pentandra belongs to the family (Goddard et al., 2009). Under natural Aizoaceae, which consists of about 127 genera conditions, release of dormancy imposed by and 2,500 species (Schweingruber, 2011). The the seed coat requires the interaction of a plant is believed to be native of Africa and from number of biological and physiological this continent it spread to Palestine, Arabian dormancy-breaking procedures (Kelly et al., Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, India (Akbar & 1992). Khatoon, 2012), and the Farasan islands, as well as Madagascar, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Weed control is a crucial part of an Malawi, Mozambique, and South Africa efficient crop production system, which can (Gonçalves, 1970). Zaleya pentandra is a be facilitated by new methods to break seed prostrate annual herb, continuously invading dormancy (Gu et al., 2004). It is important to cultivated areas of southern Punjab in predict the weed seed dormancy in terms of Pakistan. It is a bit succulent and a multi- timing and degree of weed emergence under branched plant, with pubescent stem. Leaves field conditions to develop appropriate weed differ in size and shape; usually they are management approaches. Changes in the elliptic to oblanceolate and opposite, generally intensities of weed seed dormancy may delay 1-2 cm in length, with a slightly grey tinge on seed germination in the soil profile over many the surface along with dark green color, and cropping seasons (Ali et al., 2012). Therefore, more or less papilose (Alfarhan et al., 2005). weed seedlings continue to emerge from the Planta Daninha, Viçosa-MG, v. 33, n. 4, p. 623-629, 2015 Seed dormancy breaking treatments for african purslane ... 625 soil under field conditions even after Experiment 3 (cold treatment) comprehensive weed management practices are implemented. Seeds of Z. pentandra were placed in a tightly closed glass jar and stored in a No information is available in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2-5 ºC for 5, international literature about the seed 10, 30, and 60 min; 3, 6, and 12 hours, and 1, dormancy characteristics of Z. pentandra. 2, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days. Thus, this present study was conducted to assess characteristics of dormancy of Experiment 4 (chemical treatment) Z. pentandra seeds. In particular, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Seeds of Z. pentandra were soaked in hot water, dry heat, stratification, and different concentrations of potassium nitrate scarification on the release of dormancy in (KNO ) (0, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000, Z.
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