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Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II United States EPA-452/R-97-004 Environmental Protection December 1997 Agency Air Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume II: An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards and Office of Research and Development c7o032-1-1 MERCURY STUDY REPORT TO CONGRESS VOLUME II: AN INVENTORY OF ANTHROPOGENIC MERCURY EMISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES December 1997 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency TABLE OF CONTENTS Page U.S. EPA AUTHORS ................................................................iii SCIENTIFIC PEER REVIEWERS ..................................................... iv WORK GROUP AND U.S. EPA/ORD REVIEWERS ..................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................. x LIST OF SYMBOLS, UNITS AND ACRONYMS ........................................ xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... ES-1 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................1-1 1.1 Overview of Sources ...................................................1-1 1.2 Study Approach and Uncertainties ........................................1-2 1.3 Organization of the Rest of the Document ..................................1-4 2. TRENDS IN MERCURY CONSUMPTION .......................................2-1 3. ANTHROPOGENIC AREA SOURCES OF MERCURY EMISSIONS .................3-1 3.1 Electric Lamp Breakage ................................................3-1 3.2 General Laboratory Use .................................................3-7 3.3 Dental Preparation and Use ..............................................3-7 3.4 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ..........................................3-7 3.5 Mobile Sources .......................................................3-8 3.6 Paint Use ............................................................3-8 3.7 Agricultural Burning ...................................................3-9 3.8 Other Area Sources ...................................................3-10 4. ANTHROPOGENIC POINT SOURCES OF MERCURY EMISSIONS .................4-1 4.1 Combustion Sources ...................................................4-1 4.1.1 Utility Boilers ..................................................4-3 4.1.2 Municipal Waste Combustors .....................................4-15 4.1.3 Commercial/Industrial Boilers ....................................4-26 4.1.4 Medical Waste Incinerators ......................................4-27 4.1.5 Hazardous Waste Combustors ....................................4-30 4.1.6 Residential Boilers .............................................4-32 4.1.7 Sewage Sludge Incinerators ......................................4-33 4.1.8 Wood Combustion .............................................4-35 4.1.9 Crematories ...................................................4-36 4.2 Manufacturing Sources ................................................4-36 4.2.1 Chlor-alkali Production Using the Mercury Cell Process ...............4-36 4.2.2 Cement Manufacturing ..........................................4-41 4.2.3 Pulp and Paper Manufacturing ....................................4-43 4.2.4 Instrument (Thermometers) Manufacturing ..........................4-45 4.2.5 Secondary Mercury Production ...................................4-47 4.2.6 Electrical Apparatus Manufacturing ................................4-49 4.2.7 Carbon Black Production ........................................4-53 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 4.2.8 Lime Manufacturing ............................................4-56 4.2.9 Primary Lead Smelting ..........................................4-58 4.2.10 Primary Copper Smelting ........................................4-60 4.2.11 Fluorescent Lamp Recycling .....................................4-63 4.2.12 Battery Production .............................................4-64 4.2.13 Primary Mercury Production .....................................4-68 4.2.14 Mercury Compounds Production ..................................4-70 4.2.15 Byproduct Coke Production ......................................4-71 4.2.16 Petroleum Refining .............................................4-73 4.3 Miscellaneous Sources .................................................4-74 4.3.1 Geothermal Power Plants ........................................4-74 4.3.2 Pigments, Oil Shale Retorting, Mercury Catalysts, Turf Products and Explosives ....................................................4-77 5. EMISSIONS SUMMARY .....................................................5-1 6. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................6-1 7. RESEARCH NEEDS .........................................................7-1 8. REFERENCES ..............................................................8-1 APPENDIX A INFORMATION ON LOCATIONS OF AND EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES ......................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B MERCURY REMOVAL CAPABILITIES OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND ACID GAS CONTROLS FOR UTILITIES ................. B-1 APPENDIX C EMISSION MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR UTILITY BOILER EMISSION ESTIMATES ............................................. C-1 ii U.S. EPA AUTHORS Principal Author: Martha H. Keating Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC Contributing Authors: Dennis Beauregard Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC William G. Benjey, Ph.D. Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division Air Resources Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Research Triangle Park, NC on assignment to the U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory Laurel Driver Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC William H. Maxwell, P.E. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC Warren D. Peters Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC Anne A. Pope Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC iii SCIENTIFIC PEER REVIEWERS Dr. William J. Adams* Elizabeth Campbell Kennecott Utah Corporation U.S. Department of Energy Policy Office, Washington D.C. Dr. Brian J. Allee Harza Northwest, Incorporated Dr. Rick Canady Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Dr. Thomas D. Atkeson Registry Florida Department of Environmental Protection Dr. Rufus Chaney U.S. Department of Agriculture Dr. Donald G. Barnes* U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board Dr. Joan Daisey* Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Dr. Steven M. Bartell SENES Oak Ridge, Inc. Dr. John A. Dellinger* Medical College of Wisconsin Dr. David Bellinger* Children’s Hospital, Boston Dr. Kim N. Dietrich* University of Cincinnati Dr. Nicolas Bloom* Frontier Geosciences, Inc. Dr. Tim Eder Great Lakes Natural Resource Center Dr. Mike Bolger National Wildlife Federation for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration States of Michigan and Ohio Dr. Peter Botros Dr. Lawrence J. Fischer* U.S. Department of Energy Michigan State University Federal Energy Technology Center Dr. William F. Fitzgerald Thomas D. Brown University of Connecticut U.S. Department of Energy Avery Point Federal Energy Technology Center A. Robert Flaak* Dr. Dallas Burtraw* U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board Resources for the Future Dr. Katherine Flegal Dr. Thomas Burbacher* National Center for Health Statistics University of Washington Seattle Dr. Bruce A. Fowler* University of Maryland at Baltimore Dr. James P. Butler University of Chicago Dr. Steven G. Gilbert* Argonne National Laboratory Biosupport, Inc. iv SCIENTIFIC PEER REVIEWERS (continued) Dr. Cynthia C. Gilmour* Dr. Genevieve M. Matanoski* The Academy of Natural Sciences The Johns Hopkins University Dr. Robert Goyer Dr. Thomas McKone* National Institute of Environmental Health University of California Sciences Berkeley Dr. George Gray Dr. Malcolm Meaburn Harvard School of Public Health National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. Terry Haines U.S. Department of Commerce National Biological Service Dr. Michael W. Meyer* Dr. Gary Heinz* Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Dr. Maria Morandi* Joann L. Held University of Texas Science Center at Houston New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection & Energy Dr. Paul Mushak Dr. Robert E. Hueter* PB Associates Mote Marine Laboratory Harvey Ness Dr. Harold E. B. Humphrey* U.S.Department of Energy Michigan Department of Community Health Federal Energy Technology Center Dr. James P. Hurley* Dr. Christopher Newland* University of Wisconsin Auburn University Madison Dr. Jerome O. Nriagu* Dr. Joseph L. Jacobson* The University of Michigan Wayne State University Ann Arbor Dr. Gerald J. Keeler William O’Dowd University of Michigan U.S. Department of Energy Ann Arbor Federal Energy Technology Center Dr. Ronald J. Kendall* Dr. W. Steven Otwell* Clemson University University of Florida Gainesville Dr. Lynda P. Knobeloch* Wisconsin Division of Health Dr. Jozef M. Pacyna Norwegian Institute for Air Research Dr. Leonard Levin Electric Power Research Institute Dr. Ruth Patterson Cancer Prevention Research Program Dr. Steven E. Lindberg* Fred Gutchinson Cancer Research Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory v SCIENTIFIC PEER REVIEWERS (continued) Dr. Donald Porcella Dennis Smith Electric Power Research Institute U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Technology Center
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