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Studies on Cnidophage, Specialized Cell for Kleptocnida, of Pteraeolidia Semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Studies on Cnidophage, Specialized Cell for Kleptocnida, of Pteraeolidia semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) January 2021 Togawa Yumiko Studies on Cnidophage, Specialized Cell for Kleptocnida, of Pteraeolidia semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Doctoral Program in Life Sciences and Bioengineering) Togawa Yumiko Table of Contents General Introduction ...........................................................................................2 References .............................................................................................................5 Part Ⅰ Formation process of ceras rows in the cladobranchian sea slug Pteraeolidia semperi Introduction ..........................................................................................................6 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................8 Results and Discussion........................................................................................13 References............................................................................................................18 Figures and Tables .............................................................................................21 Part II Development, regeneration and ultrastructure of ceras, cnidosac and cnidophage, specialized organ, tissue -
Environmental Learning Outside the Classroom (ELOC)
Environmental Learning Outside the Classroom (ELOC) This guidebook provides lesson ideas and activities to get students engaged with outdoor learning. Created by the Virgin Islands Marine Advisory Service (VIMAS), an extension arm of the University of Puerto Rico’s Sea Grant College Program. For more information, contact: Howard Forbes Jr. (VIMAS Coordinator) ph: 340-693-1672/340-513-7203 E-mail: [email protected] Website: vimas.uvi.edu VIMAS Lesson Plan Topic: Marine Invertebrates / Coral Reefs / Marine Protected Areas Grade level: 5th to 12th Estimated time for activity: Lecture: Interactive 30 minutes, Activity: 30 minutes Information Purpose: Procedure: To teach students about marine Students will have an opportunity to interact invertebrates and how they differ from with marine life both in a water table as well as Activity vertebrates. To educate students on how in their natural environment via snorkeling. to identify various marine species. Students will be actively engaged in discussion about the various marine invertebrates. After exposure students should be able to identify at least 3 marine invertebrates and name something special about each. By dispelling myths associated with some of the marine invertebrates, students should be more comfortable with snorkeling and handling Assessment of marine invertebrates. Google was used for all images. NOAA’s Territorial Coral Reef Monitoring Program (TCRMP) http://coralreef.noaa.gov/education/educators/resourcecd/lessonplans/resources/protect _this_lp.pdf References http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-invertebrates/ Marine Invertebrates What are invertebrates? • An invertebrate is a species that does not possess a backbone. • There are vertebrates in the marine environment, namely most fish. -
Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska a Field Guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood
Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska A field guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood All pictures taken by Aaron Baldwin Last update 08/15/2015 unless otherwise noted. [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction ….............................................................…...2 Acknowledgements Exploring SE Beaches …………………………….….. …...3 It would be next to impossible to thanks everyone who has helped with Sponges ………………………………………….…….. …...4 this project. Probably the single-most important contribution that has been made comes from the people who have encouraged it along throughout Cnidarians (Jellyfish, hydroids, corals, the process. That is why new editions keep being completed! sea pens, and sea anemones) ……..........................…....8 First and foremost I want to thanks Rich Mattson of the DIPAC Macaulay Flatworms ………………………….………………….. …..21 salmon hatchery. He has made this project possible through assistance in obtaining specimens for photographs and for offering encouragement from Parasitic worms …………………………………………….22 the very beginning. Dr. David Cowles of Walla Walla University has Nemertea (Ribbon worms) ………………….………... ….23 generously donated many photos to this project. Dr. William Bechtol read Annelid (Segmented worms) …………………………. ….25 through the previous version of this, and made several important suggestions that have vastly improved this book. Dr. Robert Armstrong Mollusks ………………………………..………………. ….38 hosts the most recent edition on his website so it would be available to a Polyplacophora (Chitons) ……………………. -
Spawning Aggregations and Mass Movements in Subtidal Onchidoris Bilamellata (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) Thomas Claverie1 and Nicholas A
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2008, 88(1), 157–159. #2008 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom doi:10.1017/S0025315408000064 Printed in the United Kingdom Spawning aggregations and mass movements in subtidal Onchidoris bilamellata (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) thomas claverie1 and nicholas a. kamenos1,2 1University Marine Biological Station Millport (UMBSM), Isle of Cumbrae, KA28 0EG, Scotland, UK, 2Present address: Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK Little is known about spawning aggregations in subtidal populations of the nudibranch Onchidoris bilamellata. We provide photographic evidence of the spawning aggregations and associated spawning migrations or mass movements whose occur- rence was debated. Keywords: nudibranch, mass movements, spawning aggregations, reproduction Submitted 30 July 2006; accepted 2 November 2007 The nudibranch mollusc Onchidoris bilamellata (L., 1767) is climate factors including light (Crozier, 1917). Reviews such distributed around the British Isles, the Atlantic coast of as that by Nybakken (1978) have considered the possibility France, Iceland, Greenland, North America and various of migrations but conclude no such migrations occur. locations in the North Pacific (Sea Slug Forum, 2007). It has A review by Todd (1981), however, does not exclude the possi- a primarily intertidal distribution matching that of its major bility of reproductive migration. prey species, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L., 1767) Observations on subtidal migrations of nudibranchs are (Todd, 1979). Spawning occurs between December and limited. Crozier (1917) attributed shoreward movements in April with planktonic settlement, which is induced by S. response to physical conditions, e.g. light. More recently, balanoides presence (Todd, 1979), starting in June (Todd, anecdotal evidence of mass movements has emerged for 1981). -
Colour Morphotypes of Elysia Timida (Sacoglossa, Gastropoda) Are Determined by Light Acclimation in Food Algae
Vol. 17: 81–89, 2012 AQUATIC BIOLOGY Published online October 23 doi: 10.3354/ab00446 Aquat Biol Colour morphotypes of Elysia timida (Sacoglossa, Gastropoda) are determined by light acclimation in food algae J. Costa1,2,*, F. Giménez-Casalduero3, R. Melo2, B. Jesus2,4 1Instituto Português de Malacologia (IPM) ZooMarine E.N. 125, KM65 Guia, 8201-864, Albufeira, Portugal 2Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal 3Departamento Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Campus de Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Ap 99 03080, Alicante, Spain 4Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal ABSTRACT: Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) colonizing the shallow waters of the Mar Menor Lagoon (Spain) exhibit a brown and a green morph. It was hypothesised that these morphs were the result of feeding preferentially on brown and green algae, respectively. E. timida and its potential food sources, Acetabularia acetabulum (Chlorophyta) and Halopteris filicina (Heterokontophyta) were collected by snorkelling during April 2010. Photosynthetic pigments were analysed by HPLC, photo-physiological parameters were estimated by PAM fluorometry and body colour was charac- terized by spectral reflectance. Digital photography was used to count the number and area of red spots (small red dots on the slug’s surface) on the parapodia of the 2 morphs. In the laboratory, green E. timida was fed with A. acetabulum cultured under 2 light treatments (high light, 600 µmol E m−2 s−1 and low light, 40 µmol E m−2 s−1), and digital photography was used to monitor colour alterations in E. -
Two New Sacoglossan Sea Slug Species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania Annelyleorum Sp
Zootaxa 2676: 1–28 (2010) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2010 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Two new sacoglossan sea slug species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov. (Limapontioidea) and Elysia asbecki sp. nov. (Plakobranchoidea), with notes on anatomy, histology and biology HEIKE WÄGELE1,4, KRISTINA STEMMER2, INGO BURGHARDT3 & KATHARINA HÄNDELER1 1Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, D-53113 Bonn, Germany 2Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar- and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 3Department of Animal Evolution, Ecology and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Two new sacoglossan species, belonging to the genus Ercolania Trinchese, 1872 (Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov.) and the genus Elysia Risso, 1818 (Elysia asbecki sp. nov.) are described from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Anatomy of both species was reconstructed by analyzing histological serial sections. Radula morphology was investigated by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sequence analyses (NeighborNet; sequence divergence) and tree reconstructions showed for both species their distinction from con-generic species, but also two distinct mitochondrial lines in the new Ercolania species. Adults as well as freshly hatched juveniles of E. annelyleorum sp. nov. have been found in clusters of the ulvophycean alga Boodlea sp., which are sucked out by piercing the cell walls with their radular teeth. This new species differs from other, similar transparent, Ercolania species by its pattern of the green branches of the digestive gland and the presence of two distinct red patches, one in the anterior and the other in the posterior third of the dorsal body part. -
Taxonomy, Ecology, and Behavior of the Kleptoplastic Sea Slug Elysia Papillosa William Alan Gowacki University of South Florida, [email protected]
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School March 2017 Taxonomy, Ecology, and Behavior of the Kleptoplastic Sea Slug Elysia papillosa William Alan Gowacki University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Other Education Commons Scholar Commons Citation Gowacki, William Alan, "Taxonomy, Ecology, and Behavior of the Kleptoplastic Sea Slug Elysia papillosa" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6848 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Taxonomy, Ecology, and Behavior of the Kleptoplastic Sea Slug Elysia papillosa by William Alan Gowacki A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Integrative Biology with a concentration in Ecology & Evolution Department of Integrative Biology College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Susan S. Bell, Ph.D. Michael L. Middlebrooks, Ph.D. Bradford J. Gemmell, Ph.D. Date of Approval: February 17, 2017 Keywords: Chloroplast sequestration, Sacoglossa, Rhizophytic algae, Host Preference, Phototaxy Copyright © 2017, William A. Gowacki DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my entire family, especially my parents, Alicia M. Gowacki and William C. Gowacki. Without their support, guidance, and love, I would not be where I am today. It is also dedicated to the many doctors and nurses responsible for me surviving two battles with cancer. -
Cnidosac-Related Structures in Embletonia (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) Compared with Dendronotacean and Aeolidacean Species
96 The Open Marine Biology Journal, 2010, 4, 96-100 Open Access Cnidosac-Related Structures in Embletonia (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) Compared with Dendronotacean and Aeolidacean Species Rainer Martin*,1, Karl-Heinz Tomaschko2, Martin Heß3 and Michael Schrödl4 1Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D 89069 Ulm, Germany 2Akademie für Gesundheitsberufe, Universitätsklinikum, Schlossstr. 38, D 89079 Ulm, Germany 3Biozentrum, Universität München, Großhadernerstr. 2, D 82152 München, Germany 4Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D 81247 München, Germany Abstract: In defense against attack by predators, cnidosacs in the tips of cerata (dorsal appendages) of aeolidacean nudibranchs discharge masses of mature nematocysts that are derived from cnidarian food. Cnidosac-related structures in various nudibranchs may provide a reconstruction of potential steps in the evolution of cnidosacs. Such structures in the cerata of the two valid species of Embletoniidae, an enigmatic nudibranch family, are described in this report, and compared to cnidosacs in dendronotaceans and aeolidaceans. The Embletonia spp. ceratal tips are characterized by cnidophages, which are largely undifferentiated cells that take up the nematocysts from the digestive tract lumen and transport them to different surface locations of the cerata, where they are released. Organized muscular bags that force out the nematocysts, as those found in cnidosacs, are absent. These cnidosac-related structures and other characteristics weaken the case of including Embletoniidae incertae sedis within Aeolidacea. Keywords: Nematocysts, release, defense, cnidosac evolution, nudibranch mollusks. INTRODUCTION structures to those found in the dendronotaceans Doto acuta and Hancockia spp., as well as to eolid cnidosacs. Cnidosacs, which are muscular bags in the tips of the Embletonia spp. -
Sea Slugs—“Rare in Space and Time”—But Not Always
diversity Article Sea Slugs—“Rare in Space and Time”—But Not Always Julie Schubert 1 and Stephen D. A. Smith 1,2,* 1 National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia; [email protected] 2 Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2458, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: The term “rare in space and time” is often used to typify the spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence of heterobranch sea slugs. However, “rare” in this context has not been clearly defined. In an attempt to provide more insight into the concept of rarity in sea slug assemblages, we analysed abundance data from 209 individual surveys conducted over a 5-year period in a subtropical estuary and a 7-year period on a shallow coastal reef, on the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia. Using an ‘intuitive’ method (<10 individuals recorded over the study), and the ‘quartile’ method we assessed numerical rarity (number of individuals of a species seen over the study period) and temporal rarity (frequency of observation). We also assessed numerical rarity using octaves based on log2 abundance bins. The quartile method did not effectively capture either measure of rarity. The octave method, however, fitted closely to subjective classifications of abundance and defined a similar number of species as rare when compared to the intuitive method. Using the octave method, 66% of species in both the estuary and on the reef, were considered as rare. -
Australasian Nudibranch News
australasian nudibranchNEWS No.5 January 1999 Editors Notes This issue contains a review of the dive sites of Port Stephens, a look at The Australian Museum’s– Sea Slug Forum, two book reviews and more. Bill Rudman has set up a page on the Sea Slug Forum to host all the issues of anNEWS. Steve Long, Mike Miller and Miquel Pontes also host back issues of anNEWS on their sites. Bob Bolland has references to anNEWs on his Okinawa Slug Site. If you haven’t been to any of these sites, do it now, they contain a wealth of knowledge. As always thanks to everyone who helps out. Your requests, articles or interesting snippets are always appreciated. Subscriptions are now due for the 1999 Opisthobranch Newsletter. Con- tact Steve Long for details. Pteraeolida ianthina (Angas 1864). This species can be found throughout Readers Requests the tropical Indo-Pacific, usually in shallow Can anyone assist with the following requests? water (2-10m) feeding on hydroids and pos- sibly alcyonaneans. In the November edition you kindly printed various amendments to publi- The colour ranges from creamy-white, cations and I have a couple of queries: (juveniles are creamy-white until they build In Debelius's book, p 139, shouldn't it be image b that is Philinopsis up a store of zooanthellae) mottled brown, cyanea? p 146c - Stylocheilus citrina - shouldn't this be image 147a as 'citrina' brownish-purple to blue. Some reference means lemon? p 284a - can this really also be Marionia viridescens, the same books and web sites have the white speci- as p 282b? mens as Flabellina sp. -
Identification Guide to the Heterobranch Sea Slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas Del Toro, Panama Jessica A
Goodheart et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2016) 9:56 DOI 10.1186/s41200-016-0048-z MARINE RECORD Open Access Identification guide to the heterobranch sea slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas del Toro, Panama Jessica A. Goodheart1,2, Ryan A. Ellingson3, Xochitl G. Vital4, Hilton C. Galvão Filho5, Jennifer B. McCarthy6, Sabrina M. Medrano6, Vishal J. Bhave7, Kimberly García-Méndez8, Lina M. Jiménez9, Gina López10,11, Craig A. Hoover6, Jaymes D. Awbrey3, Jessika M. De Jesus3, William Gowacki12, Patrick J. Krug3 and Ángel Valdés6* Abstract Background: The Bocas del Toro Archipelago is located off the Caribbean coast of Panama. Until now, only 19 species of heterobranch sea slugs have been formally reported from this area; this number constitutes a fraction of total diversity in the Caribbean region. Results: Based on newly conducted fieldwork, we increase the number of recorded heterobranch sea slug species in Bocas del Toro to 82. Descriptive information for each species is provided, including taxonomic and/or ecological notes for most taxa. The collecting effort is also described and compared with that of other field expeditions in the Caribbean and the tropical Eastern Pacific. Conclusions: This increase in known diversity strongly suggests that the distribution of species within the Caribbean is still poorly known and species ranges may need to be modified as more surveys are conducted. Keywords: Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Sacoglossa, Pleurobranchomorpha Introduction studies. However, this research has often been hampered The Bocas del Toro Archipelago is located on the Carib- by a lack of accurate and updated identification/field bean coast of Panama, near the Costa Rican border. -
Beyond Capricornia: Tropical Sea Slugs (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) Extend Their Distributions Into the Tasman Sea
diversity Article Beyond Capricornia: Tropical Sea Slugs (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) Extend Their Distributions into the Tasman Sea Matt J. Nimbs 1,2,* ID and Stephen D. A. Smith 1,2 ID 1 National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia; [email protected] 2 Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2458, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 August 2018; Accepted: 28 August 2018; Published: 4 September 2018 Abstract: There is increasing evidence of poleward migration of a broad range of taxa under the influence of a warming ocean. However, patchy research effort, the lack of pre-existing baseline data, and taxonomic uncertainty for some taxa means that unambiguous interpretation of observations is often difficult. Here, we propose that heterobranch sea slugs provide a useful target group for monitoring shifts in distribution. As many sea slugs are highly colourful, popular with underwater photographers and rock-pool ramblers, and found in accessible habitats, they provide an ideal target for citizen scientist programs, such as the Sea Slug Census. This maximises our ability to rapidly gain usable diversity and distributional data. Here, we review records of recent range extensions by tropical species into the subtropical and temperate waters of eastern Australia and document, for the first time in Australian waters, observations of three tropical species of sea slug as well as range extensions for a further six to various locations in the Tasman Sea. Keywords: range extension; climate change; heterobranch; citizen science; Sea Slug Census; biodiversity 1. Introduction By far the majority of Indo-Pacific sea slug species are tropical [1] with diversity declining away from the equator.