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Customizable Multimedia Devices in Virtual Environments
Customizable Multimedia Devices in Virtual Environments Ankur Pai, Balasubramanian Seshasayee, Himanshu Raj and Karsten Schwan Center for Experimental Research in Computer Systems Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332–0250 fpaiankur, bala, rhim, [email protected] Abstract—The separation of logical from physical devices maintain a consistent view of physical devices by presenting provided by modern virtualization techniques can be used to only a common minimal set of device features is too limiting enhance device functionality, including by emulating non-native and worse, it cannot account for changes in the environmental device functions in software. Such logically extended devices are particularly promising in the mobile domain, for embedded conditions or contexts in which devices are used. machines, handhelds, or phones. Challenges arise, however, from We argue that device sharing and interoperation in mobile the highly heterogeneous nature of portables and the devices with systems requires models and interfaces with which virtual- which they can interact. This suggests that device extensions ization infrastructures can dynamically change device func- should be dynamic, varied at runtime to adjust to new user needs and/or changes in environmental conditions. This paper tionality to account for runtime changes in device use, con- presents a model for runtime device extension and for then using ditions, and contexts. This paper presents such a model. It such extended devices. The model provides uniform interfaces to implements the safe, runtime extension of device functionality, native and extended devices, permits the safe runtime extension by enabling the virtualization layer, guest operating systems, of device functionality, and can be shown to operate across both or applications to safely specify and deploy custom code that stationary and mobile platforms, and arbitrary operating systems and applications. -
Version 7.8-Systemd
Linux From Scratch Version 7.8-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 7.8-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2015 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2015, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 7.8-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book .................................................................................................................... x vi. Prerequisites -
Camera Driver Development.Pptx
CAMERA DRIVER DEVELOPMENT Kyle Xu OUTLINE Prepare the Hardware Set up Environment Write a Camera Driver Solve Remaining Problems PREPARE THE HARDWARE TI OMAP4 Pandaboard Aptina AR0832 Image Sensor Ominivision OV5650 Image Sensor Pandaboard Adapters and Connectors Datasheets AR0832 OV5650 PREPARE THE HARDWARE System Setup OUTLINE Prepare the Hardware Set up Environment Write a Camera Driver Solve Remaining Problems SET UP ENVIRONMENT Install Ubuntu 12.04 on Pandaboard Powerful and fast server for cross compilation 32-core 5 min on server vs. 5 hours on Pandaboard Understand Data Path and Interfaces DATA PATH Camera Serial Interface (CSI-2) Image Sub-System (ISS) Image Sensor INTERFACE: CSI-2 N data lanes and one data clock lane Each lane is a pair of +/- lines. I2C standard control interface (CCI) SCL SDA INTERFACE: Hardware Level Pandaboard Camera Expansion Connector (J-17) 5 CSI-2 lanes (including one CLK lane) I2C control lines (SCL, SDA) Other lines for battery power, camera clock, GPIO… Image Sensor 2 CSI-2 data lanes + 1 CSI-2 clock lane I2C control lines (as slave) Powered from on board battery OUTLINE Prepare the Hardware Set up Environment Write a Camera Driver Solve Remaining Problems WRITE A CAMERA DRIVER Describe the camera to the board Write the driver file a. Voltage Regulator and Clock b. I2C Bus c. V4L2 d. Driver Framework e. Complete Template Implement the driver to Linux Kernel DESCRIBE THE CAMERA TO THE BOARD Create ar0832.h to describe camera’s platform information struct ar0832_platform_data containing fields about voltage regulator, clock, power on/off methods Edit board-omap4panda-camer.c Assign values or functions to ar0832_platform_data’s fields. -
Measuring Software Performance on Linux Technical Report
Measuring Software Performance on Linux Technical Report November 21, 2018 Martin Becker Samarjit Chakraborty Chair of Real-Time Computer Systems Chair of Real-Time Computer Systems Technical University of Munich Technical University of Munich Munich, Germany Munich, Germany [email protected] [email protected] OS program program CPU .text .bss + + .data +/- + instructions cache branch + coherency scheduler misprediction core + pollution + migrations data + + interrupt L1i$ miss access + + + + + + context mode + + (TLB flush) TLB + switch data switch miss L1d$ +/- + (KPTI TLB flush) miss prefetch +/- + + + higher-level readahead + page cache miss walk + + multicore + + (TLB shootdown) TLB coherency page DRAM + page fault + cache miss + + + disk + major minor I/O Figure 1. Event interaction map for a program running on an Intel Core processor on Linux. Each event itself may cause processor cycles, and inhibit (−), enable (+), or modulate (⊗) others. Abstract that our measurement setup has a large impact on the results. Measuring and analyzing the performance of software has More surprisingly, however, they also suggest that the setup reached a high complexity, caused by more advanced pro- can be negligible for certain analysis methods. Furthermore, cessor designs and the intricate interaction between user we found that our setup maintains significantly better per- formance under background load conditions, which means arXiv:1811.01412v2 [cs.PF] 20 Nov 2018 programs, the operating system, and the processor’s microar- chitecture. In this report, we summarize our experience on it can be used to improve high-performance applications. how performance characteristics of software should be mea- CCS Concepts • Software and its engineering → Soft- sured when running on a Linux operating system and a ware performance; modern processor. -
Communicating Between the Kernel and User-Space in Linux Using Netlink Sockets
SOFTWARE—PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE Softw. Pract. Exper. 2010; 00:1–7 Prepared using speauth.cls [Version: 2002/09/23 v2.2] Communicating between the kernel and user-space in Linux using Netlink sockets Pablo Neira Ayuso∗,∗1, Rafael M. Gasca1 and Laurent Lefevre2 1 QUIVIR Research Group, Departament of Computer Languages and Systems, University of Seville, Spain. 2 RESO/LIP team, INRIA, University of Lyon, France. SUMMARY When developing Linux kernel features, it is a good practise to expose the necessary details to user-space to enable extensibility. This allows the development of new features and sophisticated configurations from user-space. Commonly, software developers have to face the task of looking for a good way to communicate between kernel and user-space in Linux. This tutorial introduces you to Netlink sockets, a flexible and extensible messaging system that provides communication between kernel and user-space. In this tutorial, we provide fundamental guidelines for practitioners who wish to develop Netlink-based interfaces. key words: kernel interfaces, netlink, linux 1. INTRODUCTION Portable open-source operating systems like Linux [1] provide a good environment to develop applications for the real-world since they can be used in very different platforms: from very small embedded devices, like smartphones and PDAs, to standalone computers and large scale clusters. Moreover, the availability of the source code also allows its study and modification, this renders Linux useful for both the industry and the academia. The core of Linux, like many modern operating systems, follows a monolithic † design for performance reasons. The main bricks that compose the operating system are implemented ∗Correspondence to: Pablo Neira Ayuso, ETS Ingenieria Informatica, Department of Computer Languages and Systems. -
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Slides
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: October 9, 2021. Document updates and sources: https://bootlin.com/doc/training/linux-kernel Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! embedded Linux and kernel engineering Send them to [email protected] - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/470 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Document sources: https://github.com/bootlin/training-materials/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/470 Hyperlinks in the document There are many hyperlinks in the document I Regular hyperlinks: https://kernel.org/ I Kernel documentation links: dev-tools/kasan I Links to kernel source files and directories: drivers/input/ include/linux/fb.h I Links to the declarations, definitions and instances of kernel symbols (functions, types, data, structures): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/470 Company at a glance I Engineering company created in 2004, named ”Free Electrons” until Feb. -
Linux Kernal II 9.1 Architecture
Page 1 of 7 Linux Kernal II 9.1 Architecture: The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel used by a variety of operating systems based on it, which are usually in the form of Linux distributions. The Linux kernel is a prominent example of free and open source software. Programming language The Linux kernel is written in the version of the C programming language supported by GCC (which has introduced a number of extensions and changes to standard C), together with a number of short sections of code written in the assembly language (in GCC's "AT&T-style" syntax) of the target architecture. Because of the extensions to C it supports, GCC was for a long time the only compiler capable of correctly building the Linux kernel. Compiler compatibility GCC is the default compiler for the Linux kernel source. In 2004, Intel claimed to have modified the kernel so that its C compiler also was capable of compiling it. There was another such reported success in 2009 with a modified 2.6.22 version of the kernel. Since 2010, effort has been underway to build the Linux kernel with Clang, an alternative compiler for the C language; as of 12 April 2014, the official kernel could almost be compiled by Clang. The project dedicated to this effort is named LLVMLinxu after the LLVM compiler infrastructure upon which Clang is built. LLVMLinux does not aim to fork either the Linux kernel or the LLVM, therefore it is a meta-project composed of patches that are eventually submitted to the upstream projects. -
An Evolutionary Study of Linux Memory Management for Fun and Profit Jian Huang, Moinuddin K
An Evolutionary Study of Linux Memory Management for Fun and Profit Jian Huang, Moinuddin K. Qureshi, and Karsten Schwan, Georgia Institute of Technology https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc16/technical-sessions/presentation/huang This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 2016 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC ’16). June 22–24, 2016 • Denver, CO, USA 978-1-931971-30-0 Open access to the Proceedings of the 2016 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC ’16) is sponsored by USENIX. An Evolutionary Study of inu emory anagement for Fun and rofit Jian Huang, Moinuddin K. ureshi, Karsten Schwan Georgia Institute of Technology Astract the patches committed over the last five years from 2009 to 2015. The study covers 4587 patches across Linux We present a comprehensive and uantitative study on versions from 2.6.32.1 to 4.0-rc4. We manually label the development of the Linux memory manager. The each patch after carefully checking the patch, its descrip- study examines 4587 committed patches over the last tions, and follow-up discussions posted by developers. five years (2009-2015) since Linux version 2.6.32. In- To further understand patch distribution over memory se- sights derived from this study concern the development mantics, we build a tool called MChecker to identify the process of the virtual memory system, including its patch changes to the key functions in mm. MChecker matches distribution and patterns, and techniues for memory op- the patches with the source code to track the hot func- timizations and semantics. Specifically, we find that tions that have been updated intensively. -
Review Der Linux Kernel Sourcen Von 4.9 Auf 4.10
Review der Linux Kernel Sourcen von 4.9 auf 4.10 Reviewed by: Tested by: stecan stecan Period of Review: Period of Test: From: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:26:18 o'clock +01: From: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:26:18 o'clock +01: To: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:44:27 o'clock +01: To: Thursday, 11 January 2018 07:44:27 o'clock +01: Report automatically generated with: LxrDifferenceTable, V0.9.2.548 Provided by: Certified by: Approved by: Account: stecan Name / Department: Date: Friday, 4 May 2018 13:43:07 o'clock CEST Signature: Review_4.10_0_to_1000.pdf Page 1 of 793 May 04, 2018 Review der Linux Kernel Sourcen von 4.9 auf 4.10 Line Link NR. Descriptions 1 .mailmap#0140 Repo: 9ebf73b275f0 Stephen Tue Jan 10 16:57:57 2017 -0800 Description: mailmap: add codeaurora.org names for nameless email commits ----------- Some codeaurora.org emails have crept in but the names don't exist for them. Add the names for the emails so git can match everyone up. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected] 2 .mailmap#0154 3 .mailmap#0160 4 CREDITS#2481 Repo: 0c59d28121b9 Arnaldo Mon Feb 13 14:15:44 2017 -0300 Description: MAINTAINERS: Remove old e-mail address ----------- The ghostprotocols.net domain is not working, remove it from CREDITS and MAINTAINERS, and change the status to "Odd fixes", and since I haven't been maintaining those, remove my address from there. CREDITS: Remove outdated address information ----------- This address hasn't been accurate for several years now. -
Release Notes for X11R7.5 the X.Org Foundation 1
Release Notes for X11R7.5 The X.Org Foundation 1 October 2009 These release notes contains information about features and their status in the X.Org Foundation X11R7.5 release. Table of Contents Introduction to the X11R7.5 Release.................................................................................3 Summary of new features in X11R7.5...............................................................................3 Overview of X11R7.5............................................................................................................4 Details of X11R7.5 components..........................................................................................5 Build changes and issues..................................................................................................10 Miscellaneous......................................................................................................................11 Deprecated components and removal plans.................................................................12 Attributions/Acknowledgements/Credits......................................................................13 Introduction to the X11R7.5 Release This release is the sixth modular release of the X Window System. The next full release will be X11R7.6 and is expected in 2010. Unlike X11R1 through X11R6.9, X11R7.x releases are not built from one monolithic source tree, but many individual modules. These modules are distributed as individ- ual source code releases, and each one is released when it is ready, instead -
Building Digital TV Support on Linux
Building Digital TV support on Linux Mauro Carvalho Chehab Linux Kernel Expert Samsung Open Source Group Aug 21, 2014 Not to be used for commercial purpose without getting permission Open Source Group – Silicon Valley All information, opinions and ideas herein are exclusively the author's own opinion © 2014 SAMSUNG Electronics Co. Samsung Research Brazil Biography ● Maintainer of the media and EDAC subystems at the Linux Kernel ● Works at Samsung Research Brazil as R&D Director on Open Source, being part of the Samsung's Open Source Group. ● Worked during 5 years at Red Hat, where, besides maintaining the upstream Kernel subsystems, were also responsible for maintaining several subsystems at RHEL's Kernel; ● Developed several device drivers for video stream capture and analog/digital TV reception at the Linux Kernel, including most of the drivers for the Brazilian digital TV standard (SBTVD / ISDB-T). Open Source Group – Silicon Valley © 2014 SAMSUNG Electronics Co. Samsung Research Brazil Digital TV challenges ● Major standards: – ATSC - Advanced Television System Committee ● Defined in United States – DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting ● Defined in Europe – ISDB – Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial ● Defined in Japan – DTMB - Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast ● Defined in China Open Source Group – Silicon Valley © 2014 SAMSUNG Electronics Co. Samsung Research Brazil Digital TV challenges ● Digital TV variants: – Terrestrial (air) standards are used by air broadcasts: ATSC, DVB-T, DVB-T2, ISDB-T, DMB; – Cable standards are used by cable operators: DVB-C, DVB-C2, ClearQAM (DVB-C Annex B), ISDB-C; – Satellite standards are used by Satellite operators: DVB-S, DVB-S2, ISDB-S. Open Source Group – Silicon Valley © 2014 SAMSUNG Electronics Co. -
Linux 2.5 Kernel Developers Summit
conference reports This issue’s reports are on the Linux 2.5 Linux 2.5 Kernel Developers Linux development, but I certainly Kernel Developers Summit Summit thought that, in all of this time, someone would have brought this group together OUR THANKS TO THE SUMMARIZER: SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA before. Rik Farrow, with thanks to La Monte MARCH 30-31, 2001 Yarroll and Chris Mason for sharing their Summarized by Rik Farrow Another difference appeared when the notes. first session started on Friday morning. The purpose of this workshop was to The conference room was set up with cir- provide a forum for discussion of cular tables, each with power strips for changes to be made in the 2.5 release of For additional information on the Linux laptops, and only a few attendees were Linux (a trademark of Linus Torvalds). I not using a laptop. USENIX had pro- 2.5 Kernel Developers Summit, see the assume that many people reading this vided Aeronet wireless setup via the following sites: will be familiar with Linux, and I will hotel’s T1 link, and people were busy <http://lwn.net/2001/features/KernelSummit/> attempt to explain things that might be typing and compiling. Chris Mason of unfamiliar to others. That said, the odd- <http://cgi.zdnet.com/slink?91362:12284618> OSDN noticed that Dave Miller had numbered releases, like 2.3 and now 2.5, <http://www.osdn.com/conferences/kernel/> written a utility to modulate the speed of are development releases where the the CPU fans based upon the tempera- intent is to try out new features or make ture reading from his motherboard.