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Mammuthus Intermedius (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from the Late Middle Pleistocene of the Southern Western and Central Siberia

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Mammuthus Intermedius (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from the Late Middle Pleistocene of the Southern Western and Central Siberia Russian J. Theriol. 13(2): 71–82 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2014 Mammuthus intermedius (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from the late Middle Pleistocene of the southern Western and Central Siberia, Russia: the problem of intermediate elements in the mammoth lineage I.V. Foronova ABSTRACT. A peculiar form of the thick-enamel mammoth from late Middle Pleistocene of the Kuznetsk Basin (South of Western Siberia) and from the Acheulian-Mousterian site Ust’-Izhul’1 with a unique faunal assemblage (North-Minusinsk Basin, Kurtak, Yenisei River, south of Central Siberia) is described. It is compared to Mammuthus intermedius (Jourdan, 1861) from Western Europe. The stratigraphic position and morphometric features of molars, defining the position of this form in the mammoth lineage, character- ize it as an intermediate link in the transition from M. trogontherii to M. primigenius. Mammuthus intermedius inhabited interstadial/interglacial environments of late Middle Pleistocene and had a vast Eurasian range. KEY WORDS: Middle Pleistocene, Early Paleolithic, Mammuthus intermedius, mammoth lineage, south of Siberia, Russia. Irina V. Foronova [[email protected]], V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Pr. Koptiuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Mammuthus intermedius (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) второй половины среднего плейстоцена на юге Западной и Средней Сибири (Россия): к вопросу о промежуточных звеньях в мамонтовой линии И.В. Форонова РЕЗЮМЕ. Своеобразный толстоэмалевый мамонт, известный из отложений второй половины среднего плейстоцена в Кузнецкой котловине (юг Западной Сибири) и ашель-мустьерского памят- ника Усть-Ижуль 1 с уникальным скоплением фауны (Северо-Минусинская котловина, Куртак, р. Енисей, юг Центральной Сибири), описан в сравнении с Mammuthus intermedius (Jourdan, 1861) Западной Европы. Стратиграфическая позиция и морфометрические особенности коренных зубов, определившие положение этой формы в мамонтовой линии, характеризуют ее, как одно из проме- жуточных звеньев, на переходном этапе филетической линии от M. trogontherii к M. primigenius. Mammuthus intermedius существовал в межстадиальных/межледниковых условиях второй полови- ны среднего плейстоцена и имел обширный евразиатский ареал. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: средний плейстоцен, ранний палеолит, Mammuthus intermedius, мамонтовая линия, юг Сибири, Россия. Introduction morphometric molar features in an untraditional way. It was a method of so called “optimal parameters” (Garutt Proboscideans have a long history of study. The & Foronova, 1976), and a multiple stage method of taxonomic definitions based on the traditional methods cluster analysis of large series of M3. It allowed con- of dental analysis are, however, strongly impeded by structing multidimensional models of the Archidisk- the transgression of teeth characters. The taxonomy of odon-Mammuthus lineage in Northern Eurasia (Forono- the group still remains unclear and requires revision. va & Zudin, 1986, 1995, 1999, 2001; Foronova, 2001a, This often and inevitably causes problems in biostrati- b, 2007, 2014) (see Figs. 4, 5). graphic definitions and paleoclimatic reconstructions. This method clearly shows the structure of the mam- In order to obtain more precise taxonomical defini- moth lineage to be more complex than a simple gradu- tions and override the transgression, a more complex alistic sequence presumed before. It illustrates evolu- statistical approach was suggested using traditional tionary trends and discreteness of processes in the mam- 72 I.V. Foronova Fig. 1. Location of the Kuznetsk Basin (Southwestern Siberia) and North-Minusinsk Basin, Kurtak archaeological region (South-Central Siberia). A: Kuznetsk Basin. Locations of coal-mining pits (fossil mammal localities): 1 — Kedrovka, 2 — Chernigovo, 3 — Mokhovo, 4 — Gramoteino, 5 — Bachatsk, 6 — Novosergeevo, 7 — Krasnobrodsk. B: North-Minusinsk Basin. Kurtak archaeological region. moth lineage. Moreover, the method may provide a nius. Later, while developing the method and construct- solution to many pending problems, including the main ing diagrams based on the material from Europe, East- ones: revealing intermediate elements (Garutt, 1971), ern and Western Siberia (Foronova & Zudin, 1986), a revision of old taxa, and determining new ones within prominent adaptive peak was recognized on each of the the lineage. diagrams. Its center nearly matched the parameters of The present paper is devoted to one of such taxa, a M. intermedius from France (according to data of Os- peculiar Mammuthus intermedius (Jourdan, 1861) wide- born, 1942) (see Figs 4, 5). Mammoths of similar mor- ly spread in Northern Eurasia at the end of Middle phological structure and geological age were also found Pleistocene. The structure of its teeth gives it a definite in the Volga region (Kamskoe Ust’e and Mysy-Man- position in the mammoth lineage among other interme- surovo) and described as a part of the Volga fauna diate forms between Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig, (Averianov et al., 1992). Based on cranial and postcra- 1885) and Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, nial material Averianov attributed them to the so-called 1799). Originally, this form was described in Western ‘post-Khozar mammoth’, following Baygusheva (1980) Europe (Lyon Plateau in the Rhône Valley, France) as who placed the mammoth from Kamensk to this form. Elephas intermedius (Jourdan, 1861; Lortet & Chantre, Thus, the analysis of extensive Eurasian materials 1872). For a long time it was recognized as valid (Os- using the above mentioned method confirmed the exist- born, 1942; Aguirre, 1969; Beden & Guérin, 1975). ence of the specific mammoth form and showed its But later the validity of this species was questioned distribution from Western and Eastern Europe to Asia (Lister, 1996). Recently French scientists revived M. (in Western and Central Siberia) (Foronova & Zudin, intermedius and supplemented its diagnostics with mo- 1986, 1995, 1999, 2001; Drozdov et al., 1990; Forono- lars from Abîmes de La Fage (Corrèze, France) (Beden va, 2001a, b). & Guérin, 1975; Labe & Guérin, 2005). Despite the early discovery of this mammoth form In Russia, it was Baygusheva (1980) who described in Siberia, the cited publications refer to it using the specific features of this unusual mammoth based on a open nomenclature: M. primigenius ssp., thick-enamel record from the left bank of Severskiy Donets River form, intermediate between M. chosaricus and early M. (Kamensk, Rostov Region). She defined this form to be primigenius; M. ex gr. trogontherii–intermedius and M. very close to Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo, 1966. cf. intermedius, etc. We follow Baygusheva (1980, 1999) In her opinion some of its distinctive features support in considering this peculiar form of “post-chosaricus” establishing a separate subspecies within M. primige- thick-enamel early mammoth as a separate taxon. Mammuthus intermedius from Middle Pleistocene of Siberia 73 Fig. 2. Mammuthus intermedius (Jourdan, 1861): M3 sin, IGM SB RAS #755. Krasogolovo layers of Kedrovka Formation, Bachatsk pit, Kuznetsk Basin. Occlusal view. Below we provide a systematical description of this sion of the Quaternary in the region was performed on mammoth’s molars from two major stratigraphic re- the basis of the multimethod study of the large mammal gions in southern Siberia, the Kuznetsk and North- fauna. It resulted in a refined regional stratigraphic Minusinsk Basins (Fig. 1), and justify its attribution to scale of the Kuznetsk Basin, including important re- M. intermedius (Jourdan, 1861). finement of stratigraphical ranges of the Kedrovka and Bachatsk Formations, and establishing the Berezovo Abbreviations. IGM SB RAS — V.S. Sobolev and Chernigovo Formations (Foronova, 2001b). Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch The material under study (18 last mammoth molars) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk; IAE was excavated in situ in Bachatsk, Novosergeevo, SB RAS — Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Mokhovo, and Kedrovka coal pits, from Krasogolovo Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, beds in the upper part of fluviatile Kedrovka Forma- Novosibirsk. tion. Molars of the peculiar form under study (Fig. 2) constitute the majority of mammoth teeth found in the Localities and material entire Kedrovka Formation. The Krasogolovo beds also yielded remains of Ursus rossicus Borissiak, 1930, The Kuznetsk Basin and Kurtak archaeological dis- Panthera spelaea Goldfuss, 1810, Equus cf. germani- trict are the largest South-Siberian stratigraphic regions cus Nehring, 1884, Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, that represent almost continuous sequence of Quaterna- Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach, 1803, Alces cf. ry sediments and faunas (Fig. 1). The examination of alces Linnaeus, 1758, and Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827. rich paleontological collections from these regions al- Two additional teeth of similar structure were found lowed us to trace the development of Proboscidea in the Mokhovo pit, in loess-like loams of the overlying through the entire Pleistocene (Foronova, 1986, 1998, Berezovo Formation, particulary, in its lower part with 2001a, b, 2010). a paleosol. These deposits also yielded remains of Ur- Kuznetsk Basin (54°13′ N, 86°20′ E) is a vast sus cf. arctos Linnaeus, 1758, Panthera spelaea, Steph- intermountain depression situated in the South-East of anorhinus kirchbergensis (Jäger, 1839) (=Dicerorhi- Western Siberia. It is surrounded by Kuznetsk Alatau nus mercki (Jäger, 1839)),
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