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Accepting the Challenge

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Accepting the Challenge GLOSSARY abandoned mine drainage (AMD) p. 25 anaerobic p.56 A term refering to blast furnace p. 4 A tower like furnace Drainage flowing from or caused by processes or organisms that occur or are which uses a blast of air forced into the surface mining, deep mining or coal active in the abscence of oxygen. furnace from below to produce the refuse piles that is typically highly acidic intense heat needed to separate metals with elevated levels of dissolved metals. anoxic limestone draine (ALD) p. 52 from the impurities in the ore. An anoxic limestone drain (ALD) is a Abraham Darby p. 7 An English Quaker buried bed of limestone constructed to boom p. 22 A long beam which can be familiar with both the brewing industry intercept subsurface mine water flows. swung laterally and vertically above its and the iron industry. He determined ALD’s are used to prevent contact with pivot. At the far end cables and a that coke was suitable for atmospheric oxygen and retain carbon digging bucket can be mounted. producing iron. dioxide, which in turn, generates more alkalinity. Sediment ponds are breaker p. 14 A machine which aeration p.38 The introduction of air constructed after an ALD to accumulate combines coal crushing and screening. into water by stiring or mixing. the iron oxide precipitates. Normally consists of a rotating drum in which coal is broken by gravity impact aerobic p. 50 A term refering to black lung disease p.17 A condtion against the walls of the drum. processes or organisms that occur or of the lungs that is caused by the are active in the presence of oxygen. inhalation and deposition of coal dust breaker boy p.14 A young boy who within the lungs resulting in violent and worked in the breaker where he alkalinity p. 37 The measurement of uncontrollable coughing. separated slate and rock from the coal. the ability of water’s capacity to neutralize acids. 70 71 buffer p.37 The ability to resist changes coke p. 6 A hard, dry carbon substance diffusion p. 38 (1) The intermingling or emphysema p.17 An abnormal swelling in pH when an acid or base is added. For produced by heating coal to a very high mixing of the molecules of two or more of lung tissue which causes difficulty example, alkalinity buffers the stream temperature in the absence of air. Coke substances. (2) The process by which in breathing. against acid mine drainage. However, if is used in the manufacture of iron both ionic and molecular species the drainage uses up the alkalinity, the and steel. dissolved in water move from areas of ferric iron p.54 An oxidized form of iron stream loses it’s buffering capacity. higher concentration to areas of lower (Fe+3). The precipitate is yellow to red collectors p. 43 Aquactic organisms concentration. in color. carbon monoxide p.17 (CO); A who feed on the bite-sized suspended colorless, odorless, highly poisonous particles that are left over by the dissolved oxygen p. 38 The amount of final face p.33 The exposed area of a gas produced by the incomplete burning shredders and scrapers. oxygen gas (O2) dissolved in a given coal bed. of any carbonaceous material. volume of water at a particular continuous miner p. 12 A piece of temperature and pressure. Usually highwall p. 22,33 The unexcavated face charcoal p.4 The residue, primarily mining equipment which produces a expressed in concentrations in parts per of exposed overburden and coal in a carbon, from the partial combustion of continuous flow of ore from the million (ppm) or milligrams per liter surface mine. wood or other organic matter. working face. (mg/L). James Watt p.15 (1736 -1819) An coal p.2 Coal is a combustible rock of contour mining p. 22 A technique of diversion well p.57 A vertical tank filled instrument maker who improved upon organic origin composed mainly of open cut mining in which coal beds are with limestone aggregate that generates Thomas Newcome’s atmospheric steam carbon (50-98%), hydrogen (3-13%) and mined in relatively level benches along alkalinity by turbulently mixing and engine and went on to invent the first oxygen, with lesser amounts of nitrogen, a hillside. abrading the limestone into true steam engine. sulphur and other elements. Some fine particles. water is always present, as are grains of cutting machine p. 11 A machine, limestone p.34 A sedimentary rock inorganic matter that form an usually used in coal, that will cut a dragline p.22 An excavating machine consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate incombustible residue known as ash. 10- to 15-cm slot. The slot allows room that uses a bucket operated and primarily in the form of the mineral for expansion of the broken coal suspended by lines or cables, one of calcite and with or without magnesium coal auger p.11 (1) A primitive tool after blasting. which lowers the bucket from the boom; carbonate. It can be formed through resembling a brace and bit used to drill a the other, from which the name of the either organic or inorganic process. hole in the coal in which explosives detritis p. 42 Freshly dead or partially machine is derived, allows the bucket to Limestone effervesces freely with any would be placed. (2) A special type of decomposed organic material. swing out from the machine or to be common acid. continuous miner that consists of a large dragged toward the machine to remove diameter screw drill which cuts, overburden above a coal seam. transports, and loads the coal onto vehicles or conveyors. drift mine p.10 A mine that opens into a horizontal or practically level seam of coal. This type of mine is generally the easiest to open as the mine opening enters into the coal outcrop. 72 73 longwall mining machine p.13 nipper p.14 A young boy whose job it Passive Treatment p. 46 The use of refuse piles p.28 Mounds of generally One of three major underground coal was to open the mining doors whenever naturally occuring chemical and poor quality coal-like materials located mining methods currently in use. a mule-drawn mine car passed through. biological reactions to effectively and where coal was prepared for market. Employs a steel plow, or rotation drum, Also called a trapper or door boy. economically remove contaminants from which is pulled mechanically back and mine drainage. reverberatory furnace p. 4 A furnace forth across a face of coal that is usually open limestone channels (OLC) p.51 with a shallow hearth, usually non- several hundred feet long. The loosened A limestone-lined ditch that increases pH p.37 The negative log10 of the regenerative, having a roof that deflects coal falls onto a conveyor for removal oxidation and generates alkalinity hydrogen-ion activity in solution which is the the flame and heat downwards from the mine. through limestone dissolution. a measure of the acidity or basicity of a toward the hearth or the surface of the solution. The pH scale is from 0-14. A charge so that the material to be macroinvertebrates p.42 Organisms ore p.4 The naturally occurring material low pH is acidic where as a high pH is smelted would not need to be mixed with no backbone but are large enough from which a mineral or minerals of basic and 7 being neutral. with the fuel which would result to see with the unaided eye. economic value can be extracted. in impurities. photosynthesis p.38 A complex process methane p.17 (CH4); The most simple of overburden p.21 Layers of soil and rock by which plants use carbon dioxide, riffle areas p.38 A shoal, reef, or rocky the hydrocarbons formed naturally from covering a coal bed. Overburden is water, and sunlight to produce oxygen, obstruction in a stream, producing a the decay of vegetative matter, similar to removed prior to surface mining and carbohydrates, and other nutrient ripple or a stretch of shallow, rapid, or that which formed coal. It is the principal replaced after the coal is removed. molecules. choppy water. component of natural gas. oxidation p. 50 A natural chemical pit p.34 The area exposed to extract rock dust p.18 Finely ground limestone milligrams per liter (mg/L) p.38 A unit reaction that occurs in the process coal by removing the overburden. applied to the walls, ceiling, and floor of measure of the concentration of a of oxygen. a mine to suppress potential fires. component substance measured by the precipitate p.47, 51 A substance which amount of milligrams of that substance pan line p.13 A conveyor system which separates from a solution as a solid by roof bolt p. 10 A long steel bolt that exists in one liter of a particular transports the coal to coal cars or a belt the action of chemical reagents, driven into the roof of underground liquid which is typically water. conveyor to be transported out of temperature, pH, etc. excavations to support the roof, the mine. preventing and limiting the extent of nephelometric turbidity units (NTU’s) pyrite p. 25 A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow roof falls. The unit consists of the bolt p.39 A unit measure of turbidity in parts per million (ppm) p. 38 The unit mineral, FeS2 or iron disulfide, generally (up to 4 feet long), steel plate, which the intensity of light scattered by measure of the concentration of a in cubic crystals. Also called iron pyrites, expansion shell, and nut.
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