L'immagine Della Città Del Futuro Nella Letteratura Distopica Della Prima Metà Del '900

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L'immagine Della Città Del Futuro Nella Letteratura Distopica Della Prima Metà Del '900 L’IMMAGINE DELLA CITTÀ DEL FUTURO NELLA LETTERATURA DISTOPICA DELLA PRIMA METÀ DEL ‘900 Tesi di dottorato di Daniele Porretta Relatore Juan José Lahuerta Alsina Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona Barcelona, 2014 3 Indice Introduzione .............................................................................................................p. 5 Capitolo 1. Utopia e distopia.....................................................................................“ 13 1.1 Utopia....................................................................................................................“ 13 1.1.1 – Origine e significato della parola “utopia” .............................................“ 13 1.1.2 – L’Utopia di More e la nascita del genere letterario ................................“ 20 1.1.3 – Caratteristiche fondamentali delle utopie..............................................“ 25 1.1.4 – Il Rinascimento e l’utopia urbana...........................................................“ 34 1.1.5 – Utopie spaziali del secolo XIX: Owen, Fourier e Cabet..........................“ 40 1.2 Distopia .................................................................................................................“ 49 1.2.1 – Origine e significato della parola “distopia” ..........................................“ 49 1.2.2 – Caratteristiche fondamentali delle distopie...........................................“ 53 1.2.3 – La distopia come rappresentazione della paura collettiva ...................“ 58 Capitolo 2. La città dell’utopia tecnologica .............................................................“ 63 2.1 La nascita dell’utopia scientifica.........................................................................“ 63 2.1.1 New Atlantis di Francis Bacon....................................................................“ 63 2.2 L’utopia del progresso..........................................................................................“ 68 2.2.1 – La costruzione del mito del progresso ....................................................“ 68 2.2.2 – L’America come luogo di fondazione della città utopica ......................“ 71 2.2.3 – Gli eroi dell’epoca industriale: l’inventore, l’ingegnere ........................“ 73 2.2.4 – L’immagine della città del futuro: gigantismo, artificialità, verticalità e densità .....................................................“ 79 2.3 La costruzione letteraria della città del futuro...................................................“ 91 2.3.1 – Immaginando la vita quotidiana nel futuro ...........................................“ 91 2.3.2 – Il romanzo dell’utopia tecnologica e dell’utopia capitalista.................“ 93 2.3.3 – Boston 2000, l’utopia urbana di Bellamy................................................“ 100 2.3.4 – La ville ideale, secondo Jules Verne .........................................................“ 107 2.3.5 – Cinema e utopia tecnologica ...................................................................“ 119 Capitolo 3. La crisi del futuro della città ..................................................................“ 127 3.1 La crisi dell’idea di progresso ..............................................................................“ 127 3.1.1 – La paura del futuro ...................................................................................“ 127 3.2 Paure vittoriane ....................................................................................................“ 131 4 Indice 3.2.1 – La paura della crescita demografica........................................................“ 131 3.2.2 – Classi lavoratrici, classi pericolose..........................................................“ 137 3.2.3 – Lotta di classe ed evoluzione della specie: Wells e London...................“ 142 3.2.4 – Lo spettro della decadenza dell’impero e della razza............................“ 148 3.3 Il futuro della città industriale fra utopia e anti-utopia ....................................“ 156 3.3.1 – Le città distopiche di Jules Verne.............................................................“ 156 3.3.2 – L’utopia anti-urbana come critica della città industriale .....................“ 160 3.3.3 – L’età della macchina .................................................................................“ 164 3.4 La distruzione letteraria della città ....................................................................“ 170 3.4.1 - Apocalissi urbane......................................................................................“ 170 3.4.2 – Il romanzo della Future War.....................................................................“ 174 3.4.3 – Londra: la distruzione della metropoli come morte della civiltà .........“ 178 Capitolo 4. Controllo urbano e distopia totalitaria ................................................“ 185 4.1 Noi di Evgenij Zamjatin, una distopia del controllo..........................................“ 185 4.1.1 – L’utopia secondo Zamjatin ......................................................................“ 185 4.1.2 – Il muro verde e la città isolata..................................................................“ 199 4.1.3 – La città di vetro come utopia della sicurezza .........................................“ 203 4.2 Il principio della vigilanza permanente .............................................................“ 205 4.2.1 – 1 Il Panopticon e Foucault .......................................................................“ 205 4.2.2 – Il criminale invisibile................................................................................“ 215 4.2.3 – La civiltà del vetro.....................................................................................“ 219 Capitolo 5. Città biopolitica e distopia moderna ...................................................“ 231 5.1 Utopia comunista e utopia capitalista ...............................................................“ 231 5.1.1– L’utopia di massa .......................................................................................“ 231 5.1.2 – La città biopolitica ....................................................................................“ 237 5.2 Spazio e controllo nella distopia moderna ........................................................“ 245 5.2.1 – Brave New World di Aldous Huxley..........................................................“ 245 5.2.2 – Nineteen Eighty-Four di George Orwell .................................................“ 256 Epilogo. Dall'utopia del progresso alla distopia del controllo ...............................“ 277 Appendice Utopie e distopie della città contemporanea.....................................................“ 281 Città e paura..........................................................................................................“ 281 L’utopia dopo la fine di utopia ............................................................................“ 288 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................“ 295 5 Introduzione L’epoca della guerra alla città Sono un filosofo e studio l’incidente perché è un prodotto del pensiero. Il XVII secolo è stata l’epoca dei matematici, il XVIII dei fisici, il XIX dei biologi e il XX quello della paura e del perfezio- namento della distruzione. “Paul Virilio, la scrittura del disastro”, intervista a Il Manifesto, 30 novembre 2002. A partire dal 2005, per cinque anni consecutivi, i fotografi francesiYves Marchand e Ro- main Meffre visitarono Detroit, realizzando un ritratto della città che fu un tempo uno dei simboli più potenti della cultura urbana mondiale. Il reportage, pubblicato in un li- bro intitolato The Ruins of Detroit1 mostrava la decadenza dell’antica capitale dell’in- dustria dell’automobile, conseguenza del processo di deindustrializzazione che aveva riguardato le città nordamericane. Le scene preferite dai due fotografi erano le strade e i teatri abbandonati, le vecchie installazioni industriali ricoperte dalle piante rampi- canti, scuole e luoghi di culto che si sgretolano per il passare del tempo, le residenze del- l’alta borghesia cittadina abbandonate e in rovina. Ovunque, la boscaglia si stava fa- cendo strada fra i muri, rompendo con le proprie radici i pavimenti, ricoperti di polvere e di pezzi di vetro. Sembrava quasi che la natura avesse cominciato un lento e inesora- bile processo di cancellazione della città. In un’intervista, gli autori paragonarono i paesaggi desolati della città ritratta nel loro re- portage a un’immensa scena apocalittica. Ogni scatto ricordava l’ambientazione di un film di fantascienza, per essere più precisi di una “distopia”, termine ancora oggi non del tutto diffuso2, ma sempre più utilizzato per descrivere quel sottogenere della fantascienza che ha per oggetto la descrizione di un futuro deviato, negativo ed indesiderabile. I fotografi andarono a cercare il luogo dove un tempo era sorta l’antica fabbrica dove la General Motors produceva le Cadillac. In Piquette Street trovarono ciò che rimaneva- della Fisher Body plant 21. Nonostante fossero oramai passati gli anni Cinquanta, pe- riodo in cui la città aveva raggiunto l’apice del suo splendore industriale, le antiche sale continuavano ad esistere. Le immense navate, vuote e decrepite, testimoniavano i tempi in cui “Motor City” era stata la capitale del sogno americano. Oggi, delle navate rimangono le rovine nude e le foto hanno una tonalità verdastra, marina. Dai soffitti
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