Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters Volume Xxxv (1949)
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MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ARTS AND PAPERS OF THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF LETTERS SCIENCE ARTS AND LETTERS EDITORS VOLUME XXXV (1949) EUGENE S. MCCARTNEY FREDERICK K. SPARROW CONTAINING PAPERS SUBMITTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING IN 1949 VOLUME XXXV (1949) “Pusilla res mundus est nisi in illo quod quaerat omnis mundus habeat.” VOLUME XXXV IS AVAILABLE IN FOUR PARTS: —SENECA, Naturales Quaestiones PART I: BOTANY AND FORESTRY ANN ARBOR: THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS LONDON: GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PART II: ZOOLOGY PRESS 1951 PART III: GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY All rights reserved PART IV: GENERAL SECTION COPYRIGHT, 1951, ANTHROPOLOGY, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, POLITICAL Set up and printed, SCIENCE, PSYCHOLOGY July, 1948 he annual volumes of Papers of the Michigan PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE HILDRETH PRESS · BRISTOL · CONN. TAcademy of Science, Arts and Letters are issued under the joint direction of the Council of the Academy and of the University of Michigan Press. The editor for the Academy is Frederick K. Sparrow; for the University, OFFICERS FOR 1949 Eugene S. McCartney. PRESIDENT, Marshall M. Knappen, University of Michigan VICE-PRESIDENT, Floyd A. Stilgenbauer, Wayne University Before the inauguration of the present series in 1922 the SECRETARY, Frederick H. Test, University of Michigan Academy published twenty-two volumes under the title TREASURER, James T. Wilson, University of Michigan Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. EDITOR, Frederick K. Sparrow, University of Michigan Copies are still available for distribution and will be sent ACTING EDITOR, Henry van der Schalie, University of Michigan on exchange as long as the editions last. Applications LIBRARIAN, Warner G. Rice, University of Michigan for copies should be made to the University of Michigan COÖRDINATOR FOR JUNIOR ACADEMY, William J. Gilbert, Albion Press. College The Annual Reports which are now being published SECTION CHAIRMEN contain the proceedings of the Academy. Applications ANTHROPOLOGY, Alexis A. Praus, Kalamazoo Museum for copies should be addressed to the Librarian of the BOTANY, Stanley A. Cain, Cranbrook Institute of Science University of Michigan. ECONOMICS, Emery Troxel, Wayne University FINE ARTS, Marshall Fredericks, Birmingham Volumes XXIV-XXXV are also issued in parts, in paper FOLKLORE, Aili K. Johnson, Flint covers. The contents and the prices of these parts and FORESTRY, Norman F. Smith, Michigan Department of the prices of all volumes in the series are listed at the Conservation end of this volume. Orders for volumes and requests for GEOGRAPHY, Fred W. Foster, Michigan State College detailed book lists of other University of Michigan GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, George Lindberg, Toledo, Ohio publications should be sent to the University of Michigan HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, Windsor H. Roberts, Hillsdale College Press. HORTICULTURE, Isabel M. Grunau, The Detroit News LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, Charles DeTurk, Wayne County Road Commission LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, Edward B. Ham, University of Michigan MATHEMATICS, B. M. Stewart, Michigan State College PHILOSOPHY, Cornelius L. Golightly, Olivet College PSYCHOLOGY, Wilson McTeer, Wayne University SANITARY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES, Walter H. Seegers, Wayne University SOCIOLOGY, H. Warren Dunham, Wayne University ZOOLOGY, Teunis Vergeer, Hope College Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 35 – Page 1 of 41 CONTENTS GEOLOGY BAKER: GEOGRAPHY Fig. 1. The Pacific Hemisphere, showing convergence of THE FUTURE OF IRON MINING ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE, crustal fragments toward a common center of attraction 24 MARQUETTE COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Robert J. Goodman....... 2 Fig. 2. The Atlantic Hemisphere, showing rifting and THE BEAVER ISLAND-WAUGOSHANCE POINT AREA OF separation ......................................................................24 MICHIGAN. A STUDY IN UNPLANNED RECREATIONAL Fig. 3. Apparatus that simulates gravitational distortion and DEVELOPMENT. John H. McMurry ..................................... 5 fission.............................................................................25 SETTLEMENT EXPANSION ACROSS DETROIT'S NORTHERN Fig. 4. Successive equilibrium forms made by means of a METROPOLITAN RIM INTO SOUTHWEST MACOMB COUNTY. mechanical model ..........................................................25 Floyd A. Stilgenbauer........................................................ 7 Fig. 5. Equilibrium form adapted to illustrate the inferred A SURVEY OF LAND USE AND LAND OWNERSHIP ON BOIS fission of the moon from the southern part of the Pacific BLANC ISLAND. Burke Vanderhill ..................................... 15 Hemisphere....................................................................26 GEOLOGY SCOPEL: Fig. 1. The Geologic map of the Gros Ventre buttes, Jackson, Wyoming .........................................................27 GRAVITATIONAL DISTORTION AND FISSION. Howard B. ANTHROPOLOGY Baker ............................................................................... 23 ADAMS: THE VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE GROS VENTRE BUTTES, JACKSON HOLE, WYOMING. Louis J. Scopel..................... 27 Fig. 1. Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, showing the location of a pithouse..........................................................................29 ANTHROPOLOGY Fig. 2. Stratigraphy on the site of the pithouse......................30 HALF HOUSE: A PITHOUSE IN CHACO CANYON, NEW Figs. 3-4. Floor plan of the house and cross sections of the MEXICO. Richard N. Adams ............................................ 29 floor plan ........................................................................34 ILLUSTRATIONS THE FUTURE OF IRON MINING ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE, PLATES MARQUETTE COUNTY, MICHIGAN GEOGRAPHY ROBERT J. GOODMAN STILGENBAUER: Pls. I-IV. Detroit’s northern rim: industries, occupations, and landmarks...........................................13 OW long will the iron ore last?” is one of the questions paramount in the minds of residents on VANDERHILL: Pls. I-III. Aspects of past and present life on Bois H Blanc Island, Michigan....................................................21 the Marquette Range (Fig. 1). A satisfactory answer to this query involves the consideration of variable factors: ANTHROPOLOGY (1) cost of production; (2) cost of marketing; (3) iron ADAMS: content of the ore; (4) actual and potential reserves; and (5) variation of market demands. Pls. I-V. Site of a pithouse in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, and views of the excavation ..................................................38 Recent costs of production of iron ore have reduced the Pls. V-X. Sherds and miscellaneous artifacts from the profit in mining (Fig. 2). As a result of increasing wages excavation ......................................................................40 and a disproportionate increase in retail price, the theoretical profit on ore dropped from ninety cents per ton in 1939 to three tenths of a cent in 1944.1 Such a FIGURES IN THE TEXT drop is not conducive to sustained maximum production. GEOGRAPHY Profits are high in prosperous years if wages and other prices are near average (1937), but profits are low in GOODMAN: Figs. 1-5. Iron mining on the Marquette Range, years of recession (1938) and in periods of inflation. Michigan: location, profit per ton, state taxes, estimated This decrease in profit discourages a mining company reserves, active mines......................................................3 from risking capital in the discovery and development of MCMURRY: Fig. 1. The Beaver Island-Waugoshance Point new reserves. As a consequence, these conditions tend area, Michigan..................................................................5 to conserve the amounts of ore available. STILGENBAUER: Ore taken from the underground mines of the Marquette Fig. 1. The area across Detroit's northern metropolitan rim.....8 Range must compete with the open-pit ore of the Minnesota ranges (Table I). The latter is cheaper to VANDERHILL: Figs. 1-5. Bois Blanc Island, Michigan: location, mine, but position with respect to market, land drainage pattern, soils, forest pattern, land use, land tenure, ownership of land ...............................................16 ownership, state taxes, and marketing techniques allow Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 35 – Page 2 of 41 the mines of the Marquette Range to operate at a profit within the margin of difference. The Marquette Range has an advantage over the ranges of Minnesota and Wisconsin in position with respect to market. Not only is it closer to the nation's ore markets than the other ranges, but the mines in it are the closest to ore-shipping ports. These positional advantages explain why the lower rates of transportation of ore are in effect for the ports of Marquette and Escanaba (Table II). It may be noted that the all-rail rates from the Upper Lakes to Granite City, Illinois, is $2.50 per gross ton. In marketing techniques the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, largest operator on the Marquette Range, has its own railroad,3 ore boats, and by-products plants. These measures effectively reduce the cost of ore from the Marquette Range at the lower lake ports and tend to haste exploitation of the ore reserves. FIGURE 1 The mines on the Marquette Range are for the most part on lands owned by the companies which operate them. This ownership enables the operators to save royalties of forty cents to a dollar on each ton of ore. State taxes on the production of underground