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Amaryllis Magic with Yellowish Throat Flowering at Kirstenbosch

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Amaryllis Magic with Yellowish Throat Flowering at Kirstenbosch ABOVE LEFT: Changing forms and colours. The pale pink, small-flowered form of Amaryllis belladonna from the Cape west coast with characteristic prominent contrasting veins and RIGHT, Amaryllis 'Multiflora': a white form Amaryllis magic with yellowish throat flowering at Kirstenbosch. Photos: Graham Duncan. From controversy to crossbreeding, this beautiful Cape bulb does not fail to enchant. by Graham Duncan, Kirstenbosch For many a city-bound motorist, the rush hour journey the world and it has become naturalised in many temperate along the southern end of Cape Town's Union Avenue linking parts, including the Mediterranean coast, the western and the southern suburbs with the city centre, is made more tol­ southern parts of Australia, and in California and New erable around March by the sudden appearance, as if by Zealand. On the Channel Island of Jersey the plant has magic, of hundreds of spear-shaped flower buds from the become such a familiar sight that it is boldly depicted on post bone dry earth in the centre traffic island, that rapidly trans.­ cards there and resolutely referred to as the Jersey lily! form into spectacular heads of deliciously fragrant pink Similarly on one of the well-known terraces at Trescoe Abbey trumpets. Gardens on the Isles of Scilly, a host of A. belladonna provide Amaryllis belladonna, the familiar 'Belladonn Lily' or a brilliant feast of pink each October. 'March Lily', was one of the first Cape bulbs to be taken back For almost fifty years, from 1938 to 1987, a heated debate to Europe, where it has been grown for well over three and a raged between botanists as to the correct application of the half centuries. It was illustrated by the Jesuit priest G.B. name Amaryllis belladonna. The controversy stemmed from Ferrari in Rome as far back as 1633, but it was Linnaeus the fact that over many decades this name had been applied who in 1753 afforded it its modern binomial in his Species to numerous different bulbous plants, by different authors, plantarum. His admiration for our beautiful lily is clearly including the tropical South American and Caribbean reflected in both the generic and specific names with which species Hippeastrum puniceum, as well as the plant we know he chose to describe the species. Amaryllis is derived from so well in South Africa. It was the view of certain American the Greek amarullis, referring to a beautiful Roman shep­ botanists that the name A. belladonna be retained for the herdess often mentioned in the classical mythology of Ovid, South American plant, despite the fact that the type speci­ Theocritus and Virgil, while belladonna is Italian for beauti­ men clearly upheld the identity of the South African plant. fullady. The matter was finally brought to conclusion in 1987 at a Its exquisite blooms, overpoweringly fruity-sweet perfume meeting of the Committee for Spermatophyta, at which and ease of cultivation has endeared it to gardeners around preservation of the name was unanimously supported for the 142 December 2004 Veld&Flora South African plant. Unfortunately, the tunics with age and are exceptionally known respectively by the bigeneric vivid, large-flowered, summer-flowering poisonous due to the presence of names x Amarygia, x Amarcrinum and Hippeastrum hybrids produced by the amaryllid alkaloid compounds. Flower x Amarine. countless million in South Africa and buds emerge from February to April Some of the most successful crosses in many other countries, continue to be and the stout, purplish-green, slightly have been officially recognised and sold under the incorrect, but universal­ compressed flower stems elongate rap­ named, such as x Amarygia bidwellii ly entrenched name of 'gardener's idly, reaching up to 850 cm high. (A. belladonna x Brunsvigia orientalis), amaryllis', and doubtless will be known A. belladonna is easily recognized by raised by the Australian horticulturist as such for decades to come. its long sub-erect, strap-shaped leaves Bidwell in 1870, that produced spec­ The recent discovery of a second and large trumpet-shaped flowers that tacular radial heads of up to forty flow­ species in the genus Amaryllis, A. para­ are usually strongly oriented to one ers. In Australia this hybrid was later disicola, brought about great surprise side. The foliage of A. paradisicola is back-crossed onto A. belladonna, the and excitement in horticultural and broader, shorter and spreading, and progeny of which became known as botanical circles. First discovered in a distinctly oval-shaped, with the leaf Amaryllis 'Multiflora', that produced up leafing state by John Lavranos in a margins curiously wavy, and in both to twenty widely flaring trumpets, remote gorge in the Richtersveld in species the foliage has a prominent including some excellent white-flow­ 1972, hundreds of kilometres north midrib. Flower colour in A. belladonna ered forms with yellowish throats. west of the most northerly known local­ varies in many shades of pink to deep One of the most successful of the x ity for A. belladonna, material of the rose-pink or almost burgundy, rarely Amarcrinum crosses was achieved with mystery bulb could not be accurately pure white, always with a creamy-yel­ A. belladonna x Crinum moorei, that identified due to the absence of flowers. low throat. became known as x Amarcrinum memo­ Leafing bulbs of the plant were sub­ In both species flower colour darkens ria-corsii, and in x Amarine the most sequently found by several more collec­ with age and A. belladonna emits an notable cross was x Amarine tubergenii tors, but were never seen in bloom overwhelming, fruity-sweet fragrance 'Zwanenburg', raised in The until 1995, when Richtersveld National that intensifies at night, attracting the Netherlands in 1940 between A. bel­ Park ranger Johannes Domroch moths that visit them. Flower fragrance ladonna and Nerine bowdenii, and a pressed a single flower he had collect­ is much less intense in A. paradisicola. popular flower bulb crop to this day. ed, and presented it to Dr G. The west coast forms of A. belladonna The uniformly pink flowers of A. par­ Williamson who was conducting a have somewhat smaller flowers with adisicola without the creamy-yellow floristic survey of the Richtersveld at prominently contrasting tepal veins throat typical of A. belladonna, and its the time, but who could not place it in compared to the typical forms, and the generally more floriferous flower head any particular genus with certainty. bulbs tend not to produce offsets as and unusual foliage will provide an Then in the autumn of 1997, Dr readily as their counterparts in the exciting new source of genetic material Williamson and his wife were rewarded fynbos. in amaryllid breeding. when, quite by chance, they came The flowers of A. paradisicola are a Cultivation across a sizeable stand of the magnifi­ clear pale pink to deep rose-pink, with­ While A. belladonna thrives on cent plant in full bloom. out creamy-yellow throats, and gener­ benign neglect, the complaint is often Specimens were collected and ally carry more flowers per inflores­ heard from frustrated gardeners that brought back to the Compton cence than A. belladonna does, and its their bulbs have either never flowered, Herbarium at Kirstenbosch and follow­ flower stalks spread in all directions. or flower very erratically. ing a systematic study of the popula­ The fleshy rounded seeds are creamy­ As is the case with the 'George lily' tion, the plant was finally described as white to pink and are shed in early (Cyrtanthus elatus, previously known new by Dr D. Snijman in 1998. April to coincide with the onset of win­ Both Amaryllis species are restricted ter rains. In nature, A. belladonna is to the winter rainfall zone of South only to be seen flowering in open Africa and are distinctly deciduous, aspects and is adapted to profuse flow­ undergoing a completely dry summer ering following summer bush fires that dormant period. A. belladonna occurs periodically rage across its mountain The recent discovery of in the Fynbos Biome of the Western habitat. Unlike the fynbos amaryllid Cape extending from Clanwilliam in the Cyrtanthus ventricosus that is wholly a second species in the Olifants River Valley to George in the dependent on fire for flowering to sou'thern Cape, primarily in fynbos of occur, this is not the case with A. bel­ genus Amaryllis, lower mountain slopes, but also in ladonna, although flowering is greatly renosterveld of low-lying granite hills enhanced by it, clearing away thick A. paradisicola, brought along the west coast. bush cover that prevents the foliage A. paradisicola is endemic to the arid from getting enough sun. about great surprise Richtersveld in the far north-western A. belladonna, also sometimes corner of the Northern Cape, in the known as 'naked lady' due to the flower and excitement in Succulent Karoo Biome. Both species stems appearing without any foliage, are hysteranthous, producing their has acquired numerous named culti­ horticultural and flowers in early autumn before the vars over the years, and it has been leaves develop in May following the used extensively in the development of botanical circles. onset of winter rains. The large egg­ striking intergeneric crosses, notably shaped bulbs develop hard outer with Brunsvigia, Crinum and Nerine, December 2004 Veld&Flora 143 as Vallota speciosa), there can be no at the expense of flowers. A. belladonna bright light for as much of the day as doubt that there are certain forms of A. easily adapts to a wide variety of soils, possible when grown under cover. belladonna that are naturally free-flow­ growing best in sandy loam, and is Flowering in A. belladonna diminish­ ering and others that are not. Even remarkably resilient to general garden es markedly once surrounding vegeta­ with free-flowering forms, not every watering during its summer dormant tion becomes too thick and regular bulb flowers every year.
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