DOCSLIB.ORG

The Armenian Minority of Post-Soviet Georgia and Its Identity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Armenian Minority of Post-Soviet Georgia and Its Identity Master’s Degree in Comparative International Relations Final Thesis The Armenian minority of post-Soviet Georgia and its identity Supervisor Ch. Prof. Aldo Ferrari Assistant Supervisor Ch. Prof. Giuli Shabashvili Graduand Francesco Moratelli 870244 Academic Year 2018 / 2019 INDEX - ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ p. 5 - LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................ p. 11 - INTRODUCTION - AIM OF THE STUDY....................................................... p. 13 - Note on the romanisation from the Armenian, Georgian and Russian Scripts ... p. 19 Chapter I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................... p. 20 I.1. Presence of Armenians in the territory of modern-day Georgia from Antiquity to the XVII century ...................................................................................... p. 20 I.2. History of the Armenian presence in Javakheti (VIII century B.C.-mid XX century A.D) .............................................................................................. p. 23 I.3. Armenian community of Tiflis in the XIX century ................................... p. 25 I.4. Ethnic Armenians under the Democratic Republic of Georgia and Georgian SSR .............................................................................................................. p. 30 I.5. The situation of Armenians in the post-1991 independent Republic of Georgia ..................................................................................................................... p. 33 I.6. Ethnic Armenians following the Rose Revolution (2003) .......................... p. 37 Chapter II. ARMENIAN COMMUNITY OF CONTEMPORARY TBILISI ........ p. 41 II.1. A brief overview of the current situation ................................................... p. 41 II.2. The role of the Armenian Apostolic Church ............................................. p. 42 II.3. The Petros Adamyan Tbilisi State Armenian Drama Theatre ................... p. 43 II.4. The importance of the Armenian Schools of Tbilisi ................................. p. 43 II.5. Media situation among Tbilisi Armenians ................................................ p. 45 II.6. Current issues and Challenges of Tbilisi Armenians ................................. p. 46 II.7. Armenia in the perception of Tbilisi-Armenians ....................................... p. 47 II.8. “Armenian-ness” in the everyday life of Tbilisi Armenians ..................... p. 48 Chapter III. ARMENIAN COMMUNITY OF CONTEMPORARY JAVAKHETI p. 50 III.1. Brief geographic and demographic overview .......................................... p. 50 2 III.2. Government Policy towards Javakheti .................................................... p. 51 III.3. Local actors ............................................................................................. p. 52 III.4. Migration and seasonal labour ................................................................. p. 53 Chapter IV. ARMENIAN AS A MINORITY LANGUAGE? ................................. p. 55 Chapter V. EDUCATION ........................................................................................ p. 57 V.1. Brief overview ........................................................................................... p. 57 V.2. Preschool education ................................................................................... p. 58 V.3. General education ...................................................................................... p. 60 V.4. Textbooks and national curricula .............................................................. p. 62 V.5. Teaching Minority-Specific Subjects ........................................................ p. 64 V.6. Teaching Georgian in non Georgian schools ............................................ p. 65 V.7. Higher Education ....................................................................................... p. 68 Chapter VI. THE ARMENIAN MINORITY AND THE MEDIA SITUATION ... p. 72 VI.1. Brief historical overview .......................................................................... p. 72 VI.2. Current Legislation................................................................................... p. 73 VI.3. Availability of Armenian-language media in Georgia ............................. p. 75 VI.4. Minority-related programs ....................................................................... p. 78 VI.5. Regional and local media ......................................................................... p. 80 VI.6. Current issues .......................................................................................... p. 82 Chapter VII. PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC LIFE ................................................ p. 84 VII.1. Overview of the situation ........................................................................ p. 84 VII.2. Political Participation .............................................................................. p. 87 VII.3. Attitude of ethnic Armenians toward Georgia’s foreign policies ........... p. 88 Chapter VIII. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ................................................ p. 90 VIII.1. Current situation and structure of the Legal System in Javakheti ......... p. 90 VIII.2. Issues in the administration of justice ................................................... p. 91 Chapter IX. ARMENOPHOBIA? ........................................................................... p. 94 IX.1. Historic development of anti-Armenian sentiments ................................ p. 94 3 IX.2. Anti-Armenian sentiments in Georgia ..................................................... p. 95 Chapter X. CASES OF DISCRIMINATION AND UNFAIR TREATMENT ........ p. 98 X.1. Unfair Treatment of ethnic Armenian Workers of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway ....................................................................................................... p. 98 X.2. Appropriation of Armenian Apostolic Churches of Georgia .................... p. 99 X.3. Monument to Mikhayel Avagyan in the village of Bughashen ................. p. 103 X.4. Perceived discrimination and fear, the reverse case of Gorelovka ............ p. 107 Chapter XI. ARMENIA-GEORGIA RELATIONS AFTER INDEPENDENCE .... p. 109 XI.1. Overview .................................................................................................. p. 109 XI.2. Impact on the Armenian minority of Georgia .......................................... p. 110 Chapter XII. MODELS FROM EUROPEAN STATES .......................................... p. 113 XII.1. Premise.................................................................................................... p. 113 XII.2. The case of Romania............................................................................... p. 113 XII.3. Applicability of the Romanian model to the Georgian reality................ p. 115 XII.4. The case of Croatia ................................................................................. p. 116 XII.5. Applicability of the Croatian model to the Georgian reality .................. p. 118 XII.6. Available possibilities for Georgia ......................................................... p. 118 - CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................... p. 119 - BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ p. 122 4 ABSTRACT Il processo di integrazione delle minoranze etniche attualmente presenti sul territorio della Repubblica di Georgia rappresenta un problema di natura sociale, articolato su vari livelli, che comporta conseguenze sfavorevoli allo sviluppo complessivo di questa nazione e, per questo motivo, richiede particolari politiche volte a migliorare la coesistenza di queste popolazioni all’interno del Paese. Questa tesi si occupa esclusivamente della minoranza armena di Georgia e, dopo una contestualizzazione storica delle origini e delle fasi della presenza armena, si prefigge come scopo quello di analizzare lo stato attuale dell’identità degli armeni di Georgia sotto molteplici aspetti e punti di vista, quali la barriera linguistica e altri ostacoli che si presentano a livello burocratico, scolastico, mediatico e di partecipazione politica. L’indagine si focalizza sull’attuale situazione armena e in particolare sugli ostacoli che devono ancora essere affrontati da questa minoranza e sulle politiche attuate dai governi georgiani nei suoi confronti, con le relative ripercussioni sull’identità degli armeni di Georgia. A questo proposito, un miglioramento della situazione è auspicabile, infatti, perché gioverebbe non solo agli armeni, ma anche all’intera Georgia in quanto nazione in via di transizione verso un Paese democratico alla ricerca di un’intensificazione dei rapporti di cooperazione con organizzazioni internazionali quali la NATO e l’UE. Dal raggiungimento dell’indipendenza dall’Unione Sovietica nel 1991, la Georgia ha dovuto fronteggiare numerosi problemi di diversa natura, quali una guerra civile e la perdita di controllo effettivo su due regioni che costituivano il 20% della superficie del territorio nazionale: l’Abcasia e l’Ossezia del Sud. Fino ad ora, nonostante alcuni miglioramenti ottenuti, è mancato, da parte dei molteplici governi georgiani succedutisi, un forte segnale di volontà di risoluzione dei problemi con la minoranza armena ancora presente sul territorio nazionale, tramite
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
    The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia.
    [Show full text]
  • Unforgettable Landscapes
    Unforgettable Landscapes: Attachments to the Past in Hellenistic Armenia Lori Khatchadourian Historical cartographers are quintessential memory specialists. Given the task of determining the relative importance of one hamlet, village, town, or city from another, those who map the past exercise the right to erase the memory of a place itself, along with the memories of the peoples, histories, and monuments through which that place was constituted. As reviewers of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World recently wrote, “all maps—in one way or another, aggressively or unconsciously—‘lie’ to us” (Alcock, Dey and Parker 2001, 458). This discriminating duty of the cartographer, when paired with the narrow approach of traditional classical scholarship on the Near East during the Hellenistic era (ca. 323-31 BC), has resulted in rather peculiar maps of the period: undiscovered places that are mentioned in Greek and Roman sources are marked, while archaeological sites whose names do not appear in this particular body of literature are not. The dominant narrative concerning the Hellenistic Near East has radically privileged cities thought to have been havens of Hellenism, due to the celebrated works of Greek art their inhabitants produced. For the student of classical archaeology, the likely impression of the Near East in the enigmatic period between the collapse of the Persian Empire and the rise of the Roman Empire is like that of a photograph with well-focused, fore grounded, Hellenized hubs—such as Pergamon, Antioch, Ephasos—set against a soft-focused, hazy background of 1 places that were perhaps touched by the ripple effects of Hellenism, or stagnantly persisted as vestigially Persian.
    [Show full text]
  • ANJ 1991V 17 Images
    Series I Volume XVII, No. 3 September 1991 ^118 ARMENIAN 'EP8lf8‘H’S8iili^ NUMISMATIC ^mtU JOURNAL ARMENIAN NUMISMATIC JOURNAL Series I Vol. XVII. No. 3 September 1991 LETTERS ...My exhibit of bank notes of Armenia, both at the St. Louis and Memphis shows, was very successful and I received a plaque at each show. I am sending you the enclosed pictures from the frames. 5 . Armen Yousseflfi Lenexa, KS I read your article [on Tigranes I] with great Interest. It Is well written and researched and introduces a very interesting new coin. However, I don't agree with Bedouklan's attribution to Tigranes I on the basis of the inscription. The use of C instead of Z In the BACIAEcoC is a late innovation—and the title "PhilheUene" points to a later date. I think it probably is from an obscure mint for Tigranes III [20-8 B.C.]. I don't claim to be an expert on such things and would like to hear from others. The earliest use of C for sigma Z that I can find is on the coins of Phraates III who ruled according to BMC from B.C. 70-57. Somewhat later (38 B.C.) C is used exclusively in Parthian coin inscriptions. I find it strange that Tigranes I and III though separated by almost a century should use the same letters and titles. The use of the title philhellene is not conclusive in dating this coin to 123-90 B.C. Nick Jamgochlan Glendale, CA Author's response: I am not an expert on the epigraphy of ancient Greek coins but here is the result of my research conducted in S.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of Religion Or Belief in Georgia 2010-2019
    FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF IN GEORGIA Report 2010-2019 FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF IN GEORGIA REPORT 2010-2019 Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI) 2020 The report is prepared by Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI) within the framework of East-West Management Institute’s (EWMI) "Promoting Rule of Law in Georgia" (PROLoG) project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The report is published with the support from the Open Society Georgia Foundation (OSGF). The content is the sole responsibility of the Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), United States Government, East-West Management Institute (EWMI) or Open Society Georgia Foundation (OSGF). Authors: Mariam Gavtadze, Eka Chitanava, Anzor Khatiashvili, Mariam Jikia, Shota Tutberidze, Gvantsa Lomaia Project director: Mariam Gavtadze Translators: Natia Nadiradze, Tamar Kvaratskhelia Design: Tornike Lortkipanidze Cover: shutterstock It is prohibited to reprint, copy or distribute the material for commercial purposes without written consent of the Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI). Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI), 2020 Web: www.tdi.ge CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Methodology ..........................................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Shakespeare and European Theatrical Cultures: Anatomizing Text and Stage
    2017 ESRA Congress programme Shakespeare and European Theatrical Cultures: AnAtomizing Text and Stage 27 – 30 July 2017 Organisers: University of Gdańsk and Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre I. PLENARY SPEAKERS 1. Peter Holland University of Notre Dame, USA "Forgetting Shakespeare Performance" This paper will range widely across the topic of Shakespeare and forgetting before concentrating on the ease with which performance is forgotten. Peter Holland is McMeel Family Professor in Shakespeare Studies in the Department of Film, Television and Theatre, and Associate Dean for the Arts at the University of Notre Dame. He moved there in 2002 from the UK where he was Director of the Shakespeare Institute in Stratford-upon-Avon. He is co-General Editor for a number of series, including Oxford Shakespeare Topics (Oxford University Press), Shakespeare in the Theatre (Arden Shakespeare), Great Shakespearean (Bloomsbury Academic) and the Arden Shakespeare 4th series. He is Editor of Shakespeare Survey. He was elected Chair of the International Shakespeare Association in 2017. He is currently editing King Lear for Arden 4 and writing a book on Shakespeare and Forgetting. 2. Diana E. Henderson Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA "Hard Hearts and Coronets: Anatomizing Resistance and Community with Shakespeare Now" After a year of Shakespearean commemorative celebrations, “the fierce urgency of now” has intruded upon scholarly pursuits and theatrical events in more incongruous ways. In the US, making Shakespeare our contemporary has led to death threats directed at that (seemingly) most benign of theatrical subgenres, the outdoor summer festival. In Europe, the uncertainty unleashed by the Brexit referendum challenges border crossings and collaborations, while the core issues of violence and inequity that have prompted mass migrations grow ever more grotesque; at the same time, remarkable performances and conferences provide precious, fragile occasions for considering what boundary-crossing Shakespeares can do.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality
    Unknown Suburbs: Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality 2020 POLICY STUDY Unknown Suburbs: Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality Aleksandre Kvakhadze POLICY STUDY 2020 Introduction Since declaring its independence, the Georgian state has been struggling with the integration of its ethnic minorities. The regions densely populated by ethnic Azerbaijanis and Armenians have been passively involved in the social and political processes in Georgia. The combination of the legacy of Soviet ‘national policy,’ an ineffective educational system and socio-economic problems hinder the integration of these regions. This paper will be devoted to the Gardabani municipality, an administrative entity with a significant Azerbaijani population. Several factors have determined the choice of this region for this study. Firstly, geographically speaking, the region represents a suburban area of the cities of Tbilisi and Rustavi. It can be considered as a part of ‘greater Tbilisi/Rustavi’ or a ‘Tbilisi-Rustavi agglomeration.’ Secondly, despite its proximity to Georgia’s political and economic center, the Azerbaijani community in this region has been leading a parallel life and is disconnected from the country’s social and political dynamics. Simultaneously, very little is known about this region and very little research has been carried out on its multi-ethnic population. Unlike the neighboring Marneuli municipality, which has been receiving increasing attention from academia, the media and the non-governmental sector, the Azerbaijani population in Garbadani remains neglected by academic and non-governmental bodies. For instance, there is no comprehensive academic research on the linguistic, historical, ethnologic, social and religious parameters of Azerbaijanis in Gardabani. The absence of reliable works leads to myths and uncertainties regarding Georgia’s Azerbaijanis.
    [Show full text]
  • First Russian Schools for Muslims in Tbilisi (Georgia)
    First Russian Schools for Muslims in Tbilisi (Georgia) Nani Gelovani Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Oriental Studies, Associated professor; Georgia ABSTRACT The city of Tbilisi (its pre-1936 international designation – Tiflis), which became a center of Russian Administration in the Caucasus region since 1801, a residence of the Caucasus Viceroy (Namestnik) since 1845 and an administrative center of Tbilisi Governorate since 1846, was gradually established as an administrative, trade and industrial center of the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia). Through Tbilisi, Russia established diplomatic and trade relations with Eastern countries. In 1847-1849, the first Russian schools for Muslims in the South Caucasus, separately for Shiites and Sunnis, were opened in Tbilisi specifically, where the Caucasus Viceroy could closely supervise “the progress and success of this establishment”. This first experience of Muslim schools was a success: the population, who refrained from sending their children to parochial schools for religious reasons, showed sympathy to them. Opening educational establishments for Muslims controlled by the Tsarist Administration in the South Caucasus can be explained by Russia’s interest to promote the swift adaptation of the Muslims of the South Caucasus to Russian legal and cultural environment and by the need for training clerks among local residents to work at the Administration. The present report will consider the history of the first Russian Muslim schools in the South Caucasus, in Tbilisi in particular (charter, educational program, teaching aids, pedagogical staff, privileges for the graduates, estimate, etc.) based on the materials found in the archival documents and periodicals. Key words: Archival documents; Education; Russian Empire; South Caucasus; Tbilisi.
    [Show full text]
  • The HOMENETMEN LEADER's GUIDE
    The HOMENETMEN LEADER’S GUIDE Հ.Մ.Ը.Մ.ական ՂԵԿԱՎԱՐԻ ՈՒՂԵՑՈՅՑ English Version Second Edition 2.1 February 2019 Prepared by: Dr. Shahe Yeni-Komshian Commissioned by: Homenetmen Western USA Regional Executive Board Sponsored by: Homenetmen Central Executive Board The content of the Homenetmen Leader’s Guide includes original writings by SY, as well as edited past documents and/or reproduction of already prepared documents. The Guide is available on-line as an e-document, at: www. Homenetmen.net The Homenetmen Leader’s Guide was Developed on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of HOMENETMEN As a Tribute to its Remarkable Contribution to Armenian Society, In the Hopes of Educating Future Generations of Leaders to Carry on the Torch. SY 2 PREFACE Homenetmen has bylaws, rules and regulations, but no formal leadership development program. Governing bodies also do not have a comprehensive orientation guide for new board members. Hence this guidebook. This Guide is primarily written for the leadership of Western USA Region. However, the entire Homenetmen family with all of its Regions and Chapters could use this guidebook, with minor adjustments of region specific information. WHY Do We Need to HAVE a GUIDE for LEADERS? Every nonprofit organization needs a board development process. Homenetmen has to give tools to those leaders who are expected to lead our youth, to better explain to them their role and responsibilities, educate them about their position and functions and help improve their performance. Quality leaders are better mentors. This Guide may be utilized for two purposes: 1. As a reference handbook, adopted by any Homenetmen leader, or 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Armenians in the Making of Modern Georgia
    Armenians in the Making of Modern Georgia Timothy K. Blauvelt & Christofer Berglund While sharing a common ethnic heritage and national legacy, and an ambiguous status in relation to the Georgian state and ethnic majority, the Armenians in Georgia comprise not one, but several distinct communities with divergent outlooks, concerns, and degrees of assimilation. There are the urbanised Armenians of the capital city, Tbilisi (earlier called Tiflis), as well as the more agricultural circle of Armenians residing in the Javakheti region in southwestern Georgia.1 Notwithstanding their differences, these communities have both helped shape modern Armenian political and cultural identity, and still represent an intrinsic part of the societal fabric in Georgia. The Beginnings The ancient kingdoms of Greater Armenia encompassed parts of modern Georgia, and left an imprint on the area as far back as history has been recorded. Moreover, after the collapse of the independent Armenian kingdoms and principalities in the 4th century AD, some of their subjects migrated north to the Georgian kingdoms seeking save haven. Armenians and Georgians in the Caucasus existed in a boundary space between the Roman-Byzantine and Iranian cultures and, while borrowing from both spheres, struggled to preserve their autonomy. The Georgian regal Bagratids shared common origins with the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. And as part of his campaign to forge a unified Georgian kingdom in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Georgian King David the Builder encouraged Armenian merchants to settle in Georgian towns. They primarily settled in Tiflis, once it was conquered from the Arabs, and in the town of Gori, which had been established specifically for Armenian settlers (Lordkipanidze 1974: 37).
    [Show full text]
  • Coat of Arms of Armenia - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Coat of arms of Armenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia Coat of arms of Armenia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The national coat of arms of Armenia consists of an eagle and a lion supporting a shield. The coat of arms combines new and old symbols. The eagle and lion are ancient Armenian symbols dating from the first Armenian kingdoms that existed prior to Christ. The current coat of arms was adopted on April 19, 1992 by the Armenian Supreme Council decision. On June 15, 2006, the law on the state coat of arms of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament. Contents 1 Symbolism 1.1 Shield 1.2 Eagle and Lion 1.3 Five vital elements 2 History 2.1 Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia 2.2 Transcaucasian SFSR 2.3 Soviet coat of arms 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Symbolism Shield The shield itself consists of many components. In the center is a depiction of Mount Ararat with Noah's Ark sitting atop it. According to tradition, the ark is said to have finally rested on the mountain after the great flood. Ararat is considered the national symbol of Armenia and thus is of principle importance to the coat of arms. Surrounding Mount Ararat are symbols of old Armenian dynasties. In the lower left portion of the shield, there are two eagles looking at each other, symbolizing the length of the Armenian territory during the reign of the Artaxiad Dynasty that ruled in the 1st century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Emblem
    Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan P R E S I D E N T I A L L I B R A R Y NATIONAL EMBLEM Contents National Emblem ........................................................................................................................... 2 The emblems of provinces ............................................................................................................ 3 The emblems of Azerbaijani cities and governorates in period of tsarist Russia ................... 4 Caspian oblast .............................................................................................................................. 4 Baku Governorate. ....................................................................................................................... 5 Elisabethpol (Ganja) Governorate ............................................................................................... 6 Irevan (Erivan) Governorate ....................................................................................................... 7 The emblems of the cities .............................................................................................................. 8 Baku .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Ganja ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Shusha .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mother Tongue: Linguistic Nationalism and the Cult of Translation in Postcommunist Armenia
    University of California, Berkeley MOTHER TONGUE: LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM AND THE CULT OF TRANSLATION IN POSTCOMMUNIST ARMENIA Levon Hm. Abrahamian Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series This PDF document preserves the page numbering of the printed version for accuracy of citation. When viewed with Acrobat Reader, the printed page numbers will not correspond with the electronic numbering. The Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies (BPS) is a leading center for graduate training on the Soviet Union and its successor states in the United States. Founded in 1983 as part of a nationwide effort to reinvigorate the field, BPSs mission has been to train a new cohort of scholars and professionals in both cross-disciplinary social science methodology and theory as well as the history, languages, and cultures of the former Soviet Union; to carry out an innovative program of scholarly research and publication on the Soviet Union and its successor states; and to undertake an active public outreach program for the local community, other national and international academic centers, and the U.S. and other governments. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 260 Stephens Hall #2304 Berkeley, California 94720-2304 Tel: (510) 643-6737 [email protected] http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/ MOTHER TONGUE: LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM AND THE CULT OF TRANSLATION IN POSTCOMMUNIST ARMENIA Levon Hm. Abrahamian Summer 1998 Levon Abrahamian is a Professor of Anthropology and head of the project Transfor- mations of Identity in Armenia in the 20th Century at the Institute of Ethnography of Yer- evan State University.
    [Show full text]