Marshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit Two BB * The Sumerians
• Epic Poems
• An art form that the Sumerians also engaged in, was made possible by their discovery of writing, and their ability to assign sounds to each character. This was the epic.
• Epic is the oldest genre of literature. Its history stretches back nearly five thousand years.
• An epic is a long poem about the exploits of a hero. In the course of their stories epics offer a glimpse into the society that created them.
• One of the oldest, and most extant epic poems in the Sumerian literature is the Epic of Gilgamesh. * Epic Poems
• Written on clay tablets around 2750 BCE, it is the oldest surviving epic.
• Parts of the story survive only in later Babylonian tablets.
• Other parts have been lost altogether.
• But what remains paints a vivid picture of Sumerian culture: its cities, its heroes and its gods.
• Meet Gilgamesh
• Gilgamesh is the son of the king of Uruk and the goddess Ninsun.
• As such he is considered 2/3 god and 1/3 human - this might tell us something about Sumerian concepts of reproduction.
• Gilgamesh is described as a handsome youth, with freshness!
• His entire body exudes voluptuousness , supreme over other kings, lordly in appearance, mighty net, a protector of his people and a raging flood-wave who destroys even walls of stone! * Epic Poems
• Meet Gilgamesh
• Strong to perfection,
• He is the shepherd of Uruk-Haven, bold, eminent, knowing, and wise, as Anu, Enlil, and La have enlarged his mind.
• Thus, we see the qualities of Gilgamesh. He is mighty. He is beautiful. He is lordly. And he is wise.
• Seeing that Gilgamesh is unmatched by any other humans, the gods create the mountain man Enkidu to be his equal and companion.
• Meet Enkidu
• Enkidu is the opposite of civilization:
• His whole body was shaggy with hair, he had a full head of hair like a woman, his locks billowed in profusion like Ashnan.
• He knew neither people nor settled living, but wore a garment like Sumukan. * Epic Poems
• Meet Enkidu
• He ate grasses with the gazelles, and jostled at the watering hole with the animals; as with animals, his thirst was slaked with (mere) water.
• With the help of a prostitute named Shamhat, Gilgamesh goes about introducing Enkidu to civilization.
• Through Enkidu's journey, we come to learn what civilization means to a Sumerian.
• Apparently for a Sumerian, the first step in becoming civilized is to have sex with a prostitute, which Enkidu does for seven days straight - after which his understanding had broadened.
• Shamhat then takes Enkidu for a meal.
• Enkidu is introduced to bread and beer, which he enjoys very much. * Epic Poems
• Meet Enkidu
• Shamhat then washes Enkidu, rubs him with oil and gives him clothes to wear.
• At last, Enkidu is ready to enter civilization.
• Thus, we see what the Sumerians believe makes a man civilized: Prostitutes, Beer, Bread, Bathing and Clothes.
• Shamhat then takes Enkidu to the city of Uruk. She says:
• “Look about, Enkidu, inside Uruk-Haven, where the people show off in skirted finery, where every day is a day for some festival, where the lyre and drum play continually, where harlots stand about prettily, exuding voluptuousness, full of laughter and on the couch of night the sheets are spread!”
• “Behold the wall of Uruk-Haven, the wall of the sacred Eanna Temple, the holy sanctuary. Look at its wall which gleams like copper, inspect its inner wall, the likes of which no one can equal! Take hold of the threshold stone--it dates from ancient times!” * Epic Poems
• Meet Enkidu
• “Go close to the Eanna Temple, the residence of Ishtar, (the goddess of fertility, love and war) such as no later king or man ever equaled!
• “Go up on the wall of Uruk and walk around, examine its foundation, inspect its brickwork thoroughly. Is not the whole brick structure, even at its core, made of kiln-fired brick, and did not the Seven Sages themselves lay out its plans? One league city, one league palm gardens, one league lowlands, the open area of the Ishtar Temple, three leagues and the open area of Uruk, the wall encloses.”
• Here we see what the Sumerians believe is the height of civilization: nice clothes, festivals, music, prostitutes again, a centrally planned city, full of beautiful ancient buildings and towering walls of baked mud brick.
• Shamhat brings the freshly civilized Enkidu to Gilgamesh, and the two become instant friends, and perhaps lovers.
• Gilgamesh repeatedly says he embraced Enkidu as a wife, suggesting that Gilgamesh perhaps swings both ways. * Epic Poems
• Meet Enkidu
• Yet there is one step left to make Enkidu a civilized man.
• Gilgamesh takes Enkidu's weapons of stone and replaces them with weapons and armor of bronze.
• Gilgamesh and Enkidu Go on a Journey
• So equipped, Gilgamesh and Enkidu go on a quest to cut down the great Cedar, which is guarded by a terrible monster named Humbaba.
• “Humbaba's roar is a flood, his mouth is fire, his breath death!”
• With the help of the sun god Shamash, Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay Humbaba and spread his entrails over the sacred mountain.
• They cut down the Cedar to make a door for the holy city of Nippur.
• On their way home, they meet Ishtar, princess of heaven and the goddess of fertility, war and half a dozen other things. * Epic Poems
• Gilgamesh and Enkidu Go on a Journey
• Ishtar wants the beautiful Gilgamesh for a lover.
• Gilgamesh refuses her and recounts the terrible fates of Ishtar's previous lovers.
• Spurned, Ishtar runs to her father Anu, the supreme sky god, and asks him to give her the Bull of Heaven that it may trample Gilgamesh to pulp.
• Anu resists, but eventually relents and gives Ishtar the bull.
• She has it attack Gilgamesh and Enkidu, who slay the Bull of Heaven and carry its horns home with them.
• The gods are furious with Gilgamesh and Enkidu for killing the Bull.
• They must die!
• Ninsun and Shamash intercede on behalf of Gilgamesh, and the gods take out their rage on Enkidu. * Epic Poems
• Gilgamesh and Enkidu Go on a Journey
• Enkidu dies.
• Gilgamesh, aware of the intercession of his mother, mourns for months that the gods took his friend and not him.
• Gilgamesh Searches for Immortality
• Suddenly aware of his own mortality, Gilgamesh embarks on a long and dangerous journey to find Utanapishtim, a man who was made an immortal god.
• He passes through many trials and journeys long through impenetrable darkness before finally coming to the banks of the sea of death.
• There he finds the ferryman Urshanabi, who carries Gilgamesh across the sea of death to Utanapishtim.
• Utanapishtim then recounts the tale of the flood and how he came to be immortal. * Epic Poems
• Gilgamesh Searches for Immortality
• We have discussed this story in a previous lecture, but it is worth noting that Utanapishtim and his family were fed in their journey by the god Shamash making bread rain from the sky, which is very similar to how the Hebrew people got their manna.
• Gilgamesh realizes that he cannot achieve immortality as Utanapishtim did and mourns his fate.
• He will return home empty handed.
• Full of pity, Utanapishtim tells Gilgamesh about a sacred plant at the bottom of the sea that will revive him and renew his health.
• Gilgamesh ties rocks to his feet, sinks to the bottom of the sea, finds and takes the plant.
• With his prize in hand, Gilgamesh sets out with the ferry man Urshanabi, who takes him home to Uruk. * Epic Poems
• Gilgamesh Searches for Immortality
• However, along the way, a serpent comes and steals the plant.
• Gilgamesh is overtaken with woe, but Urshanabi comforts him.
• He remarks on the greatness, beauty and majesty of Gilgamesh' city Uruk, which shall last forever.
• He suggests that the immortality and fame of a man's city is the closest a mortal can come to immortality.
• The Importance of Dreams
• That is, in short, the Epic of Gilgamesh.
• Only one thing remains to be discussed, and that is the importance of dreams.
• Dreams and their interpretations play an important role in the Epic of Gilgamesh as well as in later epics. * Epic Poems
• The Importance of Dreams
• Gilgamesh and Enkidu are both visited by prophetic dreams.
• Gilgamesh dreams of Enkidu before they even meet.
• His dreams are interpreted by his mother the goddess Ninsun to tell him that he will find an equal and a friend in the wild Enkidu.
• Later, when on the hunt for Humbaba, Gilgamesh has a series of dreams, which Enkidu interprets as warnings of the danger of Humbaba and guarantees of divine assistance.
• Yet perhaps the most important dream in the epic is the dream Enkidu has before he dies.
• In Enkidu's dream we find more than an anticipation of death. We receive a vivid description of the afterlife.
• This theme will re emerge time after time in the epics to come. * Epic Poems
• The Importance of Dreams
• Enkidu dreams of a battle with a giant hawk.
• In his dream, the Hawk crushes Enkidu, then turns him into a bird:
• “Seizing me, he led me down to the House of Darkness, the dwelling of Irkalla, to the house where those who enter do not come out, along the road of no return, to the house where those who dwell, do without light, where dirt is their drink, their food is of clay, where, like a bird, they wear garments of feathers, and light cannot be seen, they dwell in the dark, and upon the door and bolt, there lies dust.
• “On entering the House of Dust, everywhere I looked there were royal crowns gathered in heaps, everywhere I listened, it was the bearers of crowns, who, * Epic Poems
• The Importance of Dreams
• in the past, had ruled the land, but who now served Anu and Enlil cooked meats, served confections, and poured cool water from waterskins.”
• Enkidu's grim description of the afterlife would serve as an enduring theme, surfacing again and again in Epic: in Homer's Odyssey, in Virgil's Aeneid and even in the Christian concept of hell.
• With the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Sumerians established the themes that would be repeated again and form the foundation for all future epics:
• Heroic deeds of demigods. • Long journeys through dangerous lands. • Confrontations with monsters. • Divine assistance as well as divine interference. • Prophetic dreams. • Descriptions of the afterlife • A celebration of the culture from which the epic arose. • And the struggle of the individual to find immortality. * The Sumerians
• In 2334 B.C., a city in the Mesopotamian region of Akkad, centered on the city of Akkad, north of the Sumerian city states came to dominate the region
• The people of Akkade, Akadians, were not ethnically the same as the Sumerians. The Sumerians spoke a language of unknown origin, while the Agadians spoke a Semitic language, that gradually replaced the language of Sumer as trade increased between the two.
• After a time, the Akadians came to dominate the Sumer region, and around 2334 B.C. an Akadian man named Sargon came to dominate the Sumerian city of Kish * Cradling Civilization
• The Akkadian Empire
• Under the great conqueror Sargon, the city of Akkad created the first great empire of the Middle East. This Empire, and its government, would become the model of many of its successors throughout Antiquity.
• The Akkadian Empire
• Apparently, Sargon had been a gardener in charge of the canal system in the city of Akkad before he led a revolt and took power.
• From there, he used Akkad's power and wealth to become the overlord of the other city-states which had risen between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
• At its height, it controlled all of Mesopotamia and was able to send armies as far as the Levant (modern day Israel and Jordan), Anatolia (The Aegean side plateau of modern Turkey) and into modern day Iran.
• Because of its power, it became the basis for future empires in the region and its model of government became the basis for that of its successors. * Cradling Civilization
• The Akkadian Empire
• If you were to take a stroll back in time to the Akkadian Empire you would be in a land of several firsts. As a matter of fact, not only is this considered the first empire in history, but it would also become the first dynasty!
• The dates for the Akkadian Empire are actually debatable as is the location of the empire's capital, Akkad.
• It is believed that this ancient empire began around 2350 BC and ended around 2170 BC.
• Sargon the Great became the first ruler of the empire after conquering the land from Lugal-Zage-Si.
• During his five decades of ruling, Sargon went on to take over much of the surrounding land, thus creating the Akkadian Empire.
• Sargon’s name translated in Akkadian means “Legitimate King” which adds credence to the belief that he was actually illegitimate, and was, as chroniclers suggest, the son of a date grower that made a career as a royal servant * Cradling Civilization
• The Akkadian Empire
• Other chroniclers have provided a “suitable” royal lineage for Sargon, where in he is the illegitimate son of a disgraced princess, who places him in a reed basket afloat on the River Euphrates. He is then found by the date farmer, and brought up as his own son, only later to take his rightful place as King after winning the love of the goddess Ishtar.
• Ishtar certainly would not have been disappointed with her lovers military ability, as he founded the city of Akkade after conquering King Lugalzagesi of Umma, and conquered cities and territory stretching from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf
• When Sargon defeated the Urak king, Lugalzagesi, he put a yolk on him and forced him to march to a holy city dedicated to Enlil.
• Lugalzagesi claimed to have a special relationship with this deity.
• Sargon started the first dynasty, having the idea that a ruler should pass his kingdom down to his sons.
* Cradling Civilization
• The Akkadian Empire
• Sargon's sons, Rimush and Manishtushu, ruled briefly after their father's reign ended.
• They were both involved in wars in an effort to expand the empire's land, and both were assassinated, murdered perhaps by someone in their inner political circle.
• Within the empire's 180 years, the people would see several more rulers come and go, including Sargon's grandson, Naram-Sin, who came to identify himself as a god and believed that he ruled the entire known world.
• Naram Sim extended the empire even further, but after that period, the Sumerian empire went into decline
• The rulers of the empire made their sons governors of the major cities and their daughters high priestesses in order to more effectively maintain control.
* Cradling Civilization
• The Akkadian Empire
• The Akkadian Empire established a centralized government by unifying its city-states (individually governed cities) and organizing a tax system that allowed the government to pay for projects, such as the city's walls and irrigation waterways.